Archduke's hat
Archduke hat is the name of the crowns of the monarchs of the Habsburg hereditary lands (later also of the Archduchy of Austria and its neighboring countries) analogous to z. B. to the ducal hat of Styria or the ducal crown . The name goes back to the fact that the highest-ranking function that the Austrian Habsburgs held as sovereigns before the election to King of Bohemia in 1526 and the inheritance of the Kingdom of Hungary , also in 1526, was the title of Archduke of Austria.
history
A portrait of Rudolf IV (1339–1365), Duke of Austria and self-proclaimed Archduke , shows an "Archduke's Crown". However, the existence of such an early crown is controversial in research, even if the right to wear one was granted to the Habsburgs in the “ Privilegium Maius ” (already exposed as a forgery by Francesco Petrarca) .
Ernst der Eiserne (1377–1424) had the first archduke's hat , which is actually historically proven, but no longer exists, made, which bore the title even though it was neither awarded nor acknowledged by the Holy Roman Emperor at the time. (The official confirmation of the title did not take place until 1453 under Emperor Friedrich III , when the Habsburgs had already secured the imperial dignity.)
Another archducal hat, which is no longer available today, was created on the occasion of the death of Archduke Ferdinand II (1529–1595), who ruled Tyrol and Upper Austria . (In his territory he was Count of Tyrol etc., and as a Habsburg prince he was born as Archduke.)
The last two archduke hats were made in 1616 for Maximilian III. (1558–1618), the regents of Tyrol and Upper Austria. Both are preserved.
Austrian archducal hat
Archduke Maximilian III handed over the Austrian Archduke's hat . 1616 to the Augustinian canons of Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria as the state crown of the Archduchy of Austria and as the “symbol of the unity of the Austrian hereditary lands”. The insignia has been kept there ever since. The artist and place of manufacture of the hat are unknown.
The hat consists of a serrated crown with crossed temples. Ermine and red velvet are stretched around the crown. The temples are set with rubies , emeralds and pearls . A large blue sapphire set in gold crowns the two temples in the middle, on which there is a small, gold cross. Some of the gemstones have the medieval Mugel cut. Apparently an attempt was made to underline the age of the archducal dignity by using medieval jewels. The serrated crown with the red hat and ermine takes up the shape of the elector's hats, which underlines the high standards of the Austrian archdukes.
The deed of foundation expressly requires that the Austrian Archduke's hat be kept in Klosterneuburg Abbey near the grave of St. Leopold . Under threat of excommunication , the crown was only allowed to be removed from the monastery on special occasions, such as the hereditary homage to the estates, and only for a maximum of 30 days. By keeping the crown near St. Leopold, similar to the St. Stephen's Crown of Hungary and the Wenceslas Crown of Bohemia, the importance of the Holy "Leopold Crown " of Austria as an absolute symbol of rule should be underlined.
From 1620 the archducal hat was brought to Vienna for the ceremony of the hereditary homage to each new sovereign prince, most recently in 1835 for Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria.
Since a new treasury was built in Klosterneuburg Abbey in 2011 , the Holy Crown of Austria , as the Austrian Archduke's hat was also known, has been presented to the public in a showcase.
Tyrolean archduke hat
The Tyrolean Archduke's hat was donated by Maximilian III. , the German master, for Mariastein Castle near Kufstein in Tyrol, which became a place of pilgrimage in the 18th century . It is part of the Tyrolean state insignia. The naming of these Landeskrone does not mean that Tyrol Archduchy would have been (it was a gefürstete County ), but that the ruler of Tyrol as the Habsburg prince from birth the title Archduke of Austria was, even though he did not rule in Vienna. The own crown shows the temporarily emancipated special position as sovereign and the trisection of the hereditary lands in Lower Austria , Inner Austria and Upper Austria (Tyrol with Front Austria) .
The original ermine surround was lost over time and was replaced by white silk with the tips of the ermine tail painted on it.
Archducal hat of Joseph II.
In addition to these archducal hats, there is another one that was made for the coronation of Joseph II as Roman-German king in Frankfurt in 1764 , in order to underline Joseph's ancestral rulership. But since it was not possible to bring the Archduke's hat from Klosterneuburg Abbey to Frankfurt, the Emperor had this copy made for himself.
The copy looks significantly different from the original made in 1616. In contrast to the original, it has only one bracket. Instead of the sapphire under the cross there is a small golden orb. Possibly the designer was influenced by the portrait of Rudolf the founder with his archduke's crown. After the coronation, the copy was no longer used and the stones and pearls were removed. The carcass , the metal frame, which is kept in the treasury of the Vienna Hofburg, was preserved.
Archduke hat as heraldic helmet
The coat of arms of Upper Austria shows the Austrian Archduke's hat instead of the helmet above the coat of arms. The state of Lower Austria had the Archduke's hat on its coat of arms until 1918, since then the coat of arms of Lower Austria has been wearing a wall crown symbolizing the bourgeoisie, like the Austrian federal eagle (in a smaller form) . The Salzburg coat of arms has a prince's hat that looks similar to the archducal hat .
Ducal hat of Styria
The Styria remained under Habsburg rule Duchy . As in Carinthia , Carniola and other Habsburg duchies , there was no increase in rank to the Archduchy .
The ducal hat of Styria (with a height of 20.5 cm and a diameter of 20 cm) dates from the 15th century and is a jagged ring made of gold-plated silver, provided with a crab-studded bow and a cross. In 1766, pearls were added to enamel mounts and the hat was remodeled. Transferred by Maria Theresa to the Vienna treasury, it was returned to Styria in 1790 at the request of the Styrian estates. Today it is kept in the museum in the Palais in Graz . It also crowns the Styrian coat of arms .
Personal coat of arms of Archduke Karl, later Emperor Charles V.
The coat of arms of Lower Austria with archduke hat (until 1918)
The coat of arms of Upper Austria with archduke hat
The coat of arms of Styria with a ducal hat
See also
- Imperial regalia, the insignia of the Holy Roman Empire
- Rudolf crown, the Austrian imperial crown
- Fürstenstein and Herzogstuhl , the ceremonial objects of the Carinthian ducal installation
literature
- Wolfgang Pauker: The Austrian Archduke's Hat in Klosterneuburg Monastery , in: Yearbook of the Art History Collections in Vienna , NF 7.1933, pp. 229–248.
- Wolfgang Christian Huber (ed.): The treasury in Klosterneuburg Abbey. Dößel 2011. ISBN 978-3-89923-271-4 .
- Karl Holubar (ed.): The crown of the country. Exhibition catalog, Klosterneuburg 1996.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ekkart Sauser: MAXIMILIAN III., "The German master". In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 22, Bautz, Nordhausen 2003, ISBN 3-88309-133-2 , Sp. 820-821.
- ↑ G. Pfaundler: Tirol-Lexikon , Innsbruck 1983, p. 254 - quoted. according to Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon
- ^ Georg J. Kugler: The Austrian Archduke hat. In: Saint Leopold. Prince and state symbol. Catalog of the Lower Austrian State Exhibition in Klosterneuburg Monastery from March 30 to November 3, 1985 ( Catalog of the Lower Austrian State Museum. NF 155). Office of the Lower Austrian Provincial Government, Cultural Department, Vienna 1985. XXXI, 445. 8 °. Illustr. Object no .: 609, p. 427; Web document. In: KULT.DOKU. Retrieved July 5, 2017 .
- ↑ Klosterneuburg Abbey: Archduke's hat in a new showcase ( Memento of the original from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 39 kB) Press release from April 7, 2011, accessed on October 11, 2011
- ↑ The Styrian ducal hat . CULT DOCU. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
- ↑ Gertrud Smola: The Styrian ducal hat. In: Graz as a residence. Inner Austria 1564–1619. Catalog of the cultural and historical exhibition in the Graz Castle from May 6th to September 30th 1964. Ed. Berthold Sutter. Styria, Graz 1964. 382. 8 °. Object no .: 178, p. 79; Web document. In: KULT.DOKU. Retrieved July 8, 2017 .
- ^ Museum in the Palais . Universalmuseum Joanneum. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Web links
- Entry on Erzherzogshut in the Austria Forum (in the AEIOU Austria Lexicon )