Telephone connection
A telephone connection describes the operationally provided technical infrastructure by a network operator for a subscriber on which a telephone can be operated. This is usually done with wired technology, mostly with the help of the subscriber line and the installation of switching technology in exchanges via a telephone network . This classic voice transmission ( telephony ) is currently being replaced by a transmission of voice information based on data connections via packet-oriented connections ( NGN , VoIP ). The provision can now also take place via alternative cable routes, for example via a cable modem or wirelessly using a wireless local loop , Wimax , cellular network or satellite .
In the case of non-cellular connections, the interface at which the subscriber's telephone is connected to the provider's technology (the network termination ; usually the connection socket ) is also known as the telephone connection .
In order for subscribers to be able to call the telephone connection, it is assigned a telephone number - if several telephone numbers are assigned, one also speaks of multiple subscriber numbers ( MSN ).
Landline connection
If the telephone connection is implemented using conventional circuit-switched landline technology and the subscriber line (TAL), it is referred to as a landline connection. Fixed network connections are currently even more reliable than the still relatively new NGN -based connections, and unlike NGN-based connections, they also work in the event of a breakdown in the home electricity network , if a suitable wired telephone is used. Emergency services also often require a landline connection that is authorized to provide emergency power (landline analog connection or ISDN basic connection using NTBA), which is supplied with power from the exchange.
However, in Germany, Deutsche Telekom plans to switch completely to so-called IP-based connections by 2018. That means the end of digital ISDN telephone connections (product name “Universal”) in the Deutsche Telekom network. However, analog telephone connections can still be ordered and switched using MSAN-POTS technology. In Austria this only applies to FTTH connections .
Full connection
With regard to the telephone company exchange possible preselection - and call-by-call process, in which the telephone connection of the incumbent remains and only the outgoing calls on alternative network operators are taught, we speak with a means of unbundled realized subscriber line landline at alternative providers or in the case of an end customer fixed network connection provided by the established operator himself, also from a full connection or direct connection.
Analog connection / digital connection
If the landline connection has a telephone socket as a network termination on which commercially available analogue terminals (telephones, modems , fax machines ) can be operated, then it is an analogue connection. When used in Europe digital ISDN -Festnetz analog lines over to digital-to-analog converter in the local exchange that will convert the digital signal into an analog signal. Telephone networks that only contain analog connections can be designed as analog fixed networks .
ISDN connection
If the network termination of the landline connection is digital, it is called an ISDN connection . If the ISDN connection is terminated by means of NTBA as an S 0 bus with two user channels , this is referred to as an ISDN basic connection . The analog-digital conversion already takes place in the ISDN telephone or via a so-called a / b adapter to which normal analog telephones can be connected.
The ISDN S 0 bus can also be simulated as a network termination using NGN solutions based on data connections and an integrated access device (e.g. Fritz! Box Fon models 7050 and 7170 or Sphairon IAD), although not all services are one Euro-ISDN main connection are supported. In NGN solutions , for example, there is usually no support for the data channel ( G4 fax , Datex-P or ISDN video telephony ) and the second B channel, which is necessary for channel bundling. The emergency power supply provided by the exchange with an ISDN basic connection is also missing.
Connection without connecting cable
Some telephone companies offer a so-called connection without connecting line (also virtual connection ) implemented using conventional fixed network switching technology, in which the connection arrives at the local exchange of the area code, but does not have a physical end connection point in this local network, but by means of permanent call forwarding to one Connection in another local network is diverted. Something like this could be provided by non-local / remote service providers, e.g. B. craftsmen, locksmiths or pipe cleaners are abused. In Germany, such connections have practically disappeared from the market due to a stricter interpretation of the local reference of geographical numbers by the regulator since 2004 .
Telephone connection via data connection
With the proliferation of broadband Internet access (eg. As DSL, Cable Internet, WiMAX, WLAN) and the possibility of it without the necessity of further switching network infrastructure telephone calls via IP telephony to transfer protocols, phone lines are increasingly based on data connections realized - the telephone connection is then a VoIP connection . If the underlying data connection is provided by the same provider and the provider claims to replace the landline connection, an All- IP connection or NGN connection is also used . If the connection is implemented using Voice over Cable via a TV cable network , it is referred to as a cable telephone connection . The network termination of such VoIP-based telephone connections is carried out by analog telephone adapters or integrated access devices, SIP telephones or softphones . Most all-IP connection providers in Germany require a minimum data transmission rate of approx. 200 kbit / s in the transmission direction of the underlying data connections in order to implement their complete connections , which in Telecom bitstream areas on a considerable number of DSL connections with the current fixed Rate switching is not achieved. In Switzerland, all Swisscom private customer connections had been converted to All IP by the end of November 2019 . The last business customer connections should follow by the end of March 2020.
Complete connection
A complete connection is a telephone connection in which all telecommunication services implemented via the connection infrastructure (telephony, possibly also bundled Internet access and triple play ) are provided by the provider of the telephone connection, with the provider often charging a flat rate for the services . The telephone connection is designed as a fixed network connection / full connection or alternatively as an All-IP connection or cable telephone connection.
Mobile telephone connection
If the telephone connection is used independently of the line and regardless of location, it is referred to as a mobile telephone connection.
The SIM card of a cellular network provider corresponds to a mobile telephone connection - in short, a cellular network connection . In this case you need a mobile phone to make calls .
Since the mobile phone networks have gaps in coverage in sparsely populated areas and are not available in uninhabited areas (e.g. seas , deserts ), satellite telephone connections are used there .
Mobile phone connections ( satellite telephone connections on ships ) can also be operated as a fixed network replacement. In the case of Homezone tariffs, in particular, mobile communications gateways are sometimes used to operate landline telephones.
Telephone connections implemented using IP telephony can also be used nomadically, regardless of location, wherever suitable Internet access is available (e.g. in hot spots ).
distribution
In 1960 4 out of 100 Germans had a telephone connection, in 1990 there were 40 connections for every 100 Germans. In 1990, only ten percent of the world's people had a telephone connection. The number of mobile connections later overtook that of landline telephony. In 2016 there were as many cell phone contracts as there were people worldwide, but the contracts are unevenly distributed across countries. In the United Arab Emirates there are two contracts for every resident in 2019, in Laos it is only half.
See also
- Subscriber number
- landline
- Telephone cord
- Cable connection (to clarify the differences in terms)
Individual evidence
- ^ Statements by Deutsche Telekom on the network of the future
- ↑ MSAN POTS | Telekom business customers. Retrieved April 1, 2019 .
- ↑ A1 Telekom Austria: Next Generation Voice & Fiber to the Home ( Memento of the original from August 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ All IP. In: swisscom.ch. Retrieved January 3, 2020 .
- ↑ SPIEGEL ONLINE: Telephone contracts: Everything used to be worse. Retrieved April 14, 2019 .
