Talpiot tomb

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The Talpiot grave (also: Talpiyot grave) is a rock grave in East Jerusalem, five kilometers south of the old city . The crypt was discovered in 1980 during construction work near the eastern Talpiot . It contained ten bone boxes (ossuaries) , six of which bore inscriptions ; one of them has been deciphered as "Jesus, son of Joseph", although this reading is controversial.

The discovery caused a worldwide sensation after the filmmaker James Cameron and the journalist Simcha Jacobovici made a film in 2007 that suggested that the grave belonged to the family of Jesus and that the bones of Jesus were buried in the bone box with the inscription Yeshua bar Jehosef . This would call into question the traditional biblical accounts of Jesus' resurrection from the dead and his ascension to heaven . In addition, the report on the physical brothers and sisters of Jesus questions the teaching of some Christian churches on the perpetual virginity of Mary .

Most archaeologists and historians consider the identification of Talpiot's tomb with the tomb of the Jesus family to be unfounded or absurd.

Discovery, excavation, sealing

The crypt was discovered by chance on March 28, 1980 by construction workers preparing to lay the foundations for a residential complex when the demolition work cleared the entrance to the crypt. The next day, Amos Kloner visited the site as an area overseer for the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (IDAM, now the Israel Antiquities Authority , IAA). Kloner made a series of preliminary sketches and asked permission for a dig to recover and protect the finds, which was to be directed by Yosef Gat. Permission was given on Monday, March 31st, but work actually started the day before. Although the team was said to have only been allowed three days to complete the work, Gats notes indicate that the work continued "intermittently" until it officially ended on April 11, with most of the work being done in the first two days has been.

The construction of the residential buildings was completed in 1982. The children of Tova Bracha , a local, managed to get into the crypt and play there. Bracha notified the authorities, who then sealed the entrance for security reasons. The children found some discarded religious texts that had been placed in the crypt that was used as a geniza .

Jacobovici and his team reopened the tomb in 2005. The image material was incorporated into the documentary film Das Jesus-Grab (2007). Since Jacobovici and his people had failed to obtain approval from the competent authority for antiquities , an official ordered the crypt to be resealed.

Dating and assignment

The team of archaeologists who uncovered the tomb dated it to the Second Temple period (approx. 515 BC - 70 AD). In view of the excavation site, a grave of this type can be assumed to have belonged to a wealthy Jewish family. Around 900 similar graves have been uncovered in the same area.

The Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) announced in 2003 that the inscriptions carved on the bone boxes at a much later date and artificially with a patina were covered.

The grave complex

The grave, which is not open to the public, is located in a courtyard on Dov-Gruner-Strasse, below a flight of stairs on the corner of Olei Hagardom and Avshalom Haviv streets .

It was carved out of solid limestone rock. Inside there are six burial chambers or burial places and two arcosolias or vaulted niches in which a body could be placed for burial. The grave contained various human remains and several reliefs. The ossuaries were found in the burial chambers.

The ossuaries and the engraved names

Inscription on one of the ossuaries: Jeschua bar Jehosef (?) (= "Jesus, son of Joseph")

Ten limestone ossuaries were found, six of which bore epigraphs (inscriptions), but only four of them were recognized as such on the spot. The team of archaeologists found the bone boxes little worth mentioning and turned them over to the Rockefeller Museum for analysis and storage.

According to Jacobovici, Cameron and James Tabor , one of the ossuaries that bore no inscription later disappeared when it was kept in a courtyard outside the museum. This claim has been contradicted by both Joe Zias , the museum's former curator, and Kloner. The names that are said to have been on the ossuaries were:

in Aramaic
Joseh (Joseph)
Marjah (Maria)
Matjah (Matthäus)
Jeschua bar Jehosef (Jesus, son of Joseph)
Jehuda bar Jeschua (Judas, son of Jesus)

and in Greek
Mariamenou Mara

All ten bone boxes contained human remains, which, according to Amos Kloner, were in an "advanced state of decay". The tomb may have been “intergenerational”, that is, it contained several generations of bones in each ossuary, but no report has been made about their contents. Also, no investigation appears to have been made as to how many individuals were represented by the bones found. In addition, three skulls were found under a 50 centimeter thick layer of filling on the floor of the grave. Other shattered bones were in the heaped material with the arcosolias . The fact that the bones were scattered under the embankment indicates a disturbance of the grave rest in antiquity. All bones were given to religious authorities for burial.

Symbols

On some walls there are rock drawings, including several angle symbols [?]. You can see an angle with a circle above the grave entrance. Some believe that this is a representation or replica of the Nikanor gate of the Jerusalem temple, as can be found on coins from this time. Just as the Nikanor gate marks the end of a pilgrimage, the grave entrance may have marked the end of the journey of life. Some have suggested that the angle and circle look like the Greek letters lambda (L) and omicron (O), while others have argued that the ancient Hebrew letters Daleth and Ayin were more likely references.

Publication and media processing

Nowadays, a massive plate covers the entrance to the tomb

The Talpiot Fund was first published in 1994 in the “Catalog of Jewish Ossuaries in the Collections of the State of Israel” (No. 701–709). In March / April 1996 it was discussed in the British media. A little later , an article describing the excavations was published in Atiqot (vol. 29, 1996), the journal of the Israel Antiquities Authority. The BBC was the first to broadcast a documentary about the Talpiot grave in 1996 as part of its news magazine " Heart of the Matter ". At the time, Amos Kloner, the first archaeologist to investigate the find, said the claims there was a connection to Jesus archaeologically not hold up, adding, "They just want to make money with it." Others were similarly skeptical during one Another archaeologist who discovered the tomb admitted, "I am willing to consider the possibility."

Although the Israeli Antiquities Authority confirmed in 2003 that the inscriptions were scratched much later and subsequently coated with a patina , a documentary by filmmaker James Cameron and investigative journalist Simcha Jacobovici was made in 2007 with the title ‹Das Jesus-Grab› (orig .: The Lost Tomb of Jesus). "Our film will shake the foundations of the Christian Church," says producer Jacobovici. Together with Charles Pellegrino he wrote a book entitled "Das Familiengrab Jesu" (orig .: The Jesus Family Tomb), in which discoveries are presented, based on which the authors believe that the Talpiot tomb was the burial place of Jesus of Nazareth as well as that from other people in the New Testament. This claim has since been debated by many archaeologists, theologians, language experts, and Bible scholars.

On January 17, 2008, Ruth Gat, the widow of the archaeologist Yosef Gat, who discovered the grave, claimed that he had kept the discovery a secret until the mid-1990s because otherwise he feared a wave of anti-Semitism .

The Princeton Symposium 2008

After the symposium in Jerusalem in January 2008, media interest in Talpiot's tomb was rekindled. The Time Magazine and the station CNN dedicated to him extensive coverage, but they pointed out the case for re-opened. In particular, Simcha Jacobovici, it was reported, told the press that the symposium had reopened the case and that he felt “completely confirmed”. Jacobovici denied that he made any such statements. During that symposium, Ruth Gat announced at the posthumous award ceremony for her late husband Yosef: “My husband, the chief archaeologist of the tomb in eastern Talpiot in south Jerusalem, was convinced that the tomb he excavated in 1980 was indeed the tomb of Jesus Nazareth and his family was. "

Following the media account, scholars who attended the symposium accused Jacobovici and Cameron of misleading the media. To claim that the symposium considered their theory to be viable or realistic ("viable") is completely absurd. Several scholars, including all of the archaeologists and epigraphers who contributed to the Symposium Papers, wrote an open letter of complaint. They complained about the misrepresentation in the media. They rejected Jacobovici and Cameron's claims that the symposium supported their hypotheses that nothing is further from the truth.

Joe Zias, Senior Curator of Archeology / Anthropology for the IAA from 1972 to 1997, cited a leaked pre-symposium memorandum from James Tabor as evidence of "outside intervention by Simcha and Tabor to change the agenda [of the symposium]. to distort the deliberations in such a way that it would be beneficial to their preconceived plan ”. Geza Vermes issued a statement stating that the arguments in favor of the Talpiot tomb were not only "simply not convincing, but meaningless" and that "apart from a handful of people led by James Tabor and Simcha Jacobovici ... most of them 50 participants were of this opinion ”.

The Princeton Theological Seminary published a letter following the controversy, in which it reiterated fears that

“That in the aftermath of the symposium the press gave almost the exact opposite impression (to the results of the symposium) by stating that the conference deliberations had given credibility to the identification of the Talpiot grave with an alleged family grave of Jesus of Nazareth. As crystal clear as the statements made since the symposium go in the opposite direction, such representations are obviously false and blatantly distort the spirit and the scientific content of the statements. "

The deliberations of the symposium will be edited and published by James Charlesworth. The issue of the science magazine Near Eastern Archeology (Vol. 69, Iss. 3/4, Sept-Dec 2006) published by the 'American School of Oriental Research' contains several articles on the Talpiot's tomb as well as an overview of the Confrontation.

The Jesus grave (film) and The family grave of Jesus (book)

The film The Jesus Tomb was first broadcast on the Discovery Channel on March 4, 2007, timed to coincide with the release of Jacobovic's book "Das Familiengrab Jesu" (The Jesus Family Tomb). The controversial film was shown on the German private broadcaster Pro Sieben on Good Friday 2007.

Jacobovici claimed that the bones of Jesus, Mary and Mary Magdalene, along with those of some of their relatives, were once buried in this cave. In support of his thesis, he worked with statisticians (see the next section), archaeologists, historians, DNA experts, robotic camera technicians, epigraphers and a forensic scientist. However, this claim is rejected by most archaeological biblical scholars.

The Israeli archaeologist Amos Kloner, who was among the first to investigate the tomb after it was discovered, said the names on the coffins were very common at the time. He told the BBC that the names could not simply be related to Jesus and his family. "The makers of the documentary use this to sell their film."

Probability calculations for the engraved names

The central question was considered to be the likelihood that a grave like this would contain the specific group of names. Experts such as B. Richard Bauckham , David Mavorah and Amos Kloner have confirmed the frequent occurrence of the name "Jesus" as an inscription. Paul Maier, professor of ancient history at Western Michigan University , notes that at least 21 "Jeshuas" or "Jesusse" were famous enough to go down in the stories of Josephus . For their part, the filmmakers submit a statistical study by Andrey Feuerverger, professor of statistics and mathematics at the University of Toronto , which concluded that the names were not uncommon, but that - conservatively - the probability of such names being put together in Finding any single grave between 600 to 1 and a million to 1 (depending on variables) is in favor of being real.

However, Feuerverger later said: “It is not within the scope of statistics to draw the conclusion whether this grave site is that of the [Jesus] family of the New Testament or not. Any conclusion of this kind belongs much more justifiably to the realm of biblical scholars who are much better able to judge the assumptions to be used in the calculations. ”Feuerverger's assessment was based on several assumptions:

  • that Mary mentioned on one ossuary is the mother of that Jesus whose name is on another
  • that Mariamne is his wife
  • that Joseph (engraved with the nickname Joseh) is his brother

According to the film, support for these assumptions is provided by the following claims:

  • Mariamne is the Greek form of Marjah and according to François Bovon the name of Mary Magdalene in the Acts of Philip (Acta Philippi)
  • Mary Magdalene spoke Greek and preached in Greek
  • "Joseh" was the nickname that was used for Jesus' little brother
  • Talpiot's Tomb is the only place where ossuaries named Mariamne and Joseh have ever been found, although the short forms of that name were very popular and thousands of ossuaries have been excavated.

On February 25, 2007, Feuerverger submitted a statistical calculation for the naming group as part of the film The Lost Tomb of Jesus . As a conclusion, he stated a probability of at least 600 to 1 that the name combination in the grave came about by chance. The procedure for this study is documented in a specialist journal, a summary of which is available on the Discovery Channel website as well as other documentary pages.

A more detailed representation of the statistical access can also be found on Feuerverger's website. See the interview with Scientific American . The frequency of predominantly used names during the period when bone burials were performed has been inferred from studying two key sources:

  • Rahmani's catalog of the Jewish ossuaries in the collections of the State of Israel
  • Tal Ilan's Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity

According to Feuerverger, the goal of statistical analysis is to determine the degree of probability for a null hypothesis :

“As a 'null hypothesis', one can think of the assertion that this collection of names arose purely by chance with random samples from the Onomasticon . The alternative hypothesis is in some ways the opposite. It is not in the field of statistics to draw conclusions about whether this tomb is that of the [Jesus] family of the New Testament or not. "

Feuerverger multiplied the probability that every single name would appear during the time span of the tomb by the individual probability of every other name. First he found that "Jesus, son of Joseph" appeared one of 190 times, Mariamne one of 160 times, etc .:

Jesus son of Joseph Mariamne Josah Maria product
1/190 1/160 1/20 1/4 1 / 2,432,000
0.53% 0.625% 5% 25%

Next, he divided 2,432,000 by 4 to show the preference in the history records and divided the result (608,000) by 1,000 to show the number of explored tombs in 1st century Jerusalem.

Feuerverger's conclusions have been challenged:

  • Some contested that multiplying the probabilities of each name was wrong because many variations of the same name are possible.
  • The inclusion of Mariamne in the calculation is based on two unproven assumptions:
    • The Mary Magdalene of the New Testament was the wife of Jesus. (There is no historical evidence for this.)
    • Maria Magdalena's real name was Mariamne. (This assumption is seriously debated by some experts.)
  • The calculation is based only on the 1,000 graves found in Jerusalem, instead of the entire Jewish population who lived in the area. This in fact presupposes that Jesus' family really had a family grave and was among the 1,000 graves found in the Jerusalem area. There is no historical basis for this assumption. Some professionals, u. a. the head of the excavation, Amos Kloner, believes it is not impossible that a poor family from Nazareth might have owned a family grave in Jerusalem .
  • The inscription "Judah, son of Jesus" is ignored in the calculation. Since there is no historical evidence that Jesus had children, this inscription would have to be included in the calculation to [correctly] reduce the likelihood that the tomb belonged to the Jesus family.

Randy Ingermanson and Jay Cost made their own statistical analyzes, in which they focused on the probabilities on the basis of different assumptions. Depending on the cognitive interest of various imaginary historians, they came up with probabilities between 1 in 18 and 1 in 5,000,000.

Stephan Pfann, President of the Jerusalem University of the Holy Land , emphasizes that the common usage of these names suggests a much lower probability.

Richard Bauckham and Bishop Wardlaw, both professors at St Andrews , compiled the following data to show how common the names in question were:

Out of a total of 2,625 men, these are the numbers for the ten most popular male names among Palestinian Jews. The first number indicates the total number of occurrences, the second indicates the occurrence on ossuaries:

rank Surname Total occurrence on ossuaries Percentage (out of 2625)
1 Simon / Simeon 243 59 9.3%
2 Joseph 218 45 8.3%
3 Eleazar 166 29 6.3%
4th Judah 164 44 6.2%
5 Johannes / Johanan 122 25th 4.6%
6th Jesus 99 22nd 3.8%
7th Hanania 82 18th 3.1%
8th Jonathan 71 14th 2.7%
9 Matthew 62 17th 2.4%
10 Menahem 42 4th 1.6%

For the total of 328 occurrences of female names, the following distribution results for the four most popular names:

rank Surname Total occurrence on ossuaries Percentage (of 328)
1 Maria / Mariamne 70 42 21.3%
2 Salome 58 41 17.7%
3 Schelamzion 24 19th 7.3%
4th Martha 20th 17th 6.1%

Colin Aitken, Professor of Forensic Statistics at Edinburgh University , said that Feuerverger's study was based on a number of assumptions and that "even if we accepted the assumptions, the odds are certainly not a 600 to 1 odds in favor of the tomb of Jesus. "

Peter Lampe , Professor of the New Testament at the University of Heidelberg and active archaeologist, pointed out that in the 20s / 30s of the 1st century AD in the port city of Maoza at the southern end of the Dead Sea, a Jewish household comprised the following names: Jesus, Simon, Mariame, Jakobus and Judah (so-called “Archives of Babatha ”, p. 5 / 6Ḥev 17 , dated to 128 AD; 25-26 and 34 to 131 AD). These people had nothing to do with the New Testament or the Talpiot tomb. "According to the logic of the filmmakers, these people shouldn't have existed."

literature

  • Rainer Riesner : A false Jesus grave, Maria Magdalena and no end. In: theological contributions. 38th vol. (2007), pp. 296-299.
  • Peter Lampe : MEXPI THC CHMEPON: A New Edition of Matthew 27: 64b; 28:13 in Today's Pop Science and a Salty Breeze from the Dead Sea. In: P. Lampe et al. (Ed.): New Testament Exegesis in Dialogue: Hermeneutics - History of Effects - Matthew Gospel. Festschrift for Ulrich Luz on his 70th birthday. Neukirchener, Neukirchen-Vluyn 2008, ISBN 978-3-7887-2283-8 , pp. 355-366.
  • James D. Tabor : The Jesus Dynasty. The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity. Simon & Schuster, New York 2006, ISBN 0-7432-8723-1 .
    • German: The Jesus dynasty: the hidden life of Jesus and his family and the origin of Christianity. Bertelsmann, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-570-00923-8 .
  • Eric M. Meyers: The Jesus tomb controversy: an overview. In: Near Eastern Archeology. Vol. 69, Iss. 3/4 (Sep-Dec 2006), pp. 116-118.
  • Charles Foster: The Jesus Inquest. Thomas Nelson, Nashville, Tenn. 2010, ISBN 978-0-8499-4811-4 .
    • German: The Jesus files: a lawyer investigates the resurrection. Pattloch, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-629-02182-3 .

Web links

German

English

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Michael Heiser: “Evidence Real and Imagined: Thinking Clearly About the ' Jesus Family Tomb '” (PDF; 498 kB). Pp. 9-13. Accessed March 8, 2012.
  2. ↑ “The identification of the Talpiot tomb with the tomb of Jesus and his family contradicts the narratives of the canonical Gospels about the death and burial of Jesus as well as the oldest Christian traditions about Jesus.”, In: “ Has the Tomb of Jesus Been Discovered? ( Memento of the original from March 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ". Biblical Archeology Society. Accessed March 8, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bib-arch.org
  3. ↑ James Tabor: "A Passover in 1980". The Jesus Dynasty Blog.
  4. ↑ Tabor, ibid.
  5. ↑ Steward Laidlaw: "Jesus tomb claim sparks furor". Toronto Star, February 26, 2007; Accessed March 9, 2012.
  6. ↑ Shelly Paz: "E. Talpiot residents adjust to possibility they're Jesus's neighbors ”. Jerusalem Post, February 27, 2007, accessed March 9, 2012.
  7. ^ Mati Milstein: " Jesus' tomb claim slammed by scholars ". National Geographic News. Accessed March 8, 2012.
  8. ^ Uzi Dahari: " Final Report Of The Examining Committees For the Yehoash Inscription and James Ossuary ". Israeli Antiquities Authority, accessed Feb. 18, 2012.
  9. ↑ Nehemia Gordon: “The Tomb of Yeshua son of Joseph in 'East Talpiot'”. Accessed March 9, 2012.
  10. ↑ Dion Nissen tree (2007-02-27). "'Lost Tomb' documentary jeered". McClatchy Newspapers, February 27, 2007; Accessed March 14, 2007.
  11. ↑ James Tabor: “A Passover in 1980”, March 27, 2007.
  12. ^ Nissenbaum, Dion: "'Lost Tomb' documentary jeered". McClatchy Newspapers, Feb 27, 2007, accessed March 12, 2012.
  13. ↑ Cf. Mati Milstein: "Jesus' tomb claim slammed by scholars", February 28, 2007.
  14. ↑ See James Tabor: "A Passover in 1980"
  15. ↑ a b James Tabor: "A Passover in 1980"
  16. ^ Zias, Joe: "Viewers Guide to Understanding the Talpiot Tomb 'documentary' to be aired on the Discovery Channel", March 2007.
  17. ↑ Rainer Riesner : A false Jesus grave, Maria Magdalena and no end. In: theological contributions. (2007), p. 296.
  18. ^ A b c Peter Nathan: "A Critical Look Inside the Jesus Tomb". Vision Media. February 28, 2007, accessed March 9, 2012.
  19. ↑ a b Steward Laidlaw: "Jesus tomb claim sparks furor". Toronto Star. February 26, 2007, accessed February 28, 2007.
  20. ↑ a b James Tabor: "A Passover in 1980".
  21. ↑ R. Kirk Kilpatrick, Ph.D. on the Symbolism of the Tomb
  22. ↑ " The Times Tomb Story "
  23. ↑ "Clergy, scholars assail tomb of Jesus film". The Courier-Journal. February 27, 2007.
  24. ^ Uzi Dahari: " Final Report Of The Examining Committees For the Yehoash Inscription and James Ossuary ". Israeli Antiquities Authority, accessed February 18, 2012.
  25. ↑ Jesus in the family grave , Jürgen Schönstein, Focus online from February 27, 2007.
  26. ↑ Biblical research: Jesus-Grab decrypted ?, Ulf von Rauchhaupt, in: FAZ, February 25, 2007.
  27. ↑ http://www.n-tv.de/mediathek/bilderserien/unterhaltung/James-Camerons-Film-Die-Grabhoehle-von-Jesus-article214969.html
  28. ↑ Michael Heiser: “Evidence Real and Imagined: Thinking Clearly About the 'Jesus Family Tomb'” (PDF). Pp. 9-13. Accessed March 8, 2012.
  29. ^ Mati Milstein: " Jesus' tomb claim slammed by scholars ". National Geographic News. Accessed March 8, 2012.
  30. ↑ Widow: Archeologist kept 'Jesus tomb' discovery secret for fear of anti-Semitism.
  31. ↑ Third Symposium of Princeton Theological Seminary ( Memento of the original of June 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on Jewish views on the afterlife and Jewish burial practice at the time of the Second Temple: Evaluation of the Talpiot tomb in context. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bib-arch.org
  32. ↑ "Jesus 'Tomb' Controversy Reopened" Time. 2008-01-16. Accessed March 8, 2012.
  33. ^ " CNN.com Video ". CNN. Accessed March 8, 2012.
  34. ↑ Princeton Conference Vindicates Associated Producers James Cameron and Simcha Jacobovici on "Lost Tomb of Jesus"
  35. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from June 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bib-arch.org
  36. ↑ http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Princeton-Conference-Vindicates-Associated-Producers-James-Cameron-Simcha-Jacobovici-811301.htm
  37. ↑ The list of undersigned scholars: Professor Jodi Magness, University of North Carolina and Chapel Hill, Professor Eric M. Meyers, Duke University, Choon-Leon Seow, Princeton Theological Seminary, FW Dobbs-Allsopp, Princeton Theological Seminary, Lee McDonald, Princeton Theological Seminary, Rachel Hachlili, University of Haifa, Motti Aviam, University of Rochester, Amos Kloner, Bar Ilan University, Christopher Rollston, Emmanuel School of Religion, Shimon Gibson, University of North Carolina in Charlotte, Joe Zias, Science and Antiquity Group, Jerusalem, Jonathan Price, Tel Aviv University, CD Elledge, Gutavus Adolphus College.
  38. ^ Duke University Religion Department: The Talpiot Tomb Controversy Revisited .
  39. ↑ Joe Zias, his homepage on the matter
  40. ↑ a b 2007 Alumni / ae Reunion ( Memento of the original from January 27, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ptsem.edu
  41. ↑ JH Charlesworth, Rebutting Sensational Claims Concerning a symposium in Jerusalem in March called 8th 2012th
  42. ^ Comment by SPIEGEL Online , February 27, 2007, accessed on March 9, 2012.
  43. ^ Society of Biblical Literature
  44. ↑ Jesus tomb found , says film-maker, BBC News. Accessed March 9, 2012.
  45. ↑ Hollywood Hype: The Oscars and Jesus' Family Tomb, What Do They Share? (expanded version) . February 26, 2007. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 28, 2007. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / dev.bible.org
  46. ^ A b Ed Pilkington, McCarthy, Rory: Is this really the last resting place of Jesus, Mary Magdalene — and their son? , The Guardian . February 27, 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2007. 
  47. ↑ Laurie Goodstein: Documentary examines supposed remains of Jesus and his family . International Herald Tribune . February 28, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
  48. ↑ a b Jennifer Viegas: Jesus Family Tomb Believed Found . Discovery Channel . February 25, 2007. Archived from the original on March 7, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 28, 2007. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / dsc.discovery.com
  49. ↑ Laurie Goodstein: Documentary examines supposed remains of Jesus . International Herald Tribune . February 28, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
  50. ↑ magicstatistics.com ( Memento of the original from July 10, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / magicstatistics.com
  51. ↑ Steward Laidlaw (2007-02-26). " Jesus tomb claim sparks furor ". Toronto Star. February 28, 2007.
  52. ↑ Lost Tomb of Jesus: Explore the Tomb: Discovery Channel ( Memento of the original from February 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / dsc.discovery.com
  53. ↑ The Jesus Family Tomb: Probability & the "Jesus Equation"
  54. ↑ http://fisher.utstat.toronto.edu/andrey/OfficeHrs.txt
  55. ^ Q&A With the Statistician Who Calculated the Odds That This Tomb Belonged to Jesus: Scientific American .
  56. ^ L. Rahmani: A Catalog of Jewish Ossuaries in the Collections of the State of Israel, (IAA / Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1994)
  57. ↑ Tal Ilan: Lexicon of Jewish names in late antiquity. PART I: Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2002, ISBN 3-16-147646-8 .
  58. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from March 16, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fisher.utstat.toronto.edu
  59. ↑ prnewswire.com
  60. ↑ fisher.utstat.toronto.edu
  61. ↑ Ben Witherington: PROBLEMS MULTIPLY FOR JESUS ​​TOMB THEORY . February 26, 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2007.
  62. ^ Richard Bauckham: The alleged 'Jesus family tomb' . March 1, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
  63. ↑ NT Gateway Weblog ( Memento of the original from November 3, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ntgateway.com
  64. ↑ NT Gateway Weblog ( Memento of the original from October 15, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ntgateway.com
  65. ↑ Archaeologist Amos Kloner Doesn't Buy The Jesus Christ's Coffin Story ( Memento from March 30, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  66. ↑ Randy Ingermanson's website
  67. ↑ http://www.ingermanson.com/jesus/art/stats2.php Bayes' Theorem And The "Jesus Family Tomb"
  68. ↑ "Remarkably, a mere 16 of the 72 personal names [found on ossuaries] account for 75% of the inscribed names." Among these "top 16" names are Mary, Joseph, Jesus, Matthew, and Judas. The Improper Application of Statistics in “The Lost Tomb of Jesus” ( Memento from April 16, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) by Stephen Pfann, accessed on April 26, 2013.
  69. ↑ Ben Witherington: The Jesus Tomb? 'Titanic' Talpiot Tomb Theory Sunk from the Start . February 26, 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2007.
  70. ↑ theherald.co.uk
  71. ↑ Peter Lampe : MEXPI THC CHMEPON. Pp. 355-366, cf. Literature (with further arguments against the theory of the family grave of Jesus).

Coordinates: 31 ° 45 ′ 5 "  N , 35 ° 14 ′ 6.7"  E