Trachyaretaon
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Trachyaretaon echinatus , |
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| Rehn, JAG & Rehn, JWH , 1939 |
The genus Trachyaretaon is a genus of ghosts native to the Philippines .
features
The representatives of this genus correspond in habit to typical representatives of the Obrimini and are very similar in appearance to the species of the genera Aretaon and Sungaya . Like these, they are wingless in either sex. The males of the previously known species are around 40 to 75 millimeters in length and are smaller than the females between 60 and 135 millimeters in length. In egg-laying adult females, the middle of the abdomen is clearly thickened in height and width and thus almost circular in cross-section. As with the other genera of the Obriminae , a laying spine at the end of the abdomen surrounds the actual ovipositor . It is formed ventrally from the eighth sternite , which is called the subgenital plate or operculum , and dorsally from the eleventh tergum , which is called the supraanal plate or epiproct here .
In contrast to Aretaon species, those of the genus Trachyaretaon lack the clear spines in the front area of the mesonotum . In contrast to the representatives of the genera Brasidas , Euobrimus and Obrimus, there are neither holes nor pits nor recognizable slits in the metasternum . Trachyaretaon species differ from Sungaya inexpectata in the shape of the eggs, among other things.
distribution
The previously known distribution area of the genus extends over the Philippine islands of Palawan , Negros , Luzon and the Babuyan Islands . On the latter, representatives on Calayan Island and Dalupiri are proven. Whether the genus also occur in Mindanao is uncertain or still controversial.
Way of life and reproduction
Although all species are active at night and at twilight, they hardly hide. During the day they can usually be found on the food plants that they feed on at night. The cylindrical or projectile-shaped eggs are 4 to 5 mm long and 2 to 3 mm wide, even in larger species. They are usually dark gray to dark brown in color and resemble the faeces of animals. A circular lid (operculum) is located at the front pole of the eggs. The micropylar plate has three legs and its shape mostly resembles an upside-down “Y”, with the leg facing the lid being significantly longer than the leg pointing to the lower pole, which can also be curved (see also the construction of the phasmid egg ). The eggs are laid in the ground by laying spikes. The nymphs hatch after three to four months. They are clearly more prickly than the adults . Depending on the species and sex, it takes less time for males to reach adulthood , five to eight months. Parthenogenesis has been demonstrated in some species of Trachyaretaon .
Systematics
In 1939, James Abram Garfield Rehn and John WH Rehn published an extensive work in which, among other things, they established the genus Aretaon with the subgenus Trachyaretaon . In this they placed a species already described by Carl Stål in 1877 as Obrimus echinatus . While "Aretaon" is borrowed from Greek mythology , where it is u. a. is the name of a defender of Troy , the prefix "Trachy" comes from the Greek trachys (τραχύς), which means rough and refers to the texture of the body surface. Trachyaretaon was transferred in 2004 by Oliver Zompro to the rank of a separate genus, the type of which thereby became Trachyaretaon echinatus . In addition, Zompro described another species with Trachyaretaon gatla . So far, only one specimen is known, the female holotype from the Philippine island of Palawan. It is in the author's collection.
The types described so far are:
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Trachyaretaon carmelae
Lit & Eusebio , 2005
( Syn. = Trachyaretaon brueckneri Hennemann , Conle , 2006) - Trachyaretaon echinatus ( Stål , 1877)
- Trachyaretaon gatla Zompro , 2004
Ireno L. Lit Jr. and Orlando L. Eusebio described Trachyaretaon carmelae in 2005, the largest species of the genus to date. The description was based on animals that were collected the year before on the island of Dalupiri. As early as 2003, animals were found on the neighboring island of Calayan, which Oskar V. Conle and Frank H. Hennemann described as Trachyaretaon brueckneri in 2006 . As Conle and Hennemann found out a short time later, these are representatives of the same species that had previously been described as Trachyaretaon carmelae . Since then, they have also given Trachyaretaon carmelae as a valid name for Trachyaretaon brueckneri .
In 2005, Lit and Eusebio described another representative of the genus as Trachyaretaon manobo , which was found on the Apo volcano on the island of Mindanao. A short time later, specialists such as Joachim Bresseel assumed that this species was not a member of the genus Trachyaretaon , but the Mearnsiana bullosa, which was described in 1939 . In their paper from the year 2016 synonmisieten Hennemann et.al. Trachyaretaon manobo with Mearnsiana bullosa .
In May 2008 Jeffebeck Arimas collected animals of a presumably still undescribed species of the genus at the Kanlaon and Mandalagan volcanoes on the island of Negros. Pending description or clarification of identity, this species is called Trachyaretaon sp. 'Negros' addressed.
Also in 2008, Dave Navarro found another representative of the genus in the north of the island of Luzon. From this also named Trachyaretaon sp. 'North Luzon' designated species, so far only females are known.
Also on Luzon, more precisely in the province of Nueva Vizcaya near the Imugan Falls, local naturalists found females of a very similar population in two independent locations in June 2015. Since only females hatched from the eggs of the adult females, a purely parthenogenic occurrence is assumed. The representatives of this animal are also named Trachyaretaon sp. 'Imugan Falls'.
Another undescribed or indefinite species was discovered in 2009 by Joachim Bresseel on Luzon in the province of Aurora near the city of San Luis at the waterfalls of Cunayan and Ditumabo. It is known as Trachyaretaon sp. 'Aurora called.
Terrariums
The first animals of the genus that found their way into the terrariums of lovers go back to the animals collected by Ismael O. Lumawig on Calayan Island in April 2003, which are also the basis for the description of Trachyaretaon brueckneri . For this reason, they were initially in circulation under this name. Since around 2009, the species has been addressed almost everywhere as Trachyaretaon carmelae , although an official synonymization is still pending. The Phasmid Study Group has the species under PSG number 255.
Also called Trachyaretaon sp. 'Negros', Trachyaretaon sp. 'North-Luzon' and Trachyaretaon sp. Animals referred to in 'Imugan Falls' came to Europe shortly after their discovery. Here they were first drawn up and distributed by Bruno Kneubühler . Trachyaretaon sp. 'North-Luzon' is like Trachyaretaon sp. 'Imugan Falls' has only been bred parthenogenetically so far.
Since about 2011, the Trachyaretaon sp. 'Aurora' designated animals can be found in the terrariums of lovers. First they were identified as Trachyaretaon echinatus . The wrong assignment was recognized a little later, however, and so the animals are in circulation under the name that describes the location. The Phasmid Study Group has the species under PSG number 317.
A short time after the introduction of Trachyaretaon sp. 'Aurora', the first animals identified as Trachyaretaon echinatus also came alive to Europe. The breeding line goes back to animals that were collected in Marinfata on the island of Luzon. In contrast to Trachyaretaon sp. 'Aurora' received PSG number 326 from the Phasmid Study Group.
The keeping and breeding of the species mentioned is considered easy. They willingly feed on a variety of forage crops such as blackberries , hazel , firethorn and ivy . You need moderately moist terrariums with a substrate for laying eggs.
credentials
- ↑ a b c phasmid page. In: phasmatodea.com . Frank H. Hennemann & Oskar V. Conle , accessed on June 23, 2013 (access only works with login (as of January 7, 2019)).
- ↑ Ingo Fritzsche : Poles - Carausius, Sipyloidea & Co. , Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster 2007, ISBN 978-3-937285-84-9
- ↑ Christoph Seiler, Sven Bradler , Rainer Koch: Phasmids - care and breeding of ghost horrors, stick insects and walking leaves in the terrarium . bede, Ruhmannsfelden 2000, ISBN 3-933646-89-8
- ↑ a b c Alexander Esch: stick insects, ghosts, walking leaves: successful keeping of phasmids . Natur und Tier-Verlag, Münster 2012, pp. 119–121, ISBN 978-3-86659-221-6
- ↑ a b J.AG Rehn & JWH Rehn: Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences (Vol. 90, 1938) , Philadelphia 1939, p. 435 ff. ( File version )
- ↑ a b Oliver Zompro : Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta, Phasmatodea) . Goecke & Evers Verlag, Keltern, 2004, pp. 200-214, ISBN 3-931374-39-4
- ^ A b Paul D. Brock , Thies H. Büscher & Edward W. Baker: Phasmida Species File Online . Version 5.0. (accessed on December 29, 2018)
- ↑ a b c d e Information on Trachyaretaon sp. 'Negros' on phasmatodea.com by Bruno Kneubühler
- ↑ a b c d e Information on Trachyaretaon sp. "North-Luzon" on phasmatodea.com by Bruno Kneubühler
- ^ A b Frank H. Hennemann, Oskar V. Conle, Paul D. Brock & Francis Seow-Choen : Zootaxa 4159 (1): Revision of the Oriental subfamiliy Heteropteryginae Kirby, 1896, with a re-arrangement of the family Heteropterygidae and the descriptions of five new species of Haaniella Kirby, 1904. (Phasmatodea: Areolatae: Heteropterygidae) , Magnolia Press, Auckland, New Zealand 2016, ISSN 1175-5326
- ↑ a b Information on the taxonomy of Trachyaretaon brueckneri on phasmatodea.com by Oskar V. Conle and Frank H. Hennemann
- ↑ Information on Mearnsiana bullosa on phasmatodea.com by Bruno Kneubühler
- ↑ Holger Dräger: Specters of the Heteropterygidae Kirby family , 1896 (Phasmatodea) - an overview of previously kept species, part 3: The subfamily Obriminae Brunner von Wattenwyl , 1893, Triben Miroceramiini and Eubulidini Zompro , 2004 , ZAG Phoenix, No. 6 June 2012 Volume 3 (2), pp. 2–21, ISSN 2190-3476
- ↑ a b Information on Trachyaretaon sp. 'Imugan Falls' on phasmatodea.com by Bruno Kneubühler
- ↑ Thierry Heitzmann phasmid page with report on Trachyaretaon sp. 'Aurora'
- ↑ a b c Phasmid Study Group Culture List (English)
