Sugawara (clan)

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Sugawara coat of arms, plum blossom

The Sugawara family ( Japanese 菅原 氏 Sugawara-uji ) is a Japanese aristocratic family whose members in the Nara and Heian periods mostly worked as physicians, teachers and poets, and less often in political positions.

The name was 781/6/25 from Kammu -Tennō nationals of Haji -Klan ( 土師氏 created) after Haji no Sukune Furuhito , towards the end of the Hoko era 770-81 deputy governor of the province Tōtōmi was appropriate Had submitted petition. He thus became the ancestor of the family.

Early history: Haji Klan

The petition for a change of name submitted by 15 members of the Haji clan 781, which is handed down in the Shoku Nihongi , reproduces the early history of the sex as follows: The ancestor of the clan was the kami Amenohohi . His 14th generation descendant was Nomi-no-Sukune . During the reign of Suinin (traditionally ruled 97 B.C.E. - 30 C.E. ) he was asked for advice on the funeral rites to be observed for the wife Hibasuhime . Nomi advised not to bury the vassals alive with the mistress, as was customary in the past, but to use clay figures instead. Under his direction, 300 potters created the first of these figures, known as Haniwa . For this invention and the services rendered to the emperors later, the name of the family was to be changed to their place of residence in Sugiwara .

Nomi no Sukune also claims that by defeating the supposedly strongest man in the Kuehaya empire of Yamato , he invented sumo , albeit not with today's rules. Archaeological findings from this time refer both facts to the realm of legend. Likewise, the custom of burying alive never existed in Japan.

As certain can be said that the Haji the Kabane approached Muraji and that the Niehaji branch of the family in the early days of Yamato -state the pottery be (= guild) controlled who worked for the court. The asobi-be specialized in burials and the rites related to them. With the advent of the Buddhist custom of cremation from 700 onwards, this task became less and less important.

Nara and Heian periods

The main Haji leaders initially supported the Soga , but when they lost their power in the Taika Putsch in 645 they had already switched to the winning side. In the Jinshin Civil War (672), Haji no Umate helped Prince Ōama, the Temmu who later ruled as the victor . In the reform of kabane 684, the clan was given the third highest rank sukune . Her hereditary task was still the management of the Shoryō-shi , responsible for the establishment and administration of imperial mausoleums. After 768 members of the imperial family, this position was reserved.

No family member reached a higher court rank before 755 than the outer following 5th lower level. Haji no Ujikatsu , who was temporarily governor of Kazusa , was first promoted to the inner real 5th rank in 755, probably for his achievements in the construction of the Tōdai-ji . The appointment of Furohitos ( 古人 ) immediately after the name change to deputy governor of Tōtomi should probably secure him an appropriate benefice. Furohito was probably a teacher Kammu when he was not yet aspirant to the throne, which should have promoted the family. By 797, three branches of the clan had changed their names and had been awarded the highest kabane ason . The Haji-be potters gradually became part of the general peasant population.

The family members continued to serve in the second row as scholars at the Daigaku training center , teachers of the Crown Prince, doctors or acupuncturists. Many were known as poets. Only occasionally did they hold higher political offices in the State Council , which at this time were increasingly held by members of the Fujiwara . In contrast to many other noble families, the Sugawara were able to maintain their position at court through the centuries, probably also because they were little involved in daily politics.

Have left their mark in history:

  • Sugawara no Kiyogimi ( 菅原 清 公 also Kiyotada ; 770-842), a son of Furohito, was initially a teacher ( tōgū gakushi ) of the crown prince. In the years 804-5 he traveled in a leading position with the embassy to the Chinese imperial court, in which Tachibana no Hayanari , Kūkai , Saichō and Gishin also took part. After his return to Owari no suke , he campaigned in this province for a reform of the criminal law based on the Chinese model (abolition of corporal punishment). Afterwards he became director of the training center for 23 years as Daigaku no kami , which he sought to reform according to Chinese ideals. His sons were Yoshinushi and Koreyoshi . The writings Ryōunshū and Bunka Shūreishū have come from him.
  • Sugawara no Yoshinushi (808-52) was 23 years old, after passing the law firm examination, appointed to the following lower 5th rank and served as governor in Ise and Echizen .
  • Sugawara no Kajinari ( 菅原 梶 成 ) Studied medicine in China from 834-38. From 842 he was the emperor's doctor and acupuncturist.
  • Sugawara no Hirosada ( 菅原 廣 貞 ;? -870) was born in Settsu , his original name was Izumo no Muraji Hirosada . At times he was governor of Shimano and the titular government official of Tajima . As personal physician at court, the emperor and Abe no Ason Manao commissioned him to compile the collection of medical writings Daidō ruijū hō . It was the first such collection in Japan. The 100-volume work was presented to the Heizei -Tennō in 808 . The original was probably destroyed in the fire in the palace library in 875, but fragments from copies are known. The Confucian scholar Motoori Norinaga thought this was a forgery, which has been refuted by recent research.
  • Sugawara no Minetsugu ( 菅原 峯 嗣 ; 792-869) was a son of Izumo Hirosada and, as a doctor and acupuncturist, chief doctor of the court. He retired in 863. He is the compiler of the 10-volume medical textbook Kinrampō, which was probably burned in 875.
  • Sugawara no Koreyoshi ( 菅原 是 善 ; 812-880) held the same positions as his father Kiyogimi . He played a leading role in the creation of the work Montoku Jitsuroku ("Chronicle of the Montoku Government") and Tōgū jetsuin . He is the father of Sugawara no Michizane .
  • For the poet and politician see main article: Sugawara no Michizane
  • Sugawara no Atsuhige was the 5th son of Michizane and professor ( monjō hakase ) of Chinese history and writing at Daigaku. His poetry is included in the works Fusōshu and Honchō monzui .
  • Sugawara no Fumitoki ( 菅 原文 時 ; 899-981), grandson of Michizane , son of Takatsushi . Poet, who as a professor at Daigaku for the promotion of education, prohibition of luxury and reform of the administration - which was urgently needed because of the falling tax revenues. In 954 he petitioned Heavenly Majesty to do so. His talent for writing polished texts was widely known, and important poets such as Minamoto no Tanemori asked him to proofread their texts.
  • Sugawara no Sukeaki (? -982) was a Waka poet, son of Fumitoki . His works are included in the Ruijū kudai shō , Honchō Monzui and Jai-wakashū .
  • Sugawara no Sukemasa ( 菅原 輔 正 ; 925-1009), son of Arimi , was the teacher of the Crown Prince, who later reigned as En'yū -Tennō from 969-84. In 950 he became head of the Daigaku . While he was the administrator of the Dazaifu , he had the Takōtō Tower built. His works are included in the Honchō Reisō and Chōya Gunsai .
  • Sugawara no Takasue was governor of Kazusa and Hitachi , and later an auditor at court. His daughter was the poet Sugawara no Takasue no Musume (i.e. "daughter of Sugawara no Takasue" 1008-?), Whose real name is not known.
  • Sugawara no Arizane knew Chinese law and was the presiding judge around 1085.
  • Sugawara no Nagamori ( 菅原 長 守 , also: Takatsuji no Nagamori ) was a teacher at Daigaku in the fourth grade.
  • Sugawara no Tamenaga ( 菅原 爲 長 ; 1158-1246), a son of Nagamori, is known as a Waka poet, to whom the book Jikkin shō is ascribed. He was the teacher of the later Tsuchimikado -Tennō (r. 1210-36), also chief of Kageyoshi and Daigaku . After holding positions in several ministries, he rose to the position of cabinet secretary in the State Council until 1237 - since 1240 in the real 2nd court rank .
  • Sugawara no Arikane ( 菅原 有 兼 ; 1248-1321) was one of the last important representatives of classical Chinese education as a teacher of Hanazono -Tennō. He was followed as head of the family by the drunkard Tadanaga (忠 長; † 1331).

Empress consorts

  • Sugawara no Nobuko ( 菅原 衍 子 ), Michizane's daughter, was married to the Uda-Tennō in 869 .
  • Sugawara no Tsuneko ( 菅原 庸 子 ) a daughter of Sugawara no Tanetsune was a wife of Reigen-Tennō (r. 1663-78) and mother of the imperial princes Inkei-shinnō, Hiroatsu-shinnō, Bunki-joō , and Motohide-joō . As a Buddhist nun, she took the name Hōjuin .
  • Sugawara no Hiroko ( 菅原 寛 子 ) was married to Emperor Nakamikado (r. 1710-35) and was the mother of Prince Hirominchi no Shinnō . This daughter of Tanemori bore the title of Keikōin .
  • Sugawara no Kazuko ( 菅原 和 子 ; † 1811, 30 years old) was a wife of Kōkaku -Tennō (r. 1780-1817), with the title Fushōkōin and mother of the imperial prince Morihito-shinnō .

Sidelines

Various houses were built under the descendants of Sugawara no Michizane. On Michizane u. a. the Owari branch of the Maeda returned.

The family split into the following lines by 1400: Takatsuji, Gojō, Higashibōjō and Karahashi.

Among the sons of Sugawara no Tamenaga , the Takatsuji family ( 高 辻 家 ) was formed, whose ancestor was Takatsuji Nagashige ( 高 辻 長 成 ; 1205–1281), who reached second rank as a state councilor. Later the Higashibōjō line ( 東 坊 城 家 ) developed from it. Another son of Tamenagas Gojō Takanaga ( 五条 高 長 ; 1210–84), who headed the Nori-no-tsukasa ( Ministry of Officials or Ceremonies) as minister , is the founder of the Gojō line ( 五条 家 ). The Kiyooka ( 清 岡 家 ) are another branch of the Gojō. The board of directors of Nishi-Takatsuji Nobukane received the rank of baron in 1882.

The Karahashi ( 唐 橋 家 ) come from other sugawara . All these sexes received the status of shishaku during the nobility reform of the Meiji period . The Yagyu line was ennobled by the Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu . Before the restoration, they held a fiefdom of the same name with an income of 10,000 koku based in the village of the same name (now part of Nara ) in the Soekami district of Yamato province .

For other bearers of the name (not at court) see: Sugawara

Sugawara no Michizane
Sugawara no Takasue no Musume

Remarks

  1. ↑ The plum blossom can be seen at all shrines dedicated to Sugawara Michizane.

Sources and literature

In particular, the early history of the family has only come down to us in the early imperial histories , which are only of limited use as reliable historical sources.

  • Robert Borgen: Origins of the Sugawara . In: Monumenta Nipponica , Vol. 30 (1975), pp. 405-22
  • Berend Wispelwey (Ed.): Japanese Biographical Archive . KG Saur, Munich 2007, ISBN 3-598-34014-1 , Fiche 330f
  • Reigns and Nengō according to Nelson, p. 1018 ff.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Complete section after: Robert Borgen: Origins of the Sugawara
  2. ^ Robert Borgen: Origins of the Sugawara , pp. 420-422.
  3. ^ Robert Borgen: Japanese Mission to China 801-806 . In: Monumenta Nipponica , Vol 37 (1981), p. 4.
  4. ^ Otto Karow: The Daidō ruijū hō . In: Monumenta Nipponica , Vol 9 (1953), p. 155 ff.
  5. ↑ See the long obituary (printed in): Sandaijitsuroku (Rikkokushi) I, p. 436.
  6. ↑ Karow (1953), p. 158 fn. 3
  7. ^ Andrew Goble: Social Knowledge, Change and History; in: Hvd Jnl As Stud, Vol 65 (1995), pp 71-74.
  8. ↑ 菅原 為 長
  9. ↑ After Papinot: Nobiliaire de Japon . 1906
Japanese name: As is common in Japan, the family name comes before the first name in this article . Thus Sugawara is the family name, Sukemasa z. B. the first name.