Sultania

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The old Orient
The city gate of Nimrud
Timeline based on calibrated C 14 data
Epipalaeolithic 12000-9500 BC Chr.
Kebaria
Natufien
Khiamien
Pre-ceramic Neolithic 9500-6400 BC Chr.
PPNA 9500-8800 BC Chr.
PPNB 8800-7000 BC Chr.
PPNC 7000-6400 BC Chr.
Ceramic Neolithic 6400-5800 BC Chr.
Umm Dabaghiyah culture 6000-5800 BC Chr.
Hassuna culture 5800-5260 BC Chr.
Samarra culture 5500-5000 BC Chr.
Transition to the Chalcolithic 5800-4500 BC Chr.
Halaf culture 5500-5000 BC Chr.
Chalcolithic 4500-3600 BC Chr.
Obed time 5000-4000 BC Chr.
Uruk time 4000-3100 / 3000 BC Chr.
Early Bronze Age 3000-2000 BC Chr.
Jemdet Nasr time 3000-2800 BC Chr.
Early dynasty 2900 / 2800-2340 BC Chr.
Battery life 2340-2200 BC Chr.
New Sumerian / Ur-III period 2340-2000 BC Chr.
Middle Bronze Age 2000-1550 BC Chr.
Isin Larsa Period / Ancient Assyrian Period 2000–1800 BC Chr.
Old Babylonian time 1800–1595 BC Chr.
Late Bronze Age 1550-1150 BC Chr.
Checkout time 1580-1200 BC Chr.
Central Assyrian Period 1400-1000 BC Chr.
Iron age 1150-600 BC Chr.
Isin II time 1160-1026 BC Chr.
Neo-Assyrian time 1000-600 BC Chr.
Neo-Babylonian Period 1025-627 BC Chr.
Late Babylonian Period 626-539 BC Chr.
Achaemenid period 539-330 BC Chr.
Years according to the middle chronology (rounded)

The Sultania (in the English-language specialist literature Sultanian ) is an archaeological culture in the southern Levant , which is assigned to the Epipalaeolithic (also Proto-Neolithic ) or the early Pre-Ceramic Neolithic and thus stands at the beginning of the development of the productive way of life. It belongs to the early ancient oriental cultures, similar to the Khiamien , the Aswadien and the early Mureybitien (in the Euphrates arch, more precisely between Aleppo and the headwaters of the Belich ). It got its name after the Tell es-Sultan , i.e. Old Jericho . Joan Crowfoot-Payne coined the term on the basis of flint tools from Jericho.

Most sultanas discoveries date back 11,600 to 11,000 cal. BP , the Oxford Handbook of the Archeology of the Levant dates the era to the period 9500 to 8500 v. The taxonomy in the research literature is inconsistent: it is generally assumed that the Sultania follows the Khiamien , but Crowfood-Payne originally assumed that both cultures coexisted at the same time. Today, the Sultania is often equated with the Pre-Ceramic Neolithic or viewed as part of this culture; the term is sometimes considered out of date.

The Sultania is less and less the exclusive expression of the late Levantine hunter-gatherer cultures. In view of this transition character to the peasant way of life, it is sometimes referred to as the “farmer-hunter culture”. While the grave goods were simpler in Khiamien, the more elaborate gifts of the Sultan indicate a social hierarchy. Long-distance trade, which can already be traced in the Natufia with obsidian , intensified as far as Anatolia. Wickerwork is demonstrable.

The Sultan can be found at sites in the Jordan Valley , in the Wadi Araba and in the coastal plain. The agricultural activity was largely limited to the Jordan Valley, as well as the settlements, while the hunt took place in the mountainous landscapes. Besides Jericho, Gesher, Gilgal I, Hatula, Nahal Oren, Netiv Hagdud, Salihiya IX, Dhra ', Zaharat adh-Dhra' 2, Iraq ed-Dubb, 'Ain-Darat and Wadi Feinan 16 are among the most important sites of Sultania.

literature

  • Gaëlle Le Dosseur: Les objets en matière osseuse au Levant sud du treizième au quatrième millénaire. In: Bulletin du Center de recherche français à Jérusalem. 12, 2003, 29-46. ( online )
  • Daniel Nadel, Yosef Garfinkel: The Sultanian flint assemblage from Gesher and its implications for recognizing Early Neolithic entities in the Levant , in: Paléorient 15 (1989) 139–151.

Remarks

  1. ↑ in the Levant
  2. ↑ a b c d in southern Mesopotamia
  3. ↑ a b c in northern Mesopotamia
  4. ^ Amnon Ben-Tor: The Archeology of Ancient Israel , Yale University Press, 1992, p. 13.
  5. ^ John J. Shea : Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic Near East. A Guide , Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 276.
  6. ^ Margreet L. Steiner, Ann E. Killebrew (Eds.): The Oxford Handbook of the Archeology of the Levant. C. 8000-332 BCE , Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 152.
  7. ^ Joan Crowfoot-Payne: The Terminology of the Aceramic Neolithic Period in the Levant . In: F. Wendorf: Terminology of Prehistory of the Near East. UISPP Congrès IX , Nice, 1976, pp 131-137.
  8. ^ Ofer Bar-Yosef : The PPNA in the Levant - An Overview . In: Paléorient 15, No. 1, 1989, p. 59.
  9. ↑ Danielle Stordeur , Frédéric Abbès : Du PPNA au PPNB: mise en lumière d'une phase de transition à Jerf el Ahmar (Syrie) . In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française 99, 2002, p. 566.
  10. ^ DT Potts: A Companion to the Archeology of the Ancient Near East , Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons-Blackwell, 2012, p. 142.
  11. ↑ Monique Lechevallier, Avraham Ronen, Patricia C. Anderson (eds.): Le gisement de Hatoula en Judée occidentale, Israël. Rapport des fouilles 1980-1988 , Association Paléorient, Paris 1994.
  12. ^ John J. Shea: Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic Near East. A Guide , Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 272.