University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene, Frankfurt am Main

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The University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene Frankfurt am Main was a hereditary research institute of the University of Frankfurt in Frankfurt-Süd , which also served as an official "hereditary and racial care" advice center. After it was founded in 1935, the focus of research was initially on the attempt, in collaboration with the Frankfurt Health Department, to create a "genetic inventory" of the residents of Frankfurt on the one hand and the farming population of the 18 villages of the Hessian Schwalm on the other . As part of the function of the institute as a counseling center, the employees issued hereditary health certificates , prepared parentage reports and carried out expert work in proceedings under the law for the prevention of genetically ill offspring . In this way, the institute and its staff were directly involved in the implementation of the National Socialist racial hygiene and the National Socialist persecution of the Sinti and Roma . As one of the largest facilities of its kind, the institute was a model. It was headed first by Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer and from 1942 until the end of the Second World War by Heinrich Wilhelm Kranz . The most famous employees were Heinrich Schade , Hans Grebe , Gerhart Stein and Josef Mengele . From 1945 the Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene was merged into the Institute for Human Genetics at the University Hospital in Frankfurt am Main .

history

Emergence

After the National Socialist “ seizure of power ”, “racial hygiene” in the form of negative eugenics experienced a strong, state-sponsored expansion. On the one hand, racial hygiene measures such as compulsory sterilization were decreed according to the law for the prevention of genetically ill offspring ; on the other hand, racial hygiene was institutionalized at universities and large research institutions. Through the reallocation and expansion of existing anthropological and hygienic institutes as well as the establishment of new institutes, chairs and institutes for “Racial Hygiene”, “Hereditary Biology”, “Racial Biology”, “Hereditary and Racial Care”, “Racial Studies” and the like were created. In 1943 the Reich Ministry of the Interior recognized the directors and assistants of 22 institutes as experts in hereditary and racial reports.

The establishment of the Frankfurt Institute took place in response to an application made by the medical faculty of the University of Frankfurt in May 1934 . The dean of the faculty, Hans Holfelder , argued that genetic biology and racial hygiene are of inestimable value for the goals of German health. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer and Lothar Loeffler were suggested for the post of head of the institute, expressly without preference. Both were students of the anthropologist Eugen Fischer . It was also Fischer who had specifically pointed out to Holfelder at the end of 1933 that the Prussian Ministry of Culture under Bernhard Rust was interested in establishing new chairs for genetic biology at Prussian universities. However, in mid-1934 Loeffler decided to go to Königsberg to take over the Racial Biology Institute there. Allegedly, "Frankfurt, with its many Jews, seemed too conflictual to him". This left Verschuer, who had previously been head of department at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics , as head of the institute.

The city of Frankfurt supported the project, not least because it was hoped that the founding would strengthen Frankfurt as a science location. The city announced the prospect of premises on the second floor of the building of the Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse (“House of Public Health”) at Gartenstrasse 140, which had only been built five years earlier . Verschuer designed a generous plan that provided for six rooms for himself, a senior physician and four assistants, two secretariats, a seminar room, an auditorium, three rooms for research, a laboratory, a library, an archive, a photo studio with a darkroom and stables for laboratory animals and a garage. As if that weren't enough, he expected equipment, staff and the establishment of a polyclinic. He estimated the budget at 52,000 RM , of which 42,500 RM were annual personnel costs. In February 1935, the Ministry of Culture signaled its approval, while the City of Frankfurt agreed to provide the premises free of charge and also to bear half of the costs. It was a measure that exceeded the previous institute support many times over. The Anthropological Institute founded and directed by Franz Weidenreich in 1928 was subsequently dissolved in 1935 and re-established as the Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene . As a Jew, Weidenreich was expelled from the university in 1934.

Verschuer's wishes were not fully, but largely fulfilled. On May 2, 1935, Verschuer was officially appointed director of the institute and received start-up funding of 70,000 RM from the ministry. The Frankfurt University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene was ceremoniously opened on June 19, 1935 in the presence of representatives from politics and public life.

Organization and structure

intention

Verschuer was not only head of the new institute, but also took on a professorship in the medical faculty. On the one hand, his work focused on " genetic biology ". He had made a name for himself through twin research. On the other hand, especially during his time in Frankfurt, he should also be involved in other areas of Nazi race research. For example, he was on the advisory board of the “ Research Department of the Jewish Question ” of the Reich Institute for the History of the New Germany responsible for the areas of “genetic biology” and “racial questions”.

In his programmatic lecture at the opening of the institute, Verschuer defined research, teaching and practical work as areas of responsibility that should be pursued simultaneously. Research should create “better foundations for the racial policy of the National Socialist state”, especially for the further expansion of racial laws to “relieve the welfare budget by curbing the hereditary burden”. Not only medical students but also licensed doctors should be taught in order to train them further. Finally, Verschuer demanded that the institute be recognized as a medical advice center in order to be able to apply the theoretical knowledge in the practice of genetic health care, marriage counseling and sterilization assessment. This is essential for the training of the mineral physician of the future. Verschuer had already submitted a corresponding application at the beginning of June 1935.

The legal regulation, however, provided that practical genetic health care was subject to the health authorities. Verschuer's claim therefore brought him into conflict with the city health system and its hereditary assessment office. The head of this position, the ambitious city doctor Kurt Gerum, did not simply want to give up his hereditary consulting monopoly. He suggested that Verschuer should concentrate on the creation of family tables and investigations of "secondary test subjects of the family of already reported or sterilized persons". However, Verschuer did not agree and demanded that only the University Institute of Hereditary Biology should be allowed to work in hereditary health care in Frankfurt, while the Hereditary Assessment Department of the City Health Office should limit itself to expanding its hereditary file and hereditary archive. He offered its director the opportunity to participate in the assessments in the guest room of the institute under his, Verschuers, direction. Neither Gerum nor his chief officer, City Councilor Werner Fischer-Defoy , wanted to accept this work plan, which at the same time contradicted the provisions of the GzVeN. The month-long dispute was decided by the interior minister, who approved the establishment of an official medical “advice center for genetic and racial care” for Frankfurt-Süd on October 1, 1935. This resulted in the unique situation for the German Reich that a university institute, in addition to its university mandate, also performed partial functions of a health department. The left Main area with approx. 90,000 inhabitants was assigned to him under the name “Health Department of the City District Frankfurt / Main Advice Center II for Hereditary and Racial Care”.

construction

When it was founded, the Frankfurt University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene was one of the largest of its kind in the German Empire . It moved into 58 rooms rented by the city on the second floor of the “House of Public Health” at Gartenstrasse 140, today's Theodor-Stern-Kai 3. The furnishings and fittings of Weidenreich's previous chair were moved from the Senckenberg Museum to the new institute building .

The institute was divided into three main areas of responsibility, with the area of scientific research being divided into four departments.

  • I. Scientific research
    • 1. twin research,
    • 2. family research,
    • 3. Hereditary biological inventories of entire populations,
    • 4. Animal research
  • II. Hereditary medical practice
  • III. Hereditary biology lessons as part of medical studies

The involvement in hereditary practice was a specialty of the Frankfurt institute. In the first edition of the Erbarztes , Verschuer had already spoken out in favor of strengthening the links between ministries, hereditary health courts and physicians in a supplement to the Deutsches Ärzteblatt which he founded in June 1934 . He gave the motto that every doctor had to be “pardon”.

When Verschuer took over the management of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics in 1942 and moved to Berlin, Heinrich Wilhelm Kranz , until then head of the Institute for Hereditary and Racial Care at the University of Giessen , succeeded him. At the request of Gauleiter Jakob Sprenger, Kranz relocated the racial political office of the NSDAP -Gaus Hessen-Nassau to the institute building and brought his archive of over 17,000 clan boards with him from Gießen , which is a separate department of the Frankfurt Institute.

activity

Scientific Research

Hereditary research should not only guide the National Socialist genetic health policy, but new research projects also developed from politics. In his role as medical officer, Arthur Gütt had ensured that the files that arose in connection with the implementation of the GzVeN were archived centrally in the Reich Health Office so that they were available for scientific research. With financial support from the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft , the material from Verschuer, Eugen Fischer and Ernst Rüdin was to be scientifically evaluated. Verschuer was responsible for questions from the areas of internal medicine , pediatrics , surgery and orthopedics , while Rüdin was supposed to investigate psychiatric questions and Fischer investigating hereditary blindness and deafness .

Hereditary biological inventory

The focus of the scientific research carried out at the Frankfurt Institute was on "genetic pathological examinations". The first major project was the “genetic inventory” in the Schwalm . The project was entrusted to the institute by Walter Scheidt, who had already arranged for family tables to be drawn up from the church registers for his “German Racial Studies” . These tables were completed by an assistant from the institute and with financial support from the Reich Committee for Public Health Service . In addition, the institute undertook the medical-anthropological record of the entire living peasant population in the Schwalm-Eder district . The project manager Heinrich Schade and his colleague Günter Burkert examined 80% of the long-established population over six years, a total of 4,010 people , with the support of the authorities, schools and party offices as well as financial support from the German Research Foundation . Schade completed his habilitation in 1939 through the hereditary biological inventory of a village population in the Schwalm .

Quasi as a counterpart to the recording of the long-established farming population of the Schwalm, the establishment of a “hereditary index” and the so-called “hereditary archive” at the Frankfurt Health Department was jointly promoted by the Institute and the Health Department. With a population of 555,857 in the city of Frankfurt, the hereditary files contained 100,000 cards and around 170,000 files in the 1935/36 financial year. In 1936/37 the card index was expanded to 145,000 cards with data from the mental hospital, the Frankfurt Prison Association, the judicial incapacitation orders and the school health passports of schools and vocational schools. In 1937/38 the card index comprised 230,000 cards and 250,000 files in the hereditary archive. As a result, half of the Frankfurt population was recorded with welfare, auxiliary school, guardianship, criminal and medical files. The card index should record all hereditary patients in the city and serve as the basis for the measures under hereditary health law, i.e. when deciding on marital loans or forced sterilization , but also when assessing candidates for municipal service and reviewing applications for naturalization. The aim was also to clarify questions about the meaning of “race, racial mixture and constitution” for diseases and to investigate theoretical questions of “hereditary biology”. In addition, documents should be provided for the further expansion of the “practical heritage and race maintenance”. By the end of the war, the number of registered Frankfurt citizens rose to an estimated 380,000.

Project member Heinz Koslowski also carried out anthropological studies at the institute on the preservation of typical physical characteristics in the descendants of the Huguenots who settled in Frankenhain in the Schwalm . In his 1941 study The Insertion of French (Huguenot) Refugees into the German People , he came to the conclusion that some physical characteristics of the Huguenots were preserved, while others were not.

Anthropological studies on Sinti and Roma

Gerhart Stein received his doctorate at the institute in 1938 with a study on the psychology and anthropology of the Gypsies in Germany (1941). Stein had carried out anthropological studies on a total of 247 " gypsies " since 1936 and developed an antigypsy concept for "separating and keeping the races clean", assuming that "gypsy hybrids" were congenital crime and anti-sociality . In his report, Verschuer emphasized that it was the first major anthropological study on "Gypsies" in order to emphasize a pioneering role of his Frankfurt institute in relation to the Berlin Racial Hygiene Research Center Robert Ritters . Nevertheless, Stein had carried out investigations in the Berlin-Marzahn forced camp in 1936 and 1937 on behalf of Ritter and worked in one of Ritters' so-called “flying working groups”, which from the beginning of January to the end of March 1938 recorded Frankfurt Sinti and Roma “racially”. Stein's earlier measurement results were also used.

Josef Mengele's medical doctoral thesis

From January 1, 1937, Josef Mengele worked at the institute, initially as a medical intern and volunteer, and from October 1937 as a scholarship holder of the William G. Kerckhoff Foundation . In June 1938 Mengele received his doctorate in medicine from Verschuer with family examinations for cleft lip and palate . In cooperation with the Surgical University Clinic, he carried out family examinations on 17 patients operated on in Frankfurt between 1925 and 1935 and came to the conclusion that 13 of 17 families were hereditary. According to the medical historian Udo Benzenhöfer , Mengele designed his work in such a way that he was sure to achieve a high heredity rate. On June 1, 1938, Mengele took on an assistant position at the institute.

In the last years of the war

Verschuer's successor Heinrich Wilhelm Kranz also claimed that Frankfurt should be a center of racial science. Kranz saw hereditary biology and racial hygiene as sciences particularly linked to the ideas of National Socialism and dedicated the Frankfurt Institute to the "final biological victory". Little is known about his activities at the institute. He brought some employees with him from Gießen, while some of Verschuer's employees stayed at the institute. The hereditary practice was almost stopped. No applications for sterilization were made and no corresponding expert reports were drawn up for the Hereditary Health Court. Scientific research at the institute also largely came to a standstill in the last years of the war, as none of the four assistants were working in Frankfurt due to the war. Nevertheless, Mengele, for example, was listed in the files as a member of the institute until 1945.

Hereditary practice

The Frankfurt University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene was directly involved in the practical implementation of Nazi racial policy through the function of an official medical advice center for genetic and race care in Frankfurt-Süd . Competence disputes with the municipal advice center were not absent, so that the expert reports often concerned whether Verschuer or Gerum could prevail with their respective opinions. Verschuer, who denied Gerum's expert opinion on “scientific quality”, was able to consolidate his influence by becoming a member and appraiser of the Frankfurt Hereditary Health Court in 1936. Gerum tried in vain to become an expert on the hereditary health court.

Every year around 1,000 people were examined by a medical officer at the advice center, including people from neighboring districts. Eugenic marriage counseling was carried out and the suitability of applicants for marriage loans was assessed. The counseling center issued certificates of marital status and was involved in the application and expert review process within the framework of the law for the prevention of hereditary offspring (GzVeN). In more than a third of the cases, the reports of the university institute were requested by the hereditary health and hereditary health higher courts.

Between 1935 and 1941, the institute submitted 163 applications for sterilization with the corresponding reports (1936 = 55, 1937 = 45, 1938 = 21, 1939 = 27). Verschuer had his institute employees carry out the reports on sterilization applications and signed the reports before they were sent to the hereditary health courts. All of the at least twelve resident doctors who worked at the institute thus took part in the practical "genetic and racial maintenance". Heinrich Schade also worked as an anthropological expert on the sterilization of the " Rhineland bastards ", which contradicted the norms of the law for the prevention of genetically ill offspring , but was legitimized by a special order from Hitler . Verschuer himself campaigned for an expansion of sterilization.

Verschuer's interests and approach can be illustrated by the case of a pregnant 30-year-old Sintezza who applied for a certificate of marital status in 1941. Not only was she denied the testimony. Instead, Verschuer submitted an application for sterilization with simultaneous termination of pregnancy on the grounds that "a foreign racial impact (gypsies) was clearly recognizable [...] and there was nonsense". The Hereditary Health Court rejected this application after hearing the persons concerned on March 12, 1941, as it was “not justifiable to speak of her being mentally inferior” given her “actual capacity to judge”. Verschuer not only appealed against this decision , which was rejected by the Erbobergesundheitsgericht, but also informed the Reich Ministry of the Interior and requested resumption. After the court had also rejected this, Verschuer raised an objection, on the grounds of which he referred to the research by Robert Ritter and to a report by the Racial Hygiene and Forensic Biology Research Center at the Reich Health Office in Berlin on the “clan” of those affected. He argued that there was "a species that is particularly dangerous for the community that needs to be eradicated". Only the intervention of Councilor Herbert Linden from the Ministry of the Interior at the regional council Wiesbaden procured a retrial to a forced sterilization to enforce. Linden also tried to enforce a new, not medically but “racially” based interpretation of nonsense. When an opinion from the University Psychiatric Clinic came to the conclusion that there was neither nonsense nor psychopathy in this case and that the person concerned could not be described as hereditary disease, the Hereditary Health Court upheld its negative decision. Monika Daum and Hans-Ulrich Deppe judge that the case clearly shows the direction of Verschuer's ideas about racial hygiene, which also and not least deal with the discrimination, exclusion and extermination of “asocial persons” and ethnic minorities. According to Peter Sandner, Verschuer showed himself to be a champion of racial anthropological radical positions against Sinti and Roma. In practice, the certificates of eligibility for marriage were also often directed against Sinti and Roma, who were forbidden to marry with so-called " German blooded " people.

Compared to the other hereditary activities, a less extensive area of ​​responsibility concerned the preparation of hereditary parentage reports . The client was, on the one hand, the Reich Office for Kinship Research , which later became the Reich Kinship Office , which issued certificates of parentage and, in dubious cases, decided on the " Aryan certificate ". On the other hand, reports from family courts were commissioned to determine paternity . The racial anthropological studies required for this were also carried out exclusively by Verschuer's assistants between 1936 and 1940. Only a few reports come from Leonore Liebenam and Franz Schwarzweller. Most of them were written by Hans Grebe and especially Josef Mengele. In the majority of the reports, “German blood” was attested, von Mengele roughly in a two-to-one ratio. Apparently Grebe was the most critical. In the case of so-called “ racial disgrace ” under the Nuremberg Laws , in which members of the Frankfurt Institute acted as experts, Verschuer supported Mengeles’s ambiguous report.

Hereditary biology lessons

The Frankfurt University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene not only conducted training courses for doctors and theoretical racial hygiene training for medical students, especially since racial hygiene became an examination subject in 1936 and a compulsory subject due to the study reform of 1939, but also involved the students in practical work. A student working group was responsible for statistical elaboration in the counseling center for genetic biology and race care and worked on twin examinations. Students also worked out a “Population Political Wandering Show”, which was intended to promote racial hygiene and population policy in the countryside and in businesses.

renaming

In July 1945, the institute was renamed the University Institute for Hereditary Science (Genetics) because the term "racial hygiene" was seen as misleading. Peter Kramp became the acting director of this institute . It is now called the Institute for Human Genetics .

Verschuer's efforts to return after World War II

In 1945, Verschuer had fled from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin to his hometown, Bebra in Hesse , with several railway wagons of material . In early 1946 he offered the mayor of Frankfurt to reopen the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology in Frankfurt. He claimed that he was about to discover a drug for tuberculosis and convinced the mayor of Frankfurt to pay him 300 RM a month. The mayor and the magistrate did not see any problems that Verschuer could not resume his teaching activities in Frankfurt. But the denazification process of denazification , should be in which Verschuer as "fellow travelers" sentenced to RM 600 fine, was not yet complete. A few months later, Robert Havemann , who was now in charge of the administration of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, filed an objection to Verschuer's denazification. Verschuer was "one of the most dangerous Nazi activists of the Third Reich" and was never allowed to work as a university lecturer again. Havemann's objection thwarted Verschuer's Frankfurt plans. The Hessian State Ministry withdrew from Verschuer the right to conduct research and conduct research at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. In 1950, the Frankfurt University only offered him a research position without a professorship and institute management. Instead, in 1951 Verschuer became professor of human genetics at the University of Münster , where he set up the largest human genetic institute in the Federal Republic with a genetics register.

estate

The equipment of the institute survived the Second World War almost unscathed. In the course of the scandal surrounding the Frankfurt professor of anthropology, Reiner Protsch , in 2004, the Frankfurt medical historian Klaus-Dieter Thomann accused that files and glass slides of the institute from the Nazi era had been destroyed during an evacuation operation in 2001 on Protsch's instructions. This included paternity reports and sterilization files. A cabinet with slides was saved.

Objects, files and specialist literature were kept in the custody of the university archive. The archive stores 346 X-ray images in 24 folders and also 22 patient files from the Nazi era, which were secured in the rooms of the Institute for Human Genetics and Anthropology. In the course of the investigation, these files were sealed and were not yet accessible in 2008. They were paternity reports from the early 1940s. According to witness statements, however, 50 paternity reports from the Nazi era are said to have been destroyed in 2001. However, the university's research did not reveal any evidence that the sterilization files were ever in the possession of the Frankfurt University. In the said cabinet there were more than 2000 glass plates with recordings which, in the absence of ownership notices, cannot be assigned with certainty, but can probably be assigned to the University Institute under Verschuer. In fact, when he was director of the institute, Verschuer placed particular emphasis on the photographic recording of test subjects, especially during sterilization processes. The recordings were assigned to subjects such as “Increase in hereditary families”, “Gypsies” and “Jews”. They were inventoried by Dietmar Schulze and recorded in a database.

rating

In medical history research, the Frankfurt University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene is a “model institute”. Gerda Stuchlik, Monika Daum and Hans-Ulrich Deppe emphasize the great influence of Verschuer. For Daum and Deppe, Verschuer sought the arbitrary expansion of the sterilization practice and wanted to achieve the sterilization of further population groups, the so-called "hidden, not clearly identifiable hereditary diseases" with proposals to expand § 1 of the GzVeN, even without clear diagnosability. Stuchlik sums up: "Verschuer wanted to finally get a charter for himself and the doctors he trained".

Peter Sandner emphasizes that this is where Verschuer's self-image manifested itself, namely to promote the social application of science. This was new for a university scientist. The institute, according to Sandner, “developed into the prototype of the close connection between scientific research and National Socialist 'racial politics', with science on the one hand taking over the legitimation of state action, but on the other hand also actively participating in the implementation of political guidelines and the knowledge gained from it for its own Used for research purposes. ”By linking academic teaching with scientific research and hereditary practice for the first time, it had taken on a pioneering role. Through its involvement in research on "Gypsies", it also had a practical part in the racial persecution of the Sinti and Roma during National Socialism and is an example of the connection between racial disability and anti-Semitism and anti-Gypsyism .

For Sheila Weiss, the establishment of the Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene documents the deal that Verschuer made with the Nazi state and party officials in order to create its own base of scientific power. In Frankfurt, Verschuer got his own institute and was able to prevail over the competition from the city health department, as its importance for the future Nazi race policy was valued highly. The fact that, especially after 1938, he had to spend more and more time on parentage reports and the question of determining race, which was not part of his actual interests, was the price of the Faustian Pact. Weiss discusses Verschuer's work, especially in the area of ​​parentage reports, on the question of whether it was “science” or “pseudoscience”, and warns against disqualifying Verschuer's publications as “pseudoscientific”, especially on the question of “Jewish characteristics”. Verschuer moved within the nationally and internationally accepted scientific discourse at the time, without his application of hereditary biology being ethical. On the contrary, ideological prejudices were mixed with scientific practice in the review process.

literature

  • Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945 . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1991.
  • Notker Hammerstein: The Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main. From a foundation university to a state university . Volume 1: 1914-1950 . Alfred Metzner, Frankfurt am Main 1989.
  • Peter Sandner: Frankfurt, Auschwitz. The National Socialist persecution of the Sinti and Roma in Frankfurt am Main. Brandes & Apsel, Frankfurt am Main 1998.
  • Peter Sandner: The Frankfurt "University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene". To position a “racial hygiene” facility within “racial anthropological” research and practice during the Nazi era. In: Fritz Bauer Institute (ed.): "Elimination of Jewish influence ...". Anti-Semitic Research, Elites, and Careers under National Socialism . (= 1998/99 yearbook on the history and effects of the Holocaust ). Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1999, pp. 73-100.
  • Dietmar Schulze: Investigations into the Frankfurt partial estate of the racial hygienist Prof. Dr. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer . Klemm & Oelschläger, Münster 2008.
  • Dietmar Schulze: Comments on the Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene in Frankfurt under Otmar von Verschuer and Heinrich Wilhelm Kranz (1935–1945). In: Udo Benzenhöfer (ed.): Mengele, Hirt, Holfelder, Berner, von Verschuer, Kranz. Frankfurt university doctor of the Nazi era . Klemm & Oelschläger, Münster 2010, pp. 79–93.
  • Gerda Stuchlik: Goethe in a brown shirt. University of Frankfurt 1933–1945 . Röderberg, Frankfurt am Main 1984.
  • Gerda Stuchlik: The Frankfurt Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene. In: Christoph Dorner ua (Ed.): The brown seizure of power. University of Frankfurt 1930–1945 . Frankfurt am Main, n.d. [1989], pp. 161-203.
  • Sheila Faith Weiss: The Loyal Genetic Doctor, Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, and the 'Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene'. Origins, Controversy, and Racial Political Practice. In: Central European History. 45 (2012), pp. 631-668.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Bernard vom Brocke: Population Science in National Socialist Germany. In: José Brunner (Ed.): Demography - Democracy - History. Germany and Israel . (= Tel Aviver Yearbook for German History 2007). Wallstein, Göttingen 2007, pp. 153f.
  2. ^ Sheila Faith Weiss: The Loyal Genetic Doctor, Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, and the 'Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene'. Origins, Controversy, and Racial Political Practice. In: Central European History. 45 (2012), p. 635 f. The quote comes from an archival document in the Frankfurt am Main city archive. Quoted from: Peter Weingart, Jürgen Kroll, Kurt Bayertz: Race, Blood and Genes. History of eugenics and racial hygiene in Germany. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1988, ISBN 3-518-57886-3 , p. 441.
  3. ^ Peter Sandner: Frankfurt, Auschwitz. The National Socialist persecution of the Sinti and Roma in Frankfurt am Main . Brandes & Apsel, Frankfurt am Main 1998, p. 180.
  4. ↑ Sheila Faith Weiss: The Loyal Genetic Doctor. 2012, p. 636f.
  5. ↑ Sheila Faith Weiss: The Loyal Genetic Doctor. 2012, p. 637f.
  6. ↑ Gerda Stuchlik: Goethe in a brown shirt. University of Frankfurt 1933–1945. Röderberg, Frankfurt am Main 1984, p. 187.
  7. ↑ Christine Hertler: Franz Weidenreich and the anthropology in Frankfurt. Weidenreich's way to Frankfurt University. In: Jörn Kobes, Jan-Otmar Hesse (eds.). Frankfurt scientists between 1933 and 1945. Wallstein, Göttingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0258-7 , p. 121.
  8. ↑ Sheila Faith Weiss: The Loyal Genetic Doctor. 2012, p. 639.
  9. ↑ Gerda Stuchlik: Goethe in a brown shirt. 1984, p. 187.
  10. ↑ Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945 . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1991, p. 70.
  11. ↑ Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945 . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1991, pp. 70-74; Stuchlik: Goethe in a brown shirt. 1984, pp. 187-189; Sheila Faith Weiss: The Loyal Genetic Doctor, Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, and the 'Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene'. Origins, Controversy, and Racial Political Practice. In: Central European History. 45 (2012), pp. 642-644.
  12. ^ Robert N. Proctor: Racial Hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis. Harvard UP, Cambridge MA 1988, pp. 104f.
  13. ↑ Peter Sandner: The Frankfurt "University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene". To position a “racial hygiene” facility within “racial anthropological” research and practice during the Nazi era. In: Fritz Bauer Institute (ed.): "Elimination of Jewish influence ...". Anti-Semitic Research, Elites, and Careers under National Socialism . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1999 (= 1998/99 yearbook on the history and effects of the Holocaust ), p. 89.
  14. ↑ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Crossing borders. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics 1927–1945. Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-89244-799-3 , p. 247.
  15. ^ A b Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Crossing boundaries. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics 1927–1945 . Wallstein, Göttingen 2005, p. 380.
  16. ^ Peter Sandner: Frankfurt, Auschwitz. The National Socialist persecution of the Sinti and Roma in Frankfurt am Main. Brandes & Apsel, Frankfurt am Main 1998, p. 183; Frank Sparing: From Racial Hygiene to Human Genetics - Heinrich Schade. In: Michael G. Esch (Ed.): The Medical Academy Düsseldorf in National Socialism . Klartext, Essen 1997, 348f.
  17. ↑ Gerda Stuchlik: Goethe in a brown shirt. 1984, p. 189.
  18. ↑ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Crossing borders. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics 1927–1945 . Wallstein, Göttingen 2005, p. 380f.
  19. ↑ Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main, 1933–1945 . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1991, p. 47.
  20. ↑ Ursula Fuhrich-Grubert: Huguenots under the swastika. Studies on the history of the French Church in Berlin, 1933–1945. W. de Gruyter, Berlin 1994, pp. 447-450.
  21. ↑ Peter Sandner: The Frankfurt "University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene". To position a “racial hygiene” facility within “racial anthropological” research and practice during the Nazi era. In: Fritz Bauer Institute (ed.): "Elimination of Jewish influence ...". Anti-Semitic Research, Elites, and Careers under National Socialism . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1999 (= 1998/99 yearbook on the history and effects of the Holocaust ), pp. 80–84. The "racial biological" and police registration of the Sinti and Roma in Frankfurt from 1936. In: Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. (accessed March 1, 2014).
  22. ↑ Udo Benzenhöfer: Comments on Josef Mengele's curriculum vitae with special reference to his time in Frankfurt. In: Hessisches Ärzteblatt. (2011), p. 228f. (PDF)
  23. ↑ Peter Sandner: The Frankfurt "University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene". 1999, p. 90.
  24. ↑ Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. 1991, p. 84.
  25. ↑ Peter Sandner: The Frankfurt "University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene". 1999, p. 91.
  26. ↑ Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. 1991, p. 74 f.
  27. ↑ Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. 1991, p. 79 f.
  28. ↑ Gerda Stuchlik: Goethe in a brown shirt. 1984, p. 190.
  29. ^ A b Peter Sandner: The Frankfurt "University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene". To position a “racial hygiene” facility within “racial anthropological” research and practice during the Nazi era. In: Fritz Bauer Institute (ed.): "Elimination of Jewish influence ...". Anti-Semitic Research, Elites, and Careers under National Socialism . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1999 (= 1998/99 yearbook on the history and effects of the Holocaust ), p. 79.
  30. ↑ Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. 1991, p. 74.
  31. ^ A b Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945 . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1991, pp. 80f.
  32. ↑ Peter Sandner: The Frankfurt "University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene". 1999, p. 84.
  33. ↑ Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. 1991, pp. 75-77, cit. 75, 76, 77.
  34. ↑ Peter Sandner: The Frankfurt "University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene". 1999, pp. 85-87.
  35. ↑ Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. 1991, p. 77 f.
  36. ↑ Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. 1991, p. 78.
  37. ↑ Peter Sandner: The Frankfurt "University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene". 1999, p. 88. Cf. The role of the University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene 1935–1945 . In: Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945.
  38. ^ Sheila Faith Weiss: The Loyal Genetic Doctor, Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, and the 'Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene'. Origins, Controversy, and Racial Political Practice. In: Central European History. 45 (2012), pp. 645-652.
  39. ↑ Peter Sandner: The Frankfurt "University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene". 1999, p. 77. See Sheila Faith Weiss: The Loyal Genetic Doctor, Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, and the 'Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene'. Origins, Controversy, and Racial Political Practice. In: Central European History. 45 (2012), pp. 659-662.
  40. ↑ Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. 1991, p. 36 f.
  41. ↑ Gerda Stuchlik: Goethe in a brown shirt. 1984, p. 190.
  42. ^ Ernst Klee: The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich. Frankfurt am Main 2007, pp. 334f.
  43. ↑ a b Gerda Stuchlik: Goethe in a brown shirt. 1984, pp. 196-198, cit. 196; Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. 1991, pp. 81-83, cit. 82.
  44. ↑ Peter Sandner: The Frankfurt "University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene". 1999, p. 91.
  45. ^ Matthias von Schulz: Cheating in the bone cellar . In: Der Spiegel. 42 (2004), October 11, 2004.
  46. ↑ Dietmar Schulze: Investigations into the Frankfurt partial estate of the racial hygienist Prof. Dr. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer . Klemm & Oelschläger, Münster 2008, p. 15.
  47. ^ Protsch case: whereabouts of Nazi documents clarified. The President's Task Force presents a report. In: UniReport. 37, 6 (November 17, 2004), p. 1 f.
  48. ↑ a b From the estate of the racial hygienist Otmar von Verschuer. Inventoried cupboard with glass panels. In: Research Frankfurt. 1 (2009), p. 10. (PDF)
  49. ↑ Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. 1991, p. 79 f.
  50. ↑ Robert Jay Lifton: Doctors in the Third Reich . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1988, p. 395.
  51. ↑ Monika Daum, Hans-Ulrich Deppe: Forced sterilization in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. 1991, p. 79.
  52. ↑ Gerda Stuchlik: Goethe in a brown shirt. 1984, p. 195.
  53. ↑ Peter Sandner: The Frankfurt "University Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene". 1999, p. 78f., 73.
  54. ↑ Sheila Faith Weiss: The Loyal Genetic Doctor. 2012, p. 665 f.
  55. ↑ Sheila Faith Weiss: The Loyal Genetic Doctor. 2012, pp. 656-658.

Coordinates: 50 ° 5 ′ 54.2 ″  N , 8 ° 39 ′ 54.1 ″  E