Triuridaceae

Triuridaceae
	Sciaphila secundiflora
Systematics
Department :	Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Subdivision :	Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Screw tree-like (Pandanales)
Family :	Triuridaceae
Scientific name
	Triuridaceae
	Gardner

The Triuridaceae are a family of plants within the order of the screw tree-like (Pandanales). The nearly 50 species in nine genera are leaf-green, mykoheterotrophic plants .

description

Lacandonia schismatica

Vegetative characteristics

Triuridaceae are mostly small, always leaf-green and hairless mycoheterotrophic, perennial herbaceous plants with greatly reduced vegetative characteristics and of white, yellow or red color. The rhizome with scaly leaves is mostly creeping, rarely upright. As a rule, one or two thread-like, cylindrical roots grow out of each knot , mostly provided with long, white root hairs and with the mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi growing through them in the bark ( glomus species have been proven, among other things ). The stele of the root is single or double.

The stem, growing upright from the rhizome, is usually unbranched and between 2 and 30 centimeters high , in Sciaphila purpurea up to 140 centimeters. The sessile, triangular to ovate and one-nerved up to eight, occasionally up to fifteen leaves are arranged in a spiral.

Generative characteristics

Few to numerous flowers are grouped in racemose inflorescences , but they can occasionally be reduced to individual flowers. Bracts are always present, additional bracts only in the Seychellaria . The flowers , which show extreme variability even within one species, are almost always unisexual; monocytes and dioceses can be found equally in the family. The three fields in one or two circles to ten bloom are usually far bent almost to the flower stem and hairy on the inside or papillose . At the tip there are often tufts of hair, round thickenings or thread-like growths.

The one to eight stamens are diverse, the numerous carpels are not grown. The round pollen are 15 to 30 micrometers in size, without apertures and trinucleat.

The fruits are either follicles that open along a longitudinal slit or achenes and always contain only one seed .

Distribution and habitat

Species of the Triuridaceae are found mostly in the tropical, occasionally in subtropical regions of Asia, northern South and Central America as well as in West and East Africa at altitudes of 200 to 2200 meters. The center of diversity is the Malay Archipelago .

The majority of all species live in poorly lighted, dense forests in tropical to subtropical conditions with high humidity under layers of rotting leaves and are found on the banks of rivers or on trees in close proximity. A few species can also be found in temporarily flooded forests, on quartz sand, in bamboo thickets or termite nests. They often appear in association with other mycotrophic plant species.

Paleobotany

Fossil finds of pollen and flowers of the (extinct) genera Mabelia and Nuhliantha from 1998 and 2002, with their age of around 90 million years, are among the oldest known fossils of the monocot ever. Phylogenetic studies placed the genera in the tribe of the Triurideae and justify the assumption that they too already had a mycotrophic way of life.

Systematics

The Triuridaceae family was established by George Gardner .

As with many mycoheterotrophic plants with extremely reduced traits, the family's taxonomic history is turbulent. The Triuridaceae were temporarily placed in the family circle of the Alismatales and Liliales or understood as a separate order or even higher order. The family Triuridaceae is placed in the order Pandanales by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group .

The Triuridaceae family has been divided into three tribes since 2004 and contains a total of nine genera:

Tribe Sciaphileae: It contains only three genera:
- Seychellaria Hemsl. : The approximately five species in are distributed in Tanzania , Madagascar and the Seychelles .
- Sciaphila Blume (Syn .: Andruris Schltr. , Aphylleia Champ. , Hyalisma Champ. , Lilicella Rich. Ex Baill. , Parexuris Nakai & F.Maek. ): Up to 37 species are common in the tropics.
- Soridium Miers : There is only one type left:
- Soridium spruceanum Miers Miers (Syn .: Sciaphila spruceana (Miers) Engl. , Sciaphila brevipes S.F.Blake ): It is spread from Central America to northern South America.

Tribe Triurideae: It contains about four genera:
- Lacandonia E. Martínez & Ramos : The roughly two species occur in southeastern Mexico and northeastern Brazil.
- Peltophyllum Gardner : The roughly two species are common in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay.
- Triuridopsis H. Maas & Maas : The roughly two species are common in Bolivia and Peru. Including:
  - Triuridopsis peruviana H. Maas & Maas
- Triuris L .: The four or so species are distributed from southeastern Mexico to Brazil.

Tribe Kupeaeae Cheek : It was published in 2004 and contains only two genera with only four species:
- Kupea Cheek & SAWilliams : It was released in 2004. The only two species are found in Tanzania and Cameroon.
- Kihansia Cheek : It was released in 2004. The only two species are found in Tanzania and Cameroon. Including:
  - Kihansia lovettii Cheek : It occurs in Tanzania.

proof

Hiltje Maas-van de Kamer, Traudel Weustenfeld: Triuridaceae. In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants , Volume 3, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-540-64060-6 .
Peter F. Stevens: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website , Version 7, May 2006, last accessed September 23, 2014, online

Individual evidence

↑ Thassilo Franke, Ludwig Beenken, Matthias Döring, Alexander Kocyan, Reinhard Agerer: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Glomus-group A lineage (Glomerales; Glomeromycota) detected in myco-heterotrophic plants from tropical Africa. In: Mycological Progress , Volume 5, 2006, pp. 24-31
^ Maria A. Gandolfo, Kevin C. Nixon, William L. Crepet: Triuridaceae fossil flowers from the Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 89, 2002, pp. 1940–1957, ( online )
↑ ^a ^b M. Cheek: Kupeaeae, a new tribe of Triuridaceae from Africa. In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 58, 2004, pp. 939-949.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Triuridaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 25, 2018.

Web links

Commons : Triuridaceae - collection of images, videos and audio files

[Franke2006-1] Thassilo Franke, Ludwig Beenken, Matthias Döring, Alexander Kocyan, Reinhard Agerer: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Glomus-group A lineage (Glomerales; Glomeromycota) detected in myco-heterotrophic plants from tropical Africa. In: Mycological Progress , Volume 5, 2006, pp. 24-31

[Gandolfo2002-2] Maria A. Gandolfo, Kevin C. Nixon, William L. Crepet: Triuridaceae fossil flowers from the Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 89, 2002, pp. 1940–1957, ( online )

[Cheek2004-3] M. Cheek: Kupeaeae, a new tribe of Triuridaceae from Africa. In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 58, 2004, pp. 939-949.

[WCSP-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Triuridaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 25, 2018.