Timothy grass

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Timothy grass
Timothy grass (Phleum phleoides)

Timothy grass ( Phleum phleoides )

Systematics
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Tribe : Poeae
Genre : Timothy grass ( phleum )
Type : Timothy grass
Scientific name
Phleum phleoides
( L. ) H. Karst.

The steppe timothy ( Phleum phleoides ), also called glossy timothy , is a species of timothy ( Phleum ) within the sweet grass family (Poaceae). It is widespread in Eurasia and North Africa.

description

Illustration: Bohmers timothy grass. Phleum Böhmeri Wibel. A flowering plant; B panicle, lobed when bent; 1 part of the flower panicle; 2 lemma. 1 and 2 enlarged. C Phleum pratense L.
Upright inflorescences
Bent inflorescence ("panicle")
Stem with leaf sheath and ligule.
Section of a panicle.
The spikelets are boot-shaped.
The leaves have a striking white border.
Fanned spikelet. The glumes are ciliate on the keel.

Appearance and leaf

The timothy grass is a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant and usually reaches heights of 20 to 50, rarely up to 90 centimeters. She is growing rapidly. The upright or kneeling, wiry stalks are often red, have two to three nodes and have no leaves in the upper area.

The alternate leaves on the stalk are divided into leaf sheath and leaf blade. The ligule is broadly rounded at a length of 1 to 2 mm long and is not ciliate. The 5 to 12 centimeters long and 1 to 4 mm wide leaf blades are thickened white at the edge and indistinctly grooved in the upper area.

Inflorescence, flower and fruit

The flowering period extends from June to August. The spike-like inflorescence is 1.5 to 10 centimeters long and 0.4 to 0.6 centimeters in diameter in outline and lobed when bent and smooth upwards. The spikelets, which are 2.5 to 3 millimeters long and laterally flattened, contain only one fertile flower and open during anthesis . The fertile spikelets stand over an elongated stalk. The flowers have the typical structure of the grass flowers . The two relatively similar to the base separate, durable, membranous glumes are relatively short with a length of 2.5 to 3 millimeters and elongated with a pointed upper end, keeled and three-veined. The glumes have an attached lateral awn, which makes the spikelets appear truncated ("boot jack-like"). The lower glume is keeled, but the upper not. The glumes are 1.3 to 1.5 times the length of the lower lemma. The bald or downy hairy, membranous lemma is 1.7 to 2 millimeters long and ovate with a blunt upper end, five-nerved, not keeled and has no awn. The palea is as long as the lemma. There are two free membranous cavernous bodies (lodiculae). The three anthers are about 1.5 millimeters long. The ovary is smooth.

The caryopsis is 1.3 millimeters long. The hilum is point-shaped.

Chromosome set

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 14 or 28.

ecology

The timothy grass is a hemicryptophyte . The pollination is carried by the wind ( anemophily ).

Occurrence

It is a European-West Asian, continental floral element . The area of distribution of the steppe timothy grass extends from the northern Iberian Peninsula over Central Europe to southeast England and southern Scandinavia to the Baltic States, Southeast Europe, Caucasus , West Asia and North Africa , Central Asia , eastwards to Siberia and Mongolia to northern China, in the south to the Pamir Mountains in front. It is absent in northern France, Holland and the north-west German lowlands. There are sites in Portugal, Spain, France (including Corsica), United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Belarus, Baltic republics, Poland, European part of Russia, Ukraine (including Crimea ), Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Moldova, Greece, northern Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Caucasus, Dagestan , Siberia , Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia to northern China.

The timothy grass thrives best in shallow sand and stone soils , which should be rich in bases , but contain little lime and humus . It grows best on clay and loess soils that have been decalcified on the surface . It takes a lot of summer heat and light. It therefore prefers sparse dry grasslands on southern slopes, but also colonizes crevices, river banks and open dry forests . In the Alps, it rises to altitudes of over 2000 meters above sea level.

The timothy grass is the character species of the plant-sociological class of dry and steppe grasslands (Festuco-Brometea), where it also has its main occurrence.

Taxonomy

The first publication took place in 1753 under the name ( Basionym ) Phalaris phleoides L. by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 55. The new combination to Phleum phleoides (L.) H. Karst. was founded in 1880 by Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten in Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische Botany ... , p. 374 published. The specific epithet phleoides means lachgrass-like. Synonyms for Phleum phleoides (L.) H.Karst. are: Phalaris trigyna Host , Phleum boehmeri Wib. , Phleum boehmeri var. Macranthum Kauffm. ex B. Fedsch. nom. nud., Phleum laeve M.Bieb.

literature

  • WD Clayton, M. Vorontsova, KT Harman, H. Williamson: Datasheet at GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora . (Sections Description and Distribution)
  • Sheng-lian Lu, Sylvia M. Phillips: Phleum : Phleum phleoides , p. 368 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 22 - Poaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2006. ISBN 1-930723-50-4 (Description and Distribution Sections)
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). 2nd corrected and enlarged edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 7: Special part (Spermatophyta, subclasses Alismatidae, Liliidae Part 1, Commelinidae Part 1): Butomaceae to Poaceae. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3316-4 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: Our grasses. Sweet grasses, sour grasses, rushes. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, 12th edition, 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-12573-1

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Phleum phleoides (L.) H. Karst., Timothy grass. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c d WD Clayton, M. Vorontsova, KT Harman, H. Williamson: Datasheet at GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora .
  3. ↑ a b Sheng-lian Lu, Sylvia M. Phillips: Phleum : Phleum phleoides , p. 368 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 22 - Poaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2006. ISBN 1-930723-50-4
  4. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 257.
  5. ↑ a b Phleum phleoides in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  6. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  7. ↑ B. Valdés, H. Scholz, with the assistance of E. von Raab-Straube, G. Parolly: Poaceae (pro parte majore) , 2009: data sheet at Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
  8. ↑ Phleum phleoides at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 30, 2013.

Web links

Commons : Timothygrass ( Phleum phleoides )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files