Villa Rustica (Inzigkofen)
The villa rustica , a former Roman estate , is located east of Inzigkofen , a municipality in the Sigmaringen district in Baden-Württemberg .
location
The Roman estate was located about 200 meters northeast of the Inzigkofer cemetery, on the right of the connecting road from Inzigkofen to the Sigmaring district of Laiz . The ground monument is located in the intensively agriculturally used parcel "Krummäcker", a ridge that slopes gently to the north and east and is bordered in the south by the Laiz-Inzigkofen road. The development of the village of Laiz has grown up to the lower slope edge of the ground monument. A vegetated embankment and an agricultural path form the dividing line.
In ancient times, the estate was in the Roman province of Raetia ( Raetia ), in a favorable, terraced position with fertile land. The so-called Danube Valley Road Sigmaringen-Tuttlingen, a Roman road , ran a little south of the estate .
In Laiz there was a ford below today's Danube weir , where the remains of a wooden bridge were found during the Danube regulation in 1975.
Research history
The estate was first excavated in 1848 by the Hohenzollern archivist Eduard Schwarzmann (1815–1869). A well-founded archaeological excavation was carried out in 1970 by the Tübingen State Monuments Office under the direction of Hartmann Reim . The excavation campaign at that time was based on the course of the Roman road, it was hoped to find a courtyard wall in its continuation in order to be able to delimit the investigation area. Courtyard walls in free-standing Villae rusticae are not uncommon, but can be assumed as a rule. If there is no courtyard walling, as in the case of the Inzigkofen estate, mostly only the central areas of the estate with the main building and possibly ancillary buildings were examined. Further examples of this approach are the Laiz manors, the “Berg” corridor, Sigmaringen district and Treuchtlingen-Weinbergshof. Only at the end of the summer of excavation did archaeologists unearth the remains of the stone foundation walls of a main and ancillary building. The finding shows a Roman manor that existed from the middle of the 2nd to the beginning of the 3rd century AD and will probably have come to an end around the time of the first Alemannic advances around 233 AD.
grange
The excavation revealed a villa rustica that consisted of two buildings. The limestone foundation walls still preserved at that time show the main building of a villa rustica with its portico facing northeast. This building is a typical risalit villa with two corner risalits, which took up a side length of 37 m × 27 m. The front component had a cellar along its entire length between the risalits, with two entrances from the inner courtyard. The archaeologist Hartmann Reim assumes that the corner projections were originally two-storey and covered with flat pyramid roofs. The entrance hall (porticus) was probably closed with a gable roof. The side living and sleeping rooms were single-storey, the roofs, comparable to the Italian atrium houses, were designed as pent roofs sloping towards the inner courtyard. Remnants of whitewashed plastering or plastering that was partially painted with simple geometric patterns could be detected. Broken bricks from hollow bricks (tubuli) indicate that some rooms had wall heating, remains of a screed floor suggest floor heating ( hypocaust ) .
In the courtyard there were still traces of an older wooden structure (9 m × 16 m) with two rooms (3 m × 3 m) at the front. According to Reim, this building can be interpreted as the predecessor of the manor, which was later built in stone.
A cross-cut excavation that was laid over the main building suggests that the main building was surrounded by a graveled lime gravel path. However, this was not further excavated.
The foundations of an auxiliary building were visible 50 meters east of the main building. The 20 m × 17 m building can be interpreted as a barn or stables.
According to the evidence of the finds, the estate can be dated between the middle of the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. Four fibulae from the middle of the 1st century AD possibly indicate the proximity of an auxiliary fort of the Danube Limes, which is suspected in the Laiz-Inzigkofen area, but could also have been carried as heirlooms by estate residents.
Monument protection, preservation of findings and what is found
The floor monument "Villa Rustica Inzigkofen" is protected as a registered cultural monument within the meaning of the Monument Protection Act of the State of Baden-Württemberg (DSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval, and accidental finds are reported to the monument authorities. The former manor is located under the mostly intensively used and not built-up area between Inzigkofen and Laiz. Only in a small area is it built over and secured by the agricultural path that runs past it. Plans for above-ground conservation were discarded due to the poor state of preservation and the associated high costs of such a security measure. The masonry has not been made accessible to the public, and there is no information board about the Villa Rustica.
The finds from the 1970 excavation are in the holdings of the Württemberg State Museum in the Old Castle in Stuttgart . Readings from 2007, which Friedrich Klein from the Tübingen Regional Council, Monument Preservation Department, interpreted as broken bricks, but also some ceramics, are in their collection. In the spring of 2009, the ground monument was presumably trodden and robbed by a probe; only worthless metal fragments remained on the surface.
The local and municipal administration of Inzigkofen as well as the lowest monument authority based in the Sigmaringen District Office are not campaigning for the preservation or further destruction of the ground monument due to a financially tight framework.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Hartmann Reim: Inzigkofen. Roman manor. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . Theiss, Stuttgart, 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 135.
- ↑ Roman Bridge . Newspaper clipping No. 197. Stock N 1/53: Albert Waldenspul (1885–1979). Sigmaringen State Archives
- ↑ Stefan Schmidt-Lawrenz: The Roman manor of Laiz, corridor "Berg", Sigmaringen district. A contribution to the settlement of villas in the vicinity of Sigmaringen . In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg. Volume 16, 1991 . 1991, pp. 441-508
- ^ Hubert Koch: The villa rustica of Treuchtlingen-Weinbergshof . In: Claus Dobiat, Klaus Leidorf (ed.): International archeology . Volume 13. Buch am Erlbach, 1993, ISBN 3-924734-31-3 .
literature
- Oscar Paret : The Settlements of Roman Wuerttemberg . ( Friedrich Hertlein , Oscar Paret, Peter Goessler : The Romans in Württemberg. Part 3). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1932, p. 324 ff.
- Hartmann Reim: A Roman estate near Inzigkofen . In: Hohenzollern Heimat 11, 1971, pp. 116–118.
- Hartmann Reim: A Roman estate near Inzigkofen, Sigmaringen district . In: Monument Preservation Baden-Württemberg, 1st year 1972, issue 2, 38 ff. ( PDF; 9.5 MB )
- Hartmann Reim: A Roman estate near Inzigkofen, Sigmaringen district . Oberriexingen 2, 1974.
- Hartmann Reim: A Roman estate near Inzigkofen, Kr. Sigmaringen . In: Find reports Baden-Württemberg . 3, 1977, pp. 402-442.
- Hartmann Reim : Inzigkofen. Roman manor. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . Theiss, Stuttgart, 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 135.
- Karl Theodor Zingeler : The prehistoric and early historical research in Hohenzollern . In: Communications from the Association for History & Antiquity in Hohenzollern, XXVII. Born in 1893/94. M. Liehner'sche Hofbuchdruckerei, Sigmaringen 1894, MDZ digitized . P. 62.
Coordinates: 48 ° 4 '24.5 " N , 9 ° 11' 5.75" E