Chloroplastida

Chloroplastida
Pediastrum duplex
Systematics
Classification : Creature Domain : Eukaryotes (eukaryota) without rank: Diaphoreticks without rank: Archaeplastida without rank: Chloroplastida
Scientific name
Chloroplastida
Adl et al., 2005

The Chloroplastida or Viridiplantae are a group of photosynthetically active eukaryotes , i.e. living beings with cell nuclei . They include the green algae ( Chlorophyta and Charophyta ) and the land plants ( Embryophyta ).

features

The vast majority of chloroplastida have photosynthetically active plastids with chlorophyll a and b, the chloroplasts . Exceptions to this are organisms that have secondarily lost the ability to photosynthesize again. These include, for example, the parasitic bird nest root or the colorless alga Polytoma . The plastids come from a primary endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium . A pyrenoid is often present in the plastid . The chloroplastida usually have a cell wall made of cellulose . The cristae of the mitochondria are flat. Starch serves as a storage carbohydrate . With the exception of the angiosperms, the cells have centrioles .

Systematics

The phylogeny of the chloroplastida. (Chloroplastida are referred to herein as "plants".) Paraphyletic groups are marked in blue. Origin of the chloroplastida: symbiogenesis between a cyanobacterium and a biflagellate protozoa of the clade Diaphoretickes .

Within the Chloroplastida there are two large clades that are clearly separated from each other: the Chlorophyta and the Charophyta (which also include the Embryophyta). Both the Chlorophyta and several representatives of the Charophyta are classically referred to as green algae . This means that the term green alga can no longer be used for a taxon .

Adl u. a. divide the chloroplastida into the following groups without classical ranks:

• Chlorophyta
  • Ulvophyceae
  • Trebouxiophyceae
  • Chlorophyceae
  • Pedinophyceae
  • Mamiellophyceae
  • Prasinophytae
  • Chlorodendrophyceae
  • Palmophyllales
  • Nephroselmis
• Charophyta
  • Klebsormidiophyceae
    • Klebsormidium
    • Entransia
    • Interfilum
  • Phragmoplastophyta
    • Ornamental algae (Zygnematophyceae)
    • Coleochaetophyceae
    • Streptophyta
      • Chandelier algae (Charophyceae)
      • Land plants ( Embryophyta )
  • Mesostigma
  • Chlorokybus

Consensus cladogram

Below is a consensus reconstruction of the kinship relationships among the Viridaeplantae based primarily on molecular data.

Viridiplantae	Mesostigmatophyta ( Mesostigmatophyceae : Mesostigma )  Chlorokybophyta  Chlorokybophyceae ( Chlorokybus )     Spirotaenia      Streptophyta / Charophyta  Klebsormidiophyceae  Phragmoplastophyta  Charophyceae (candelabrum algae)     Embryophyta (land plants)     Mesotaeniaceae     Zygnematophyceae (ornamental algae)     Coleochaetophyceae     Chlorophyta •••

••• Chlorophyta	Tetraphytina  Prasinophyceae clade VIIA     Pedinophyceae  Chlorophytina  Trebouxiophyceae     Ulvophyceae     Chlorophyceae     Chlorodendrophyceae (Chlorodendrales)     Prasinophyceae clade VIIC     Pycnococcaceae     Nephroselmidophyceae     Mamiellophyceae     Pyramimonadales  Palmophyllophyceae  Palmophyllales     Prasinococcales

Here the candelabrum algae are basal in the phragmoplastophyta. If one understands the Streptophyta as the smallest taxon containing the candy algae and land plants, then these coincide with the Phragmoplastophyta. The Mesotaeniaceae stand extra, they are conventionally placed in the order of the ornamental algae (Desmidiales) within the Zygnematophyceen (ornamental algae).

literature

• Louise A. Lewis, Richard M. McCourt: Green Algae and the origin of land plants : American Journal of Botany 91 (10), 2004, pages 1535-1556. Abstract and full text

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Sina M. Adl, Alastair GB Simpson, Mark A. Farmer, Robert A. Andersen, O. Roger Anderson, John A. Barta, Samual S. Bowser, Guy Bragerolle, Robert A. Fensome, Suzanne Fredericq, Timothy Y. James , Sergei Karpov, Paul Kugrens, John Krug, Christopher E. Lane, Louise A. Lewis, Jean Lodge, Denis H. Lynn, David G. Mann, Richard M. McCourt, Leonel Mendoza, Øjvind Moestrup, Sharon E. Mozley-Standridge , Thomas A. Nerad, Carol A. Shearer, Alexey V. Smirnov, Frederick W. Spiegel, Max FJR Taylor: The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52 (5), 2005; Pages 399-451. doi : 10.1111 / j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x .
2. ↑ ^{a b} Sitte, P. et al. (1991): Textbook of botany for universities. 33rd edition. Gustav Fischer Verlag
3. ↑ ^{a b} Adl SM, Simpson AG, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brown MW, Burki F, Dunthorn M, Hampl V, Heiss A, Hoppenrath M, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, McManus H, Mitchell EA, Mozley-Stanridge SE, Parfrey LW, Pawlowski J, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shadwick L, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Spiegel FW: The revised classification of eukaryotes . In: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology . 59, No. 5, September 2012, pp. 429-493. doi : 10.1111 / j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x . PMID 23020233 . PMC 3483872 (free full text). PDF online
4. ^ Lewis LA, McCourt RM: Green algae and the origin of land plants . In: American Journal of Botany . 91, No. 10, October 2004, pp. 1535-1556. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.91.10.1535 . PMID 21652308 .
5. ↑ Leliaert F, Smith DR, Moreau H, Herron MD, Verbruggen H, Delwiche CF, De Clerck O: Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae . In: Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences . 31, 2012, pp. 1-46. doi : 10.1080 / 07352689.2011.615705 .
6. ↑ Marin B: Nested in the Chlorellales or independent class? Phylogeny and classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analyzes of complete nuclear and plastid-encoded rRNA operons . In: Protist . 163, No. 5, September 2012, pp. 778-805. doi : 10.1016 / j.protis.2011.11.004 . PMID 22192529 .
7. ↑ Laurin-Lemay S, Brinkmann H, Philippe H: Origin of land plants revisited in the light of sequence contamination and missing data . In: Current Biology . 22, No. 15, August 2012, pp. R593-4. doi : 10.1016 / j.cub.2012.06.013 . PMID 22877776 .
8. ↑ Ruhfel BR, Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Burleigh JG: From algae to angiosperms-inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes . In: BMC Evolutionary Biology . February 14, 2014, p. 23. doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2148-14-23 . PMID 24533922 . PMC 3933183 (free full text).
9. ↑ Leliaert F, Tronholm A, Lemieux C, Turmel M, DePriest MS, Bhattacharya D, Karol KG, Fredericq S, Zechman FW, Lopez-Bautista JM: Chloroplast phylogenomic analyzes reveal the deepest-branching lineage of the Chlorophyta, Palmophyllophyceae class. nov . In: Scientific Reports . 6, May 2016, p. 25367. doi : 10.1038 / srep25367 . PMID 27157793 . PMC 4860620 (free full text).
10. ↑ Sánchez-Baracaldo P, Raven JA, Pisani D, Knoll AH: Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 114, No. 37, September 2017, pp. E7737 – E7745. doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1620089114 . PMID 28808007 . PMC 5603991 (free full text).
11. ↑ Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Wong GK, Ruhfel BR, Soltis DE: plastid phylogenomic analysis of green plants: A trillion years of evolutionary history . In: American Journal of Botany . 105, No. 3, March 2018, pp. 291-301. doi : 10.1002 / ajb2.1048 . PMID 29603143 .
12. ↑ Matthias Riediger, Yukako Hihara, Wolfgang R. Hess: From cyanobacteria and algae to land plants: The RpaB / Ycf27 regulatory network in transition . In: Perspectives in Phycology . 5, No. 1, June 1, 2018, ISSN  2198-011X , pp. 13-25. doi : 10.1127 / pip / 2018/0078 .