William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle

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Sir William Cavendish, around 1610
Coat of arms of William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, KG

William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle KG , PC (born December 6, 1592 in Handsworth, Yorkshire , † December 25, 1676 in Welbeck , Nottinghamshire ) was an English general and politician.

Life

He came from the influential noble Cavendish family . He was the nephew of William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire . His parents were Sir Charles Cavendish (around 1553-1617), landlord of Welbeck Abbey in Nottinghamshire , and his second wife Catherine Ogle, 8th Baroness Ogle (around 1569-1629). He was born at Handsworth Manor near Sheffield in Yorkshire and was educated at St John's College , Cambridge . On the occasion of Crown Prince Henry's investiture as Prince of Wales , King James I made him Knight of the Bath on June 2, 1610 . In 1614 he was elected from the East Retford constituency as a Member of the House of Commons . In 1620 James I raised him to Viscount Mansfield , which he rose to the House of Lords . In 1628 he was raised to Earl of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Baron Cavendish by King Charles I , after lavishly entertaining him on his family estate in Welbeck , and ten years later tutor of his son Charles II. In 1629 he inherited the from his mother Title 9th Baron Ogle . As a staunch royalist , he sided with the king in the civil war . In 1643 he made him Marquess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne .

As general of all forces north of the Trent , he had the power to make declarations, knight knights, mint coins and promote soldiers. He also made active use of the latter right. After the Battle of Marston Moor in 1644 he had to leave England and lived in great poverty on the continent. In exile in Flanders , he was on 12 January 1650 Knight Companion in the Order of the Garter called the solemn religious investiture in Windsor Castle only took place on 15 April 1661 after being under the restoration had returned to England. In 1665 Charles II made him Duke of Newcastle . He later suffered from Parkinson's disease and was buried in Westminster Abbey .

Together with his brother, the mathematician Charles Cavendish , he formed a philosophical-scientific circle in the 1630s, which also included Robert Payne , Walter Warner and Thomas Hobbes . After his country estate Welbeck Abbey , it was also called Welbeck Academy .

Marriages and offspring

In his first marriage he married Elizabeth Basset around 1618 († 1643). After her death, he married the writer Margaret Lucas († 1673) in late 1645 . He had eight children from his first marriage. Of his sons only the youngest survived, Henry Cavendish (1630-1691), who inherited him in 1676 as the 2nd Duke.

Publications

Plays
  • The varietie , printed 1649.
Books

As a riding instructor in Antwerp, he was the author of the following works on riding instruction:

  • Méthode et invention nouvelle de dresser les chevaux ( Eng . The new way of riding horses ) (1658)
  • A New Method and Extraordinary Invention to Dress Horses and Work them according to Nature (1667)

Both contain valuable engravings by Abraham van Diepenbeeck , a Rubens pupil. In these works, William Cavendish relies on the teachings of the French riding instructor Pluvinel , but interprets them in a contradicting and stubborn manner. He is considered the inventor and ruthless user of the (to this day controversial) loop rein , but also of the cavesson to protect the horse's mouth.

Web links

Commons : William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle  - Collection of Pictures, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ William Arthur Shaw: The Knights of England. Volume 1, Sherratt and Hughes, London 1906, p. 156.
  2. ^ William Arthur Shaw: The Knights of England. Volume 1, Sherratt and Hughes, London 1906, p. 34.
predecessor Office successor
New title created Duke of Newcastle
1665–1676
Henry Cavendish
New title created Marquess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
1643–1676
Henry Cavendish
New title created Earl of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Baron Cavendish
1628–1676
Henry Cavendish
Catherine Ogle Baron Ogle
1629-1676
Henry Cavendish
New title created Viscount Mansfield
1620-1676
Henry Cavendish