Tribal confederation
A tribal confederation is a loose association of independent tribes . A tribal federation , on the other hand, is a (comparatively) closer association. In addition, the term tribal association or tribal union (as a generic term) is used.
These associations were particularly common among nomadic equestrian peoples . For the demarcation between the terms see also Confederation and Federalism , there should often be flowing transitions when using the three terms.
Today such alliances exist particularly among the Arabs and the Kurds . The nomadic peoples in Central Asia joined over the centuries again and again in tribal federations together. Tribal unions play an often mythical role in the history of many peoples, for example the Twelve Tribes of Israel .
Emergence
In historical times a ruler would gather followers and try to get his own clans and tribe under control. If he demonstrated leadership qualities, other tribes would join him, and in conflicts he would defeat neighboring tribes who joined or were subjugated. The confederation could continue to grow. If the ruler was decisively defeated, it often broke quickly. Tribal federations were very often unstable structures in this sense.
The name of a tribal confederation was often adopted by the politically dominant tribe or clan . When the confederation ended, the new name was sometimes in the foreground, but the old names were often used again.
Example Mongols
The later Genghis Khan , son of a Khan of the Mongolian tribe, was elected head of a confederation of Turkic-Mongolian tribes in 1206 at the assembly (Kurultai) of a confederation of Turkic-Mongolian tribes. The entire confederation later adopted the name Mongols.
Example of Germanic tribes
The sub-tribes that were later united under the name of Franks initially only formed loose alliances such as were suitable for raids or defensive measures. From this "tribal swarm" a tribal association or tribal union emerged over time and only over time the people. The same development is described for the Saxons . The Goths , too , are believed to have emerged from the merger of different tribes.
Examples of tribal associations
Examples of tribal confederations
- Oghuz , a Turkic people
- Hashid Tribal Confederation in Yemen
- Ouled Nail , Arabs in Algeria
- Koçgiri , Kurds
- Durrani , Pashtuns
- Türgesch , a Turkic people in Central Asia from around 700 to the middle of the 8th century
- Dörben Oirat , Western Mongols
- For the migration period there were numerous Germanic tribal confederations
- The origins of the Magyars
- Sarmatians in Iran
- Iroquois League
Tribal confederations on the Mongolian plateau
- Xiongnu 3rd century BC BC - 1st century
- Xianbei 1st century - 4th century
- Rouran 4th century - 6th century
- Kök Turks 6th - 8th century
- Uyghurs 8th - 9th century
- Kirghiz 9th century - 10th century
- Kitan (see Liao dynasty ) 10th century - 12th century
Examples of tribal federations
- Great horde , Kazakhs
- Karluken , a Turkic people in Central Asia
- Qara Qoyunlu , Turkmen in Eastern Anatolia
- Aq Qoyunlu , Turkmen in Eastern Anatolia
- Jaf , Kurds
- Mongols (see Yuan dynasty ) 12th - 17th century
- Manchu (see Qing dynasty ) 17th century - 20th century
Web links
- Marion Linska, Andrea Handl and Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek: Introduction to the ethnology of Central Asia , script. Vienna, 2003, accessed on January 18, 2020.
Remarks
- ↑ Marion Linska, Andrea Handl and Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek, p. 79
- ↑ Marion Linska, Andrea Handl and Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek, p. 64
- ↑ Erich Zöllner: History of the Franks up to the middle of the sixth century. CH Beck, Munich 1970, p. 2; Ulrich Nonn: The Franks. Verlag Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-17-017814-4 , p. 18