Syriac

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Suryoye, Suroye or Suraye ( Aramaic ܣܘܪܝܝܐor ܣܘܪܝܐ, singular: Suryoyo, Suroyo or Suraya ), German "Syrer", is the Syrian-Aramaic self-name for several Christian ethnic groups in the Middle East, according to different interpretations.

Affiliations

The Syrians are Arameans , Assyrians , Chaldeans and sometimes Maronites and Melkites . Most Maronites and Melkites, however, are linguistically Arabic and often refer to themselves as Arabs, even if the liturgical language, especially of the Maronites, is still Syriac-Aramaic. According to the Suryoye community council in Tur Abdin , the Istanbul community and the Syrian diaspora associations in Europe, there are currently around 3,000 Syriacs living in Tur Abdin, 20,000 in Istanbul and a further 400,000 in Western Europe (including around 100,000 in Germany and 100,000 in Sweden). In addition to the classic settlement areas such as Syria, Iraq and Lebanon (approx. 1.5 million Syriacs), today's Syriacs increasingly live in the diaspora due to ethnic and religious persecution. Overall, it is assumed that there are around 3 million Syriacs worldwide. The above mentioned Melkites and Maronites are not included in these figures; of the latter, around one million live in Lebanon , where they make up the majority of the Christian population, and another 400,000 in Syria (as of 2005).

The Syriacs belong to the following churches:

language

The Syriac is the mother tongue of Aramaic . The Syriacs use the New East Aramaic , which is spoken in two dialects. On the one hand it is the Surayt dialect (also known as Turoyo), on the other hand it is the Suret dialect (also known as Swadaya). New East Aramaic is spoken today both in the region of origin Mesopotamia and in the Diaspora. The West Syrian Surayt dialect is still spoken by around 250,000 Syrians today. The East Syrian Suret dialect is spoken by around 830,000 Syrians. Although New East Aramaic is a lived language and education, television programs, radio programs and music also exist in both dialects, the language is threatened with assimilation.

Ethnogenesis

There are various theses on the question of ethnogenesis , it is worth mentioning here that peoples have been mixed up over this long period of time. Today there are mainly the following three theses on ethnogenesis among the Syriacs:

  1. Arameans. According to Shabo Hanna, the Greeks called the ethnic group in Mesopotamia , which called themselves Arameans , "Syre". Sina Schiffner is also of the opinion that the use of the term "Syrian" in the Aramaeans originates from the ancient Greeks. The Greek historian Poseidonios stated : "For what we [Greeks] Syrians [Greek Syroi / Syrioi ] call themselves Arameans."
  2. Assyrians. For the Austrian ancient historian and ancient orientalist Robert Rollinger there is no doubt that the term Suroye or Suryoye means nothing else than Assyrian. The discovery of an approx. 2,800 year old stone in Cineköy (approx. 30 km south of Adana (Turkey)) with a bilingual inscription in Luwian and Phoenician underlines this thesis, according to Robert Rollinger. Simo Parpola's remarks go in the same direction . He explains that the name "Ashur" was found in Aramaic documents from the seventh century BC. Is also reproduced as "Sur".
  3. Chaldeans. In comparison to the term Assyrians, which are used by members of all West and East Syrian churches, only the members of the Chaldean Catholic Church today refer to themselves as Chaldeans . The Chaldean Church was founded in 1553 after a church schism by the Assyrian Church of the East . However, before the newly built church was called Chaldean, the name "Assyria and Mosul's Church" was used. The reason for the use for the Chaldean name, according to Svante Lundgren, is most likely the biblical narrative of the three kings.

history

In addition to the Armenians (see Genocide of the Assyrians and Aramaeans and Genocide of the Armenians ), the Syriacs in almost all churches were particularly affected by the pogroms of the Turkish , Iranian and Iraqi military and Kurdish militias during and after the First World War . Hundreds of thousands of them were killed and many driven from their homeland, others emigrated to the western diaspora (Europe, America and Australia). The parliaments of the following countries classified the persecution and expulsion of the Syriacs during the First World War as genocide: Sweden, the Netherlands, Armenia, Austria and Germany.

Diaspora

Memorial to the genocide of the Syriacs in Parco Della Pace in Locarno, Switzerland.

Assyrians / Arameans who emigrated from the original area of Mesopotamia feared religious persecution. According to the Assyrian Confederation of Europe, around 500,000 Assyrians live in Western Europe. The focus is on Sweden and Germany , the latter preferably in Gütersloh , Augsburg , Wiesbaden , Gießen and Delmenhorst .

media

See also

literature

  • Arend Jan Schukkink, De Suryoye: een hidden gemeenschap: een historical-anthropological study van een Enschedese vluchtelingengemeenschap afkomstig uit het Midden-Oosten, Proefschrift Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2003, ISBN 90-90-17346-3
  • Mehmet Şimşek, Süriyaniler ve Diyarbakır. İstanbul 2003. ISBN 978-975-8663-41-5
  • Ahmet Taşğın, Eyyüp Tanrıvedi, Canan Seyfeli: Süriyaniler ve Süriyanilik. İstanbul 2005, ISBN 975-98974-8-2
  • Augin Kurt Haninke, The Heirs of Patriarch Shaker, Nineveh Press 2017, ISBN 978-91-984100-7-5
  • Svante Lundgren, The Assyrians: From Ninive to Gütersloh, Lit Verlag, January 29, 2016, ISBN 9783643132567

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Shabo Talay : The New Aramaic Dialects of the Khabur Assyrians in Northeast Syria: Introduction, Phonology and Morphology . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-447-05702-8 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  2. ^ Matti Moosa : The Maronites in History . Gorgias Press, Piscataway, NJ 2005, ISBN 978-1-59333-182-5 , pp. 303 ( excerpt from Google book search).
  3. ↑ Susanne Güsten: Genocide: The year of the sword . In: Die Zeit , April 18, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2016. 
  4. ↑ Assyrians. Retrieved July 13, 2019 (American English).
  5. ↑ Nicholas Awde, Nineb Lamassu, Nicholas Al-Jeloo: Modern Aramaic (Assyrian / Syriac) . HIPPOCRENE BOOKS, INC., New York 2007, ISBN 978-0-7818-1087-6 .
  6. ↑ Shabo Talay: Šlomo Surayt An introductory course in Surayt Aramaic (Turoyo) . In: Shabo Talay (Ed.): Aramaic-Online Project (2014-2017) . Bar Habraeus Verlag, Glane - Netherlands 2017, ISBN 978-90-5047-065-0 , pp. 2 .
  7. ^ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic. Retrieved July 13, 2019 .
  8. ↑ Chaldean Neo-Aramaic. Retrieved July 13, 2019 .
  9. ^ Archdiocese of Vienna: Aramaic: The language of Jesus is alive - still! Retrieved on July 13, 2019 (German).
  10. ↑ Sabo Hanna: The origin of the Syrian-Aramaeans (Suryoye). Retrieved March 17, 2019 .
  11. ↑ Skipper Sina: The Aramaeans . 1992, p. 160 f .
  12. ↑ Svante Lundgren: The Assyrians from Nineveh to Gütersloh . Lit Verlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-643-13256-7 , pp. 40 .
  13. ^ Simo Parpola: Assyrian Identity in Ancient Times and Today. Retrieved March 10, 2019 .
  14. ↑ Svante Lundgren: The Assyrians from Nineveh to Gütersloh . Lit Verlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-643-13256-7 , pp. 143 .
  15. ↑ Sweden angered Turkey. March 13, 2010, accessed July 13, 2019 .
  16. ↑ Mass murder of Armenians - Netherlands on course for confrontation with Turkey. February 23, 2018, accessed July 13, 2019 .
  17. ↑ adoption of declaration to certify did Armenia Recognizes Greek and Assyrian genocide: Eduard Sharmazanov. Retrieved July 13, 2019 .
  18. ^ Austrian Parliament Recognizes Armenian, Assyrian, Greek Genocide. Retrieved July 13, 2019 .
  19. ^ German Recognition of Armenian, Assyrian Genocide: History and Politics. Retrieved July 13, 2019 .
  20. ↑ Anschütz, Helga: The Syrian Christians from Tur ' Abdin: an early Christian population group between persistence, stagnation and dissolution . Augustinus-Verlag, Würzburg 1984, ISBN 3-7613-0128-6 ( worldcat.org [accessed November 25, 2019]).
  21. ↑ ABOUT. Accessed November 28, 2019 .
  22. ↑ Sweden good integration. Retrieved November 28, 2019 .
  23. ↑ Assyrians in Germany do not see any positive effects for Christian minorities despite the election DOMRADIO.DE. Retrieved November 28, 2019 .
  24. ↑ Assyrians find a new home in Gütersloh. Retrieved November 28, 2019 .
  25. ↑ Stefanie Schoene: Swabians make music, Assyrians dance. Retrieved November 28, 2019 .
  26. ↑ Elena Witzeck, Rodgau: Persecution of Christians in Iraq: “I have to help my people” . ISSN  0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed November 28, 2019]).
  27. ↑ This is what the Pohlheim memorial for the victims of the genocide in the Ottoman Empire looks like. November 2, 2019, accessed November 28, 2019 .
  28. ↑ April. Retrieved November 28, 2019 (American English).