Red-mouthed inguinal snail
| Red-mouthed inguinal snail | ||||||||||||
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Housing of Stramonita haemastoma |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Stramonita haemastoma | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1767) |
The red-mouthed groin snail or red-mouthed stone snail ( Stramonita haemastoma ) is a species of snail from the family of spiny snails (genus Stramonita ) that feeds on barnacles and mussels . It is widespread in the Atlantic Ocean on both the American and African coasts, but its populations, which continued into the year 2000, have completely disappeared in the eastern Mediterranean . In ancient times it is said to have served as one of the most important purple snails in the Mediterranean .
features
The surface of the shell is quite variable in color from light gray to yellowish with irregular brown and white stripes. The inside of the case mouth is salmon-colored and often has dark brown lines at the mouth edge, which run between the ribs visible here. The outer shape is very variable with or without angled shoulders. The columella is straight, the siphon is short, and the navel is closed. In adult snails, the shell reaches a height of 12.7 cm and a width of up to 6.4 cm.
Distribution and subspecies
The snail occurs in the Atlantic in tropical and subtropical waters on the coasts of Africa , Europe , South America , the Caribbean and North America from Virginia to Brazil . In addition to the entire Brazilian coast, including Abrolhos and Fernando de Noronha, there are large stocks in North Carolina , Florida and Bermuda as well as on Cape Verde , Macaronesia , the Angolan coast and in the Mediterranean on the southwest coast of Puglia . The stocks in the Eastern Mediterranean collapsed at the beginning of the 21st century and disappeared completely by 2016.
Three subspecies have been described: Stramonita haemastoma haemastoma ( Linnaeus , 1767) lives on the coasts of Europe and Africa as well as in the Mediterranean. The somewhat smaller Stramonita haemastoma floridana ( Conrad , 1837) lives between Virginia and Florida and the larger Stramonita haemastoma canaliculata ( Gray , 1839) , which is characterized by deeper seams on the housing, from Florida to Mexico.
habitat
The snails live on rocks and on oyster beds from the upper to the lower intertidal zone.
Life cycle
The snail is segregated. The male mates with the female with his penis . The females lay their egg capsules in very large groups on solid substrates such as rocks, mangroves ( Rhizophora ), oyster reefs or even crab shells just below the intertidal zone. One capsule measures about 6 mm and contains about 600 eggs. A female can drop about 100 capsules, typically 6 to 8 per hour. After about 25 days, Veliger larvae hatch , feed on phytoplankton and live as zooplankton for at least two weeks .
nutrition
Stramonita haemastoma eats barnacles , clams and limpets . In the Mediterranean, the snail is an important predator of the native mussel Mytilaster minimus, but it prefers it even more to the mussel Brachidontes pharaonis , which migrated from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal . The snail presses its long, thin proboscis between the limestone plates of the barnacles or the shell halves of the mussel and, in addition to proteases, injects a poison into the prey that paralyzes the sphincter muscles and thus leads to the opening of a mussel.
Importance to humans
Stramonita haemastoma is considered to be one of the main sources of the dye purple in antiquity , which, according to the reports of Aristotle and Pliny the Elder, was used to dye royal robes.
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c d J. Duane Sept: Atlantic Seashore Field Guide: Florida to Canada . Rowman & Littlefield, 2016. Florida Rocksnail, Stramonita haemastoma .
- ↑ a b Houart, R .; Gofas, S. (2010). Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1767). In: Bouchet, P .; Gofas, S .; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140417 on 2011-01-10
- ^ JH Leal: The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5, vol. 1: Introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, and chimaeras: Gastropoda. Pp. 128-132. KE Carpenter, FAO, Rome 2002. ISBN 92-5-104825-8
- ^ Thais haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1767). Conquiliologistas do Brasil, 2001-2010.
- ↑ a b Peter Beaumont: Ancient shellfish used for purple dye vanishes from eastern Med. BBC , December 5 2016th
- ↑ Gil Rilov: Multi-species collapses at the warm edge of a warming sea. Scientific Reports 6, p. 36897, November 17, 2016. Doi 10.1038 / srep36897
- ↑ a b J. T. Watanabe, CM Young (2006): Feeding habits and phenotypic changes in proboscis length in the southern oyster drill, Stramonita haemastoma (Gastropoda: Muricidae), on Florida sabellariid worm reefs. Marine biology 148, pp. 1021-1029.
- ^ Joseph C. Britton, Brian Morton: Shore Ecology of the Gulf of Mexico. University of Texas Press, Austin 2014.
- ↑ CN D'Asaro 1970: Egg capsules of prosobranch mollusks from south Florida and the Bahamas and notes on spawning in the laboratory. Bulletin of Marine Science 16, pp. 414-440.
- ↑ Juliana M. Harding, MG Harasewych (2007): Two new modern records of the southern oyster drill Stramonita haemastoma floridana (Conrad, 1837) in Chesapeake Bay, USA. The Nautilus 121 (3), pp. 146–158, here p. 146.
- ↑ A. Giacoletti, A. Rinaldi, M. Mercurio, S. Mirto, G. Sarà (2016): Local consumers are the first line to control biological invasions: a case of study with the whelk Stramonita haemastoma (Gastropoda: Muricidae) . Hydrobiologia 772, pp. 117-129.
- ^ KA McGraw, G. Gunter (1972): Observations on killing of the Virginia oyster by the gulf oyster borer, Thais haemastoma, with evidence for a paralytic secretion. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 62, pp. 95-97.
