Temple of Tellus

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Temple of Tellus was a sanctuary in Rome , which, according to Suetonius and Maurus Servius Honoratius, was in the Carinae on the south-western slope of the Esquiline .

The 268 BC The temple was built by Publius Sempronius Sophus in the year 54 BC. Renewed by Marcus Tullius Cicero . It was destroyed in the great fire of Rome in AD 64, but must have been rebuilt afterwards, as it is still listed as part of the Regio IV templum Pacis in the 4th century .

Based on the written records, the temple can be roughly localized and in the area to be outlined, Pirro Ligorio recorded the discovery of corresponding architectural remains in 1553. Since the 1980s, the temple has been associated with a foundation that was exposed during the construction of Via dell'Impero in 1932 .

Lore

The Tellus temples dedicated to Florus during a battle between the Romans and the According Picentes of the acting consul v of the year 268th BC, Publius Sempronius Sophus , have been praised. Valerius Maximus, on the other hand, had the temple built on the ground of Spurius Cassius Vecellinus by the Roman people, after this 486 BC. Was executed during his third consulate. In the case of Livius, however, it is the goddess Ceres , to whom the land and property of Spurius Cassius were consecrated, and in his time it was the open area in front of the Temple of Tellus. The older Dionysius of Halicarnassus also confirms the version handed down by Livius, leaving the area of ​​Cassius after the destruction of his house undeveloped until parts of it were later used for the erection of the Tellus temple. He also locates the temple on the road that led to the Carinae. So whether the temple of Sempronius Sophus was the new building of an older one or a building without a predecessor is open.

The temple was near the house of Mark Antony , who called the Senate to a session in the temple, just as the Senate met in the temple on various occasions. From the fact that its walls bore a painted map of Italy, it may be evident that the temple had a function that went beyond mere cult. In the temple were 44 BC. The murderers of Caesar were amnestied.

In his work About the Opinion of the Victims , Cicero complains that people believed he was responsible for the Temple of Tellus, since his urban Roman property was immediately adjacent to the area dedicated to Tellus. In addition, he had taken responsibility for the sanctuary insofar as he was 56 BC. BC indicated a profanation of the holy precinct - a complaint that was probably directed against Appius Claudius Pulcher , the brother of his arch rival Publius Clodius Pulcher . Probably as part of the necessary dismantling of this profanation, through which the temple's magmentarium had been converted into a private vestibule , he restored the sanctuary to its original state and donated a statue of his younger brother Quintus to the temple.

The temple, whose natalis templi, according to the Fasti Antiates maiores , was on the Ides of December, i.e. on the 13th of the month, together with that of the Cere temple , was still in the 4th century and was accordingly included in the regional catalog of the city of Rome as Regio IV templum Pacis properly enumerated. The temple may also be listed on the Severan period map from the early 3rd century, the Forma Urbis Romae .

Localization

Apart from the literary and indirect archaeological evidence, no remains that have been safely assigned to the temple have so far been discovered. Nevertheless, attempts have been made since the 16th century to locate the temple on the basis of the few evidence. Bartolomeo Marliani 1534, Giovanni Opporino 1551 and Pirro Ligorio 1553 located the temple in similar places in their Rome plans. Ligorio in particular gave a detailed description of the remains of the temple he recognized, which he located to the west of the Colosseum and immediately north of the tempio del Sole e della Luna , i.e. the Temple of Venus and Roma on the Velia . Ligorio vividly describes the remains of the building he called tempio di Tellure and emphasizes that the name of Tellus was written on the entablature among other things (epistilii ... nei quali era scritto il nome di Tellure con altre cose) .

Regardless of this, Henri Jordan and Christian Hülsen suspected the temple between Via del Colosseo and Via dei Serpenti at the beginning of the 20th century . Samuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby also agreed , but considered Ligorio's advice to be still worth considering and the discussion to be incomplete.

Since the 1980s identified Filippo Coarelli the temple with a 16 x 27 meter caementicium foundation immediately west of compitum Acili on the Velia. He followed a localization suggested by Antonio Maria Colini as early as 1933, after the excavations during the construction of Via dell'Impero . Not only because for this the extent of the Carinae has to be expanded very generously - the compitum Acili was north of the Temple of Venus and the Roma - but also because the corresponding foundation, according to a new analysis of the excavation documentation from the time after the Great Fire of the Year 64, this approach was contradicted.

Domenico Palombi, on the other hand, suggested locating the temple southwest of the Church of San Pietro in Vincoli , which on the one hand could be better reconciled with the indication of Dionysius, on the other hand it was certainly in the area that could be identified as Carinae and also a coherent position for the fragments 577 and 672 of the Urbis format . He supplements the inscription of the fragment 672 Aede [...] in Te [...] accordingly to aede [s] in Te [llure], as it was proposed in 1940. This met with both approval and rejection. Reading the Forma Urbis fragment encounters the difficulty that the associated ensemble of fragments has two neighboring temples and a portico at this point , which is why Palombi has to assume an otherwise unspecified temple of Ceres next to that of Tellus. In addition, completely different readings of the fragment were suggested, and it was pointed out that aedes and in Te (llure) are written at right angles to one another and therefore do not have to belong together. After all, in the advanced imperial period in Tellure, a whole vicus seems to designate a toponym rather broadly associated with the temple of Tellus. The objection that the area around San Pietro in Vincoli was called Fagutal , another spur of the Esquiline, in antiquity is less serious , since this term was probably replaced by the more general address as Carinae in antiquity .

Most recently, Angelo Amoroso came back to Coarelli's localization with his own interpretation of the excavation results of the 1930s, so that a majority of the researchers currently assume a location next to the compitum Acili . He reconstructs three major construction phases for the area, beginning with the barely verifiable construction of the year 268 BC. This was replaced in the Julio-Claudian period with a new orientation, before one in the 2nd / 3rd In the 17th century he built a much larger, again reoriented temple of Tellus, which provided the basis for Ligorio's description.

literature

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Suetonius, de grammaticis 15; Servius, commentarius in Vergilii Aeneida 8,361.
  2. ↑ Florus 1,14,2 .
  3. ↑ Valerius Maximus 6,3,1.
  4. ↑ Livy 2,41,10 f.
  5. ↑ Dionysius of Halicarnassus 8,79,3. ; see. also Pliny , Naturalis historia 34,9.14,
  6. ^ So Lawrence Richardson Jr .: A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1992, p. 378 sv Tellus, aedes.
  7. ↑ So most recently Elisha Ann Dumser: Tellus, Aedes at Digital Augustan Rome.
  8. ↑ Appian , Civil Wars 2.126.
  9. ↑ Cicero , Philippica 1.31; ad Atticum 16,14,1; Plutarch , Brutus 19 ; Cassius Dio 44,22,3
  10. ↑ Marcus Terentius Varro , De re rustica 1,2,1 ; Karl-Joachim Hölkeskamp : Conquest, Competition and Consensus: Roman Expansion in Italy and the Rise of the Nobilitas. In: Historia . Volume 42, 1993, pp. 12-39, here: p. 28.
  11. ↑ Cicero, Philippica 1.1.
  12. ↑ Cicero, De haruspicum responso 31 .
  13. ↑ Cicero, ad Quintum Fratrem 3,1,14.
  14. ↑ CIL 10, 06638
  15. ↑ Descriptio XIIII regionum urbis Romae ; to the catalog of regions: Arvast Nordh: Libellus de Regionibus Urbis Romae. Gleerup, Lund 1949.
  16. ^ Emilio Rodríguez Almeida: Forma Urbis Marmorea. Aggiornamento Generale 1980. Rome 1981, plate 59, fragment 672; Illustration in the Stanford Forma Urbis Romae Project .
  17. ↑ Compare Amato Pietro Frutaz : Le piante di Roma. Volume 2. Istituto di studi romani, Rome 1962, plate 21 (Marliani). 24 (Opporino) 25. 28 (P. Ligorio).
  18. ↑ Transcription of the description of Ligorio in Rodolfo Lanciani: Gli edifici della prefettura urbana fra la Tellure e le Terme di Tito e di Traiano. In: Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma. Volume 20, 1892, pp. 19-37, here p. 34 f. ( Digitized version ).
  19. ^ Henri Jordan, Christian Hülsen: Topography of the city of Rome in antiquity. Volume 1, Department 3. Weidmann, Berlin 1907, pp. 323–336.
  20. ^ Samuel Ball Platner, Thomas Ashby: A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Oxford University Press, London 1929, p. 511.
  21. ^ Filippo Coarelli: L'Urbs e il suburbio. In: Andrea Giardina (ed.): Società romana e impero tardoantico. Volume 2: Roma, politica, economia, paesaggio urbano. Laterza, Rome 1986, pp. 1-56; ders .: L'area tra Velia e Carinae: un tentativo do ricostruzione topografica. In: Raffaele Panella (ed.): Roma, città e Foro. Questioni di progettazione del centro archeologico monumentale della capitale. Officina, Rome 1989, pp. 340-347; lastly another: Tellus, aedes. In: Eva Margareta Steinby (Ed.): Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae. Vol. 5. Quasar, Rome 2000, p. 36.
  22. ↑ Antonio Maria Colini: scoperte tra il Foro della Pace e l'anfiteatro. In: Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma. Volume 62, 1933, pp. 79-87.
  23. ↑ Gianluca Schingo: Indice topografico delle strutture anteriore all'incendio del 64 dC rinvenute nella valle del Colosseo e nelle sue adiacenze. In: Clementina Panella (Ed.): Meta Sudans. I. Un'area sacra in Palatio e la valle del Colosseo prima e dopo Nerone. Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato, Rome 1996, pp. 145–158, here: pp. 146 f .; Domenico Palombi: Tra Palatino ed Esquilino. Velia, Carinae, Fagutal: storia urbana di tre quartieri di Roma antica. Istituto nazionale d'archeologia e storia dell'arte, Rome 1997, p. 154.
  24. ^ Domenico Palombi: Tra Palatino ed Esquilino. Velia, Carinae, Fagutal: storia urbana di tre quartieri di Roma antica. Istituto nazionale d'archeologia e storia dell'arte, Rome 1997, pp. 154–157, fig. 65; Illustration in the Stanford Forma Urbis Romae Project .
  25. ^ Roberto Valentini, Giuseppe Zucchetti: Codice topografico della città di Roma. Volume 1. Tipografia del Senato, Rome 1940, p. 56.
  26. ^ Gabriele Bartolozzi Casti: Proposte di rilettura e studi recenti sulle sopravvivenze archeologiche sotto S. Pietro in Vincoli. In: Rendiconti della Pontificia accademia romana di archeologia. Volume 70, 1997-1998, pp. 235-259; Elisabetta Carnabucci: La nuova Forma del Foro di Augusto. Considerazioni sulle destinazioni d'uso degli emicicli. In: Roberto Meneghini, Riccardo Santangeli Valenzani (eds.): Formae Urbis Romae. Nuovi frammenti di Piante Marmoree dallo scavo dei Fori Imperiali. Bretschneider, Rome 2006, pp. 173–196, here: pp. 186–188 ( online ); Elisha Ann Dumser: Tellus, Aedes at Digital Augustan Rome.
  27. ↑ Angelo Amoroso: Il Tempio di Tellus e il quartiere della Praefectura Urbana. In: Workshop di archeologia classica. Volume 4, 2007, p. 64.
  28. ↑ Angelo Amoroso: Il Tempio di Tellus e il quartiere della Praefectura Urbana. In: Workshop di archeologia classica. Volume 4, 2007, p. 64.
  29. ^ Filippo Coarelli: Il Campo Marzio. Dalle origini all fine della Repubblica. Rome 1997, pp. 87-100 (with the older literature) adds for example: Aede [s (Ditis et Proserpinae)] in Te [rento] and assigns the fragment to the Martian field .
  30. ↑ Roland Färber: The official seats of the city prefects in late ancient Rome and Constantinople. In: Felix Arnold, Alexandra W. Busch , Rudolf Haensch , Ulrike Wulf-Rheidt (eds.): Places of rule. Characteristics of ancient centers of power (= people - cultures - traditions. Studies from the research clusters of the German Archaeological Institute , research cluster 3: Political spaces. Volume 3). Leidorf, Rahden / Westf. 2012, ISBN 978-3-86757-383-2 , pp. 49-71, here: pp. 55 f. ( Online ).
  31. ^ Maria Cristina Capanna, Angelo Amoroso Velia: "Velia, Fagutal, Oppius". The periodo arcaico e le case di Servio Tullio e Tarquinio il Superbo. In: Workshop di archeologia classica. Volume 3, 2006, pp. 87-111 ( online ).
  32. ^ Samuel Ball Platner, Thomas Ashby: A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Oxford University Press, London 1929, p. 205.
  33. ↑ Angelo Amoroso: Il Tempio di Tellus e il quartiere della Praefectura Urbana. In: Workshop di archeologia classica. Volume 4, 2007, pp. 54-68; Finally Roland Färber with cautious approval: The official seats of the city prefects in late ancient Rome and Constantinople. In: Felix Arnold, Alexandra Busch, Rudolf Haensch, Ulrike Wulf-Rheidt (eds.): Places of rule. Characteristics of ancient centers of power . Leidorf, Rahden / Westf. 2012, pp. 49–71, here: p. 56.
  34. ↑ Angelo Amoroso: Il Tempio di Tellus e il quartiere della Praefectura Urbana. In: Workshop di archeologia classica. Volume 4, 2007, pp. 74-80.