Görlitz city fortifications

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The city ​​fortifications of Görlitz include the defenses of the city of Görlitz between the 13th and 19th centuries. The medieval fortification consisted of the city ​​wall , which enclosed the present area of ​​the historic old town , city ​​gates , bastions , towers and moats . Large parts of the city wall were demolished in the 19th century as part of the city expansion, but numerous buildings still bear witness to the former city fortifications.

Copper engraving of the city of Görlitz by Daniel Pezold from 1714

Course of the city fortifications

Plan von Waege 1847 - overview of the course of the city fortifications

Before the demolition, the city wall measured a total length of 5583  cubits , which corresponds to about 3.7 kilometers. The course of the city fortifications shown below is based on the state of the fortifications in the 17th century. The powder tower formed the northwest corner of the wall . It was roughly at today's roundabout at the Jäger barracks . The wall continued over today's Hugo-Keller-Straße to the Nikolaiturm. Between the Nikolaiturm in the northwest and St. Peter's Church in the southeast, the city fortifications have largely been preserved and are now accessible as the Nikolaizwinger green area . The north-eastern corner of the city wall is the Hotherbastei . The wall ran roughly along the Uferstrasse from St. Peter's Church and continued further south in the ox pen . At the level of Bergstrasse, the wall turned west. The south-eastern corner bastion was the Swedish ensign (drawn in the wrong position in the adjacent plan by Waege). The wall continued along Bergstrasse, Jakob-Böhme-Strasse and finally Elisabethstrasse in the direction of the Frauentor and the Dicken Turm. Today's Marienplatz was the driveway or the ditch at the Frauentor. From the Dicken Turm the wall ran across the street Am Museum to roughly the street corner at the rear of the theater between Demianiplatz and Platz des 17. Juni and from there along the Platz des 17. Juni to the Kaisertrutz. From the Kaisertrutz, in turn, the wall followed the current course of the Green Trench to the Powder Tower.

The city wall

The Sculteti observatory , part of the city wall east of St. Peter's Church
The green areas in the Nikolaizwinger

Until the city was expanded around 1250, the city complex, which was located on the plateau of today's Peterskirche and Vogtshof, was probably only protected by wooden palisades . Only in the course of the city's expansion were the palisades gradually replaced by stone fortification walls or the wall ring around the city expanded. The city wall enclosed the city, apart from a short section on the east side of the city along the Neisse in a double ring. The outer walls were between six and eight cubits high, sometimes even higher. The inner walls, however, were higher and stronger. In contrast to the outer stairs, the inner walls had wooden railings and gun holes . The walls were covered with tile roofs. The area between the two walls was called the Zwinger , or until the 15th century the Parchen . To the 15th century, presented clothier their Rähmen in the area between the walls. The city banned the installation after a council decision. Later, the kennels were also used as grass areas, fruit trees were sometimes grown, but carpentry work was also carried out here and bells were cast. To the east of the Frauenturm (popularly also known as the Dicker Turm ) was the rifle house in the kennel, where the town riflemen held weekly exercises. The Nikolaizwinger still gives an idea of ​​the area between the inner and outer walls . The so-called building kennel stretched along today's Grüner Graben . He turned east at Jüdenring and pulled down almost to the Hundsloch near the Goldener Engel restaurant . From there on, the wooden kennel followed up to the Nikolaiturm and then the Nikolaizwinger (now also used as a kennel of the penal institution) below the Vogthof. The kennel between the southern walls was called the Rähm-Zwinger and Schießzwinger . West of the woman gate close to the former orphanage (now Anne School) was in the orphanage kennel . A short section north of the Reichenbacher Tor was called Röhrzwinger .

In times of danger, such as the Hussite Wars, guards stood on the bay windows and the walkways with brewing pans with boiling pitch or boiling water.

In the middle of the 15th century the vaults were built along the castle hill below St. Peter's Church. A disaster occurred during the construction work on June 11, 1453. The arches below St. Peter's Church collapsed as a result of a pile of rubble and the onset of rain and buried six people. As a result, the vault was now reinforced to the ground with pillars. In 1539 the eastern gallery and the wall behind St. Peter's Church were placed on the vault. The southern part of the wall is interrupted by the striking Sculteti observatory - an upper protrusion of the wall in the fortification. Bartholomäus Scultetus is said to have carried out his observations of the sky here according to stories. Another name for this wall projection is Jungfernsprung , because on July 6th, 1741 a maiden fell into the Hothergasse nearby.

Siege and bombing of Görlitz, 1641 (contemporary engraving)

In 1639 the city was occupied by Swedish troops under Colonel Wancke. Under the impression of the advancing Electoral Saxon imperial troops , he and his 1,300 soldiers set up defense within the city. The suburbs with their more than 800 houses were "laid down", the city fortifications were reinforced with further trenches and palisade walls, and additional loopholes were broken into the fortification walls. On July 25, 1641, the city began to be besieged by over 10,000 soldiers from the Electorate of the Saxon Empire with numerous artillery. A contemporary engraving shows the latter set up on the cemetery hill and the Töpferberg east of the Neisse. Without their own artillery, the Swedish troops had to give up the defense of the fortifications after ten weeks and surrender. A roundabout on the south-eastern outskirts (today Upper Bergstrasse), which was particularly fierce during the siege, therefore kept the name of the Swedish Ensign . The so-called imperial breach , which the siege made in the city wall at this point, was barely closed in August of the same year with dung, boards and sacks of wool. The damage to the city wall was not repaired until 23 years later.

The hunter barracks

The last hours of the city fortifications struck at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1838, the parts of the city wall along the Nikolaigraben that have survived to this day were covered with granite slabs instead of the shingles that were previously used. As early as 1837, people began to lower the narrow wall in the south of the city, as the city could not develop further within the narrow corset of the city wall. For the complete demolition of the city's defensive ring, however, one needed the approval of the Prussian state, which was reluctant to accept the loss of defensive power due to the demolition of the fortifications of its cities. In Görlitz the permission from the Prussian state to demolish the city wall was combined with the obligation of the city to build a new barracks - today's Jäger barracks . Another requirement of the Prussian state was the construction of a log house for the military protection of the railway viaduct over the Neisse. The building should be able to accommodate a crew of 80 and should be available for free use by the city in times of peace. In 1848 the demolition of the wall ring in the south along today's Elisabethstraße began. In 1851 and 1854/55 the walls followed in the west and in the north along today's Hugo-Keller-Straße (formerly Jüdenring) to the east. As already mentioned, the walls along the Nikolaigraben with the Nikolaizwinger of the same name, but also the section east of the Peterskirche with the Sculteti observatory and along the Ochsenzwinger south of the Peterskirche on the Neisse were spared from demolition .

The Jägerkaserne was built between 1854 and 1858 on what was once the north-western corner of the city wall and between 1859 and 1945 provided accommodation for a wide variety of troops stationed in Görlitz. Today it houses parts of the city administration. In 1856, construction work began on the log house on the viaduct. After completion, the city leased the log cabin to an inn owner on February 26, 1857, as was intended in times of peace. The inn owner Marold set up a restaurant on the premises, which was continued by various tenants until 1951. The building has been used as a daycare center since 1954.

Trenches along the city wall

Hand in hand with the demolition work went the filling of the mostly arid trenches south, west and north of the city. No ditches were necessary to the east of the city, as the Neisse formed a natural barrier here. In the north, the water from the surrounding ponds was channeled through the trenches. On the outside, the trenches were mostly protected by thick masonry to prevent the ingress of earth.

Water passages also led through the city wall into the trenches. These water passages were protected with grids in 1390. Probably the best known is the so-called Hundsloch at the exit of today's Büttnerstraße. The fame comes from the legend of the three-legged dog. According to legend, the dog disappeared briefly in this dog hole before returning through the city.

Street names such as Nikolaigraben and Grüner Graben are still reminiscent of the ditches that were filled in and built over today . They roughly illustrate the course of the city wall and the trenches in front of it.

Bastions

The Kaisertrutz

Around 1700 there were 20 bastions on the outer, not counting the city towers, and 12 on the inner wall. The inner bastions were largely square and the outer ones round. The outer bastions were therefore also called the roundabout.

The Kaisertrutz

The most significant bastion was the so-called Kaisertrutz . A bastion on the western side of the city at the Reichenbacher tower and gate. It did not get its name until 1641, while the Swedes defied the aforementioned siege by the Electorate of Saxony . Other names were Reichenbacher Rondell or large Rondell . As the copper engraving shows, the bastion was in front of the city wall and connected to the outer and inner city walls by two walls extending perpendicularly from it. Before the largest bastion was built in 1490, the Budissiner Tor (Bautzner Tor) was located in its place .

Inside the bastion there was a free space in the middle of which there was a free-standing turret. The Kaisertrutz was surrounded on the outside by a ditch that was filled with water or mud. In 1848 the trenches were filled and the Kaisertrutz was converted into the main guard of the Prussian garrison. In 1932 a local museum opened its doors inside. From 2010 to the beginning of 2011, the building was completely renovated and adapted to the modern requirements of a museum. In 2011, the third Saxon state exhibition via regia - 800 years of movement and encounter took place in the building .

The powder tower

One of the seven roundels between the Reichenbacher Turm and the Nikolaiturm was the Powder Tower , also known as the Powder Bastion . The tower stood out because of its height and because it jumped a long way out of the city wall. One theory has it that the name of the tower comes from the nearby powder mill outside the city gates. Another takes up the thesis that the ammunition stores were stored in the tower. The tower bore the inscription: "Melior est certa pax quam sperata victoria 1479" (Better is a secure peace than a hoped-for victory). He was badly affected during the siege in 1641.

The roundabout on the Hältersberg

The roundabout on the Hältersberge was between the Pulverturm and Nikolaiturm on the Jüdenring, today's Hugo-Keller-Straße between the confluences of Fleischerstraße and Sporergasse. This tower probably also jumped a little bit out of the city wall.

The Hotherbastei

The Hotherturm

The Hotherbastei is the only surviving corner bastion of the former city wall. In addition to the inner city, it also protected parts of the Nikolaivorstadt and the Neisse suburb. It is located at the Nikolaizwinger below the Vogtshof on the northeast corner of the wall. The bastion dates back to the second half of the 13th century and has been part of the gardens redesigned by the garden architect Henry Kraft since 1953/54, together with the adjoining Nikolaizwinger. The two-story tower rises above a three-quarter round floor plan. The masonry on the lower floor and in the transition to the upper floor is broken through by individual loopholes. The upper floor, however, has several large cannon hatches.

The ox bastion

The ox bastion

The ox bastion protected a side exit on the Neisse south of the Neisse bridge. It was mentioned as the gate on the Kahle as early as 1370 . Later it appears in the chronicles under the name Kahletor or Neutor an der Kahle . The bastion burned down in 1525 and was rebuilt by Haß in 1536. Since this year the following inscription can also be read in the rondel: "Civitatem melius tutatur amor civium quam alta propugnacula" (The citizen love does much more than double hook and rifle). In 1834 the eastern part of the Bald Gate was demolished. Only the western roundabout has been preserved to this day.

The Swedish ensign

The Swedish ensign was at the southeast corner of the city wall, at the point where the wall and moat turned westward up from the Neisse. The thick, round tower stood in the moat surrounding the wall. As already briefly mentioned, it got its name during the siege of the city in 1641. The tower was stormed by the imperial-Electoral Saxon troops despite the strong resistance of the Swedish ensign Löst. The tower was destroyed during the siege, as was the bastion at Baumgarten further west. It was not rebuilt until 1664. In 1845 this bastion began to be demolished.

The Spittelturm

The Spittelturm (also called Spitalturm ) was the only bastion on the eastern bank of the Neisse. It protected the eastern bridgehead of the Neisse bridge and was named after the nearby hospital on the Neisse, which no longer exists today. The tower had a large circumference and was about sixty feet high and, like many other bastions, bore an inscription that read: "Pace bidens vomerque vigent 1477" (In peace, strength and plow flourish). However, the tower was mentioned as a bastion in front of the mill as early as 1470 . The cityscape from 1575 shows a large cross with two crossbars ( patriarchal or Lorraine cross ) on the east side of the tower . The tower suffered heavy damage during the siege in 1641 from a cannon on the opposite Töpferberg. However, the besieging troops did not succeed in gaining a firm foothold on the bastion floor, as the Swedish commander Wanke constantly changed his crew and ensured constant supplies via barges crossing the Neisse. It was demolished with its secondary estate in 1824.

Other bastions known by name are the bastion at Baumgarten on the south side of the wall between the Webertor and the Swedish ensign and the red bastion where the exact location is unknown. The southwest corner bastion was mentioned in 1470 and 1480 under the name Zielstatt-Bastion , all that is known is that it is said to have been located approximately on the property at Am Museum 2 and a plaque with the inscription "Satis celeriter fit, quicquic fit bene 1477" ( What happens well happens quickly enough).

The city gates and city towers

The medieval city had five city gates, four of which were secured with a large city tower. Each tower or gate offered access to the city in one direction: the Nikolaitor in the north, the Neißetor in the east, the Frauentor (and Webertor) in the south and the Reichenbacher Tor in the west.

Nikolaiturm and Nikolaitor

The Nikolaitor

The gates at the northern entrance to the city were located between the tower and the kennel in the direction of the Karpfengrund . Coming from the city you first came through the gate of the inner city wall. Then there was a gate in the middle with a strong portcullis and a drawbridge , which covered the gate when it was opened. The outer gate protruded a little into the moat surrounding the wall. A wooden bridge first led over the moat, which was replaced in 1586 by a stone bridge with three pillars and four arches. Condemned people were led to the place of execution through the gate. The sinners were supposed to draw their last consolation from painted wooden boards showing the execution of Jesus on the crucifixion. The pictures were taken in 1747. In 1848 the gate system was demolished.

The Nikolaiturm, which dates back to the beginning of the city, was accessed via a staircase from the city wall. It was not until 1752 that a door at the bottom of the tower was broken through the 2.86 meter thick wall. The tower has probably only undergone a few structural changes over the years. It is only known that it probably had more decorations and a higher point in the 16th century. Today the tower has a baroque dome that rests on the roof with its eight columns.

Neisse tower and Neisse gate

The Neisse Tower and the Neisse Gate

The Neißeturm was the only square town tower of the Görlitz town fortifications and was located at the exit of Neißestrasse to the transition to the old Neißebrücke. It was first mentioned in 1315. The tower was completely destroyed in the city fires in 1525 and 1726, but both times it was rebuilt in a slightly modified form. To the north of the tower was the interior of the two Neisse gates. The outer gate stood directly on the Neisse, so that the Neisse brushed past the foundation walls. The city gate was so low that high wagons regularly got stuck. To get the wagons free again, the pavement had to be torn off. For a long time the city tried to remove this bottleneck, but the city was not given the necessary promise by the Prussian state for a long time. The demolition work did not begin until 1841, and the tower also fell victim.

The gate

The gate

The gate was also known under the name Webertor . The second name already reveals something about the location of the gate, which was at the southern exit of Webergasse. Previously there was a bastion at the place, to which one climbed a staircase from the Webergasse. The bastion was mentioned in 1488 under the name Hoesattels Bastei . The gate formed the south-east exit from the city, but was intended for pedestrian traffic. It was built due to the urgent needs of the urban population, who previously had to take a long detour through the Frauentor to the cattle pasture, today's city ​​park or to the rifle houses in the southeast. In 1427 a new gate in Webergasse and in 1431 a gate in Webergasse were mentioned. It was last mentioned in 1470, after which it was probably closed for almost a hundred years. Only on June 5, 1568 was the gate reopened after the imperial permission had been obtained. Since then there has also been a narrow bridge over the moat. In 1769 the narrow wooden bridge was replaced by a stone bridge. A few years later - in 1792 - the gate was enlarged and decorated with ornaments. From now on the inscription “Portam nimis olim angustam ac vetustam deformem amplificavit, refecit, ornavit senatus a. 1793 “(The once too narrow and old, misshapen gate widened, restored and decorated the council). The new gate was short-lived, however, because in 1845 it was demolished and a bridge over the moat was arched from its ruins and a new, open gate with a wider passage was built. But this gate was also demolished in 1853/54 in the course of the demolition of large parts of the city fortifications and the moat was filled.

Frauenturm and Frauentor

The women's gate

The Frauenturm (also Dicker Turm , partly in the chronicles also Zittauer Turm ) was built during the city expansion around 1250. It has walls 5,34 meters thick at the bottom. On the south side of the cylindrical tower there has been the city's coat of arms since 1856, which was previously attached to the Frauentor. The women's gate was designed in three ways. The inner gate was connected to the inner city wall on both sides and stood in front of the tower towards the city center. The middle gate was built over with a building and had a strong wooden gate with iron shoes that could be raised and lowered by means of wheels. The outer gate was very defensive and looked like a bastion. It stood in the moat far outside the city wall and was connected to the actual city wall with a strong wall on each side. To the south in front of the gate there was a small drawbridge and then a stone bridge (since 1595). The drawbridge was replaced by a solid stone bridge in 1772. In 1778 the portcullis was dismantled. Between 1838 and 1848, first the inner gates and then the outer gates were removed and the trenches filled.

Reichenbacher tower and gate

The Reichenbacher Tower and the associated Reichenbacher Tor east of the Kaisertrutz formed the western approach to the city. The tower was mentioned for the first time in 1376, but it was probably not given its current slim shape until 1485. The lower part of the tower has a square floor plan, about half of which is a battlement, followed by the cylindrical upper part and finally closed with the baroque dome. The pedestrian passage under the tower was not built until 1869.

The gate was located in the connecting wall between Kaisertrutz and the outer city wall and leads through this northern wall and over a bridge to today's bus station. The inner gate was located roughly at today's approach to the Obermarkt , south of the Reichenbacher tower.

Views of the preserved city towers

Fortifications of the suburbs

In 1474 the fortification of the suburbs began. Particular attention was paid to the Töpferberg on today's Zgorzelec side.

Nikolaivorstadt

In 1559, the construction of the wall in the Nikolaivorstadt (then: Niederviertel ) began from the Nikolaifriedhof and carried it over the Kreuztor , the Grünen Graben, to the so-called Hältern . In 1561 the wall around the Nikolaikirchhof was extended - from the Finstertor to the city. The Hälters or Halterberge is the elevation on which the Jägerkaserne is located today. Between 1566 and 1575 the area was surrounded by fences to the east and a mud wall to the north.

Walls of the Frauenkirche

A wall around the Frauenkirche has been proven to have existed since 1428, which even had two bastions on its south-eastern side. A bastion bore the inscription: "Cave faxis tu quicquam indigni 1478" (be careful not to do anything unworthy). In 1840 the walls around the churchyard were torn down and replaced with an iron grating.

Gates of the suburbs

There were also gates in the suburbs outside of the actual city fortifications. As the Spitaltor in the Frauenkirche, the Potter's at the output Bautzner road, the Teichtor at the northern exit of the fountain and pond road, the Kreuztor on the southern part of the hill, the Finstertor (also Armesündertor ) near the sheep Richter house in the north of Nikolaivorstadt, the Niedertor in Rothenburger Straße, the Kutteltor and the Hothertor at the northern and southern exit of Hotherstraße. In the suburb to the east of the Neisse there were the following gates: the water gate (also called the Neisse gate ) at the exit to the so-called Bleichen (northern Neisse meadows ) , the Laubaner gate behind the former city inn of Breslau and the Rabentor at the junction of the Scultetusweg (today: ulica Szkolna ) up to the Scultetushof from Prager Straße (today: ulica Daczyńskiego).

The Rabentor was demolished in 1852 as a result of the expansion of the grinding and slaughter tax district.

Outer moat

The construction of the outer city moats began around 1474, as did the fortification of the suburbs. By 1477, 1,134 men from the city and other workers from 41 surrounding villages were working on the moat. The construction of the trenches was commissioned to protect the city, as disputes between the heretic king Georg von Podiebrad and Matthias Corvinus over the Bohemian throne also took place in Upper Lusatia and Silesia .

In addition to the city hall, the outer city moat also includes the hallways of Ober- and Niedermoys (since 1945: Zgorzelec district of Ujazd ) and Großbiesnitz (eastern part of today's district of Biesnitz ). The area 14 cubits to the left and right of the middle of the ditch once belonged to the city, but the ditch disintegrated over time or neighboring arable landowners also used the areas as arable land. Only from the year 1850 is a process known in which the city was obliged to sell the city moats to the owner of Ober-Moys August Demisch for 100 thalers on his estate.

Historical maps of the course of the moat exist only in sections. At the beginning of the 20th century, the teacher Oswald Schmidt compiled the course of the city moat from information from historical documents and on-site inspections. His investigations led to the following course:

East of the Lusatian Neisse

East of the Neisse, the city moat began in the south at the confluence of the path from the Neisse meadows on the path from Posottendorf to Nieder-Moys. Since these routes from the description no longer exist today, the beginning can only be narrowed down today. The crossroads were south of the numerous ponds of the Zgorzelec waterworks, southeast of today's Zgorzelec district of Ujazd (until 1945: Moys) and ran first in a southeast direction and later in an easterly direction to the road to Zawidów (until 1945: Seidenberg). Then it continued eastwards to the course of the red water at the former wood mill. He crossed today's road to Tylice (until 1945: Thielitz). On the eastern side of the Rothwassers, the moat turns north-northeast and runs along a path from Tylice to the east, past the Jäckelberg and crosses today's road to Studniska Dolne (until 1945: Nieder Schönbrunn) and the Laubaner Bahn . To the north of the railway line, the moat turns to the northwest and ran from the intersection of the former Hermsdorfer Straße (today: ulica Bohaterów II. Armii Wojska Polskiego) with the former Langeweg (today: ulica Słowańska) along Hermsdorfer Straße. To the east of the Kohlfurt Railway , the moat swings north, intersecting Äußere Laubaner Strasse (today: ulica Zamiejsko-Lubańska). In the further course the former city moat approached the Kohlfurt Railway. At the level of the former Görlitz gasworks south of Hennersdorf (from 1945: Jędrzychowice ) the ditch bends towards the west and ran between the former urban gasworks in the south and the former urban wooden yard in the north to Bunzlauer Straße (today: ulica Bolesławiecka). The further course to the Lusatian Neisse is unknown, as no traces were preserved from earlier sand pits in this area. However, it is assumed that there was no defensive structure at the level of the Tischbrücke farm on the eastern side of the Neisse, as the Neisse lowlands already offered enough protection.

West of the Lusatian Neisse

Mill ruins in Klingewalde

At the boundary between Ludwigsdorf and the city, the moat ran past the northernmost courtyard on Görlitzer Flur on Rothenburger Strasse. The courtyard is located approximately at the level of the birch avenue that opens onto Rothenburger Strasse. To the west, the ditch continued over the former parade ground, to the north past the municipal brickworks and always further south of the Klingewald through-road to the former Klingewalder mill, of which only a ruin remains today. To the west of the windmill, the moat curved almost exactly south to Nieskyer Strasse. In the further course he crossed the Nieskyer Straße and swiveled about 100 meters before the Girbigsdorfer Straße at today's clinic towards the west. The ditch ran in a straight line up to today's Berlin railway . There are no traces of the ditch west of the railway line, as there was once a sand pit here and other sections of the fields were paved over. The moat turned south in front of the airport . Along the former branch from the Berlin railway to the Schlauroth marshalling yard , the street name Stadtgraben is still reminiscent of the former fortifications. This street once ran over a bridge over the Dresden Railway to Reichenbacher Straße.

The ditch continued roughly along Rosa-Luxemburg-Strasse (once: Tannenbergstrasse) to the so-called Eckhardtschen Ziegelei on today's Grenzweg. From the brickworks, the ditch followed today's Grenzweg (formerly: Leichenweg) in the direction of Klein-Biesnitz. At the level of what was then Apfelallee (around the height of today's Königshainer Straße), the ditch swung in a south-easterly direction towards Promenadenstraße. A few meters south of the promenade street, the moat turned first to the south and later again to the southwest. The ditch reached a valley that came from Kunnerwitz to the east. The city moat ran 600 meters along this valley cut and then turned north-northeast past the Gutshof von Großbiesnitz on today's Kastanienallee to a brook at the Pomological Gardens south of Reuterstraße. The trenches followed the course of the stream under the Zittau Railway through to the vineyard in the east-southeast direction. Along the vineyard, the course now followed the boundary between the city of Görlitz and the suburb of Leschwitz.

Web links

Commons : City walls of Görlitz  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Johann Gottlieb Mischke (ed.): The Markgrafthum Ober-Lausitz: royal Prussian share, in statistical and topographical terms . Lauban 1861, p. 95 .
  2. Bahlcke, Joachim: History of Upper Lusatia. Dominion, society and culture from the Middle Ages to the end of the 20th century . Leipziger Univ.-Verl., Leipzig 2001, ISBN 3-935693-46-X , p. 80 f .
  3. a b goerlitz.de: City wall. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on May 10, 2011 ; Retrieved March 16, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.goerlitz.de
  4. a b c chronistgoerlitz.de: City wall and its gates. (PDF; 46 kB) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved March 18, 2011 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.chronistgoerlitz.de  
  5. a b Erich Feuerriegel: A bombproof restaurant on the railway . In: Saxon newspaper . August 12, 2004 ( online [accessed February 14, 2012]).
  6. goerlitz.de: Jägerkaserne . (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 28, 2012 ; Retrieved February 14, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.goerlitz.de
  7. goerlitz.de: The legend of the three-legged dog. Retrieved March 17, 2011 .
  8. goerlitz.de: Nikolaizwinger and Hotherturm. Retrieved March 18, 2011 .
  9. Boetticher, W. v .: B. Sculteti e libris rerum gestarum Grolicensium . In: New Lusatian Magazine . No. 91 , 1915, pp. 182 .
  • Jecht, Richard: History of the city of Görlitz. Volume 1, Half Volume 2: Topography . Publishing house of the Magistrate of the City of Görlitz, Görlitz 1934.
  1. p. 529ff
  2. a b c d e p. 534
  3. p. 531f
  4. a b p. 535
  5. p. 541f
  6. p. 542
  7. p. 544f
  8. p. 546f
  9. a b p. 547f
  10. a b p. 560ff
  11. p. 557ff
  12. p. 564ff
  13. p. 553ff
  14. p. 550
  15. p. 740f
  16. p. 663
  17. p. 548
  18. p. 567
  19. p. 722
  20. a b c p. 741
  21. p. 742
  22. p. 742f
  23. p. 743ff