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Well-being and well-being describe the subjective feeling and experience of a general physical and mental state. Positive well-being is called well-being .

Conceptual extension

Well-being and well-being can be experienced subjectively as positive or negative. The positive evaluation of well-being is referred to as well-being, the negative one as a disorder . This evaluation can be made by each person himself or as an external judgment by others, in that the subjectively created condition is described in which a person is found. Both of these are addressed in the medial linguistic expression of the state of being. The condition assessed with the state of health represents an alternative term to the often one-sided acquisition of subjective data aimed at pathological symptoms and the expression of complaints. Often these data cannot be clearly assigned to a clinical picture, e.g. B. with the general symptom of fatigue , which can be caused by organic disease as well as by overtiredness rather functionally. The description of the condition is free from medical systematics . The state in which a person finds himself or also - in which he is found - is determined by both physical and mental influences of various kinds. Often they cannot be clearly distinguished from one another and a. also known as coenesthesia or body feelings. Often physical and emotional correlates play a role. The basic feeling of being is understood as being a feeling. In Martin Heidegger's (1889–1976) existential philosophy, it represents an existential , a categorical characteristic , so to speak , of human life. It determines the state of mind of a person that his state of health is exposed to constant fluctuations and that he has to find and maintain his own balance. This balance can be viewed as health .

Health and findings

If one understands by being the subjective part of an access to one's own consciousness (see → self-consciousness and → self-worth ), then the finding is to be seen as the more objective counterpart. There is no simple correlation between health and findings. Rather, there are four groups of different relationships:

  1. Subjectively good condition - no objective finding
  2. Subjectively good condition - objectively existing pathological finding
  3. subjective complaints - not an objective finding
  4. subjective complaints - objectively existing pathological findings

The findings made by another person , which in extreme cases are collected by a doctor, may It can also be registered by a trusted person. This may initiate a process of self-observation and self-awareness for the person concerned . Karl Jaspers (1883–1969) names the divergence of well-being and findings as findings without (corresponding) awareness of the disease (group 2) or as feeling of illness without (corresponding) findings (group 3), see also → insight into disease . Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–2002) deepened Heidegger's ontological discussions. The intervention of the doctor does not fundamentally change the self-assessment of oneself. If a doctor is consulted, he will enter into the very specific life situation of a person and, if necessary, induce them to examine the illness. This happens when the person concerned tries to gain an objectifying distance from himself (see → subject-object split ). Nevertheless, the central mood, which is not differentiated into feelings or moods, through which people experience themselves to be carried and determined in their behavior, cannot be controlled by them. Rather, it is determined in a state of being, which, according to Heidegger , tries to master the mood through knowledge and will or tries to achieve this goal by arousing a counter- mood .

Placement

The question: "Where exactly is a person with a very specific being?" Can be answered in order with regard to has already been said that the mentioned as balance homeostasis must be justified in a vast braided physical and physiological, psychological and social stress ratios, which is to be seen as the own world of the person concerned (→ being- in-the-world ) or as “being thrown into its there”. The term “ borderline situation ” coined by Karl Jaspers (1883-1969) describes the unreliability of the worlds and thus also the question of the really sustainable world. Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966) distinguished:

  1. The natural world as the personal world, as the innermost self includes the spirit and possibly the relationship with one's body can be also influenced by certain about their own fears.
  2. The environment as the representational environment of furniture, clothes, buildings, countries visited, sometimes also of one's own body and organs, which can be viewed as peripheral and distant from one's own person .
  3. The surrounding world as the social world that contains the relationships to individuals, to the community and to culture.

The diversity of the worlds is expressed in the conceptions of object relationship theories that have changed since Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) . The state of health can be understood as a topological term ›between‹ the body - exposed to causal influences - and the more finally organized soul. Psychological tension such as B. sensitivities and states of consciousness caused by hunger are caused by disturbances of this equilibrium, cf. a. Anorexia . They can be referred to as more or less serious impairments . Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–2002) takes up the example of the monkey experiments by Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967). It serves as the basis of a theory of consciousness rather than the consciousness of a disorder. In the language of philosophy and psychology , environmental conditions are important here. As the “middle position” of this state of equilibrium, Gadamer assumes the functioning self-referentiality of every person, which is able to compensate for what is disruptive or to replace what is “missing”. Persistent disturbances of this self-reference are no longer able to replace this lost equilibrium or to regain it anew.

Being in tune

The mood is a key to human overall constitutional factor. He is exposed to changeable influences and therefore needs constant individual balance to create a balanced mood . Heidegger described the mood as a state of mind.

"What we indicate ontologically with the title of the state of mind is ontically the most well-known and the most common: the mood, the mood."

- Martin Heidegger : Being and time. Max Niemeyer Tübingen, 15th edition. 1979, p. 134, lines 6-8

The u. If knowledge and willing take precedence over mood as a possibility of mastering it, it must not lead one to disregard mood as the unmistakably original way of being of existence.

criticism

Establishing one's own subjective well-being requires a certain amount of introspection . If this observation is made by a person who is not personally affected (determination of the internal "finding"), a certain degree of empathy is required. It does not matter whether the corresponding approach is more phenomenological or psychodynamic . As a representative of phenomenology and, at the same time, of classical German psychiatry , Karl Jaspers (1883–1969) demanded that the individual facts of the experience must be penetrated in order to arrive at an appropriate judgment. The empathetic approach of an understanding psychology has also been referred to as the internal psychological aspect. One can include psychoanalysis and analytical psychology . The internal psychological point of view assumes that the healthy forces and ways of reaction of a person affected must be used. This attitude usually also corresponds to an attitude that is open to psychotherapy . On the other hand, an external psychological attitude is more likely to be equated with a positivist understanding of asset psychology . The defects , disturbances and inability of the person concerned and their inability to do so are more important, and are recorded purely descriptively. The external psychological and empirical approach has been demanded by behaviorism . This also determines the more custodial style of dealing with the person concerned. This consists of monitoring, guarding and caring for the patient. In order to differentiate the subjective experience from that of the objectively descriptive psychophysiology , Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) took the view that a mental fact completely coincides with a consciousness fact. He thereby committed himself to the psychology of consciousness, which emerged from the 17th to 18th centuries . Criticism is appropriate if the advantages and disadvantages of both aspects are not sufficiently differentiated. Often misunderstandings arise between psychologists and psychiatrists when one-sided points of view are represented here. One does not do justice to the person if one puts his well-being such as hope, worry, love, disappointment, hatred and despair too much in psychopathological terms. Grief is more than depression and joy is more than euphoria. Medical sociology likes to speak of “well-being and behavior”, whereby the subjective internal psychological and the objective external psychological aspect are addressed together.

Hans Walter Gruhle (1880–1958) is critical of existential philosophy in a psychiatric and psychological context. In addition to statements on Martin Heidegger, his textbook also contains numerous critical references to other authors such as Søren Kierkegaard and Otto Friedrich Bollnow .

Web links

Wiktionary: Being  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Uwe Henrik Peters : Dictionary of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. 3. Edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1984:
    (a) p. 66 on Lemma “Befinden”;
    (b) p. 66 on the lemma “state of mind”;
    (c) p. 66 as (b).
  2. ↑ Thure von Uexküll (Ed. And others): Psychosomatic Medicine . 3rd edition, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-541-08843-5 ; Pp. 187 F, 257 F, 744, 1206 F, 1288 on Stw. "Fatigue".
  3. ^ A b Johannes Siegrist : Textbook of Medical Sociology . 3. Edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1977, ISBN 3-541-06383-1 :
    (a) p. 46, 62 on Stw. “Befinden”;
    (b) p. 150 f. to Stw. "Being".
  4. ↑ a b c d e Martin Heidegger : Being and time. 15th edition. [1926] - Max Niemeyer-Verlag, Tübingen 1979, ISBN 3-484-70122-6 :
    (a) p. 134 : 6-10 (*); 136 : 13-23 (-24); 137 : 1-9 (−10), 28-29 (30-31); 138 : 1-3, 26 (3-4); 139 : 19-31 (20-33); 148 : 1-6 (3-8); 162 : 27-34 (-35); 190 : 15, 23 (*); 310 : 14-20 (15-22); 328 : 10-13; 340 : 11-22 (10-21); 365 : 11-16 (12-17) on stw. “Mood”;
    (b) pp. 136 : 13-14, 19-20 (*) on stw. “Mood as a mood that cannot be controlled”;
    (c) p. 136 : 32, 37 (*) on head. “Being-in-the-world / environment”;
    (d) p. 134 : 6-8 (*) on head. “Existential constitution of state of mind and mood”;
    (e) p. 136 : 15-19 (*) on stw. “Being in tune as an unmistakably original way of being of existence”.
    Page numbers highlighted in bold , line information after the colon. The lines in brackets refer to the 1st-6th Output of ›Being and Time‹, (*) = unknown number of lines.
  5. ↑ a b c d e Hans-Georg Gadamer : About the concealment of health . Cape. "To the problem of intelligence". In: Der Nervenarzt, 7, Heidelberg 1964, pp. 281–286 (lecture at the conference of the General Association of German Neurologists in Wiesbaden in September 1963) Library Suhrkamp, ​​Volume 1135, Frankfurt / M 1993, ISBN 3-518-22135-3 :
    (a) p. 77 on stw. “Definition of state of mind”;
    (b) p. 79 on Stw. “Distance to oneself as a precondition for self-regulation of well-being”;
    (c) p. 78 on stw. “Placedness of being”;
    (d) P. 76 on Stw. “Example of the well-being disturbed by hunger”;
    (e) p. 79 to Stw. "Disturbance compensation through self-reference".
  6. ^ A b Karl Jaspers : General Psychopathology. 9th edition. Springer, Berlin 1973, ISBN 3-540-03340-8 :
    (a) p. 654 on Stw. “Befinden und Befund”;
    (b) p. 22 f., 45 ff. on stw .: “Method of understanding the individual facts of the soul”.
  7. ↑ Georgi Schischkoff (Ed.): Philosophical dictionary. 14th edition. Alfred-Kröner, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-520-01321-5 , p. 60 - on Wb.-Lemma “state of mind”.
  8. ↑ Karl Jaspers : Introduction to Philosophy . [1953] 25th edition, R. Piper, Munich 1986, new edition 1971, ISBN 3-492-10013-9 ; Pp. 10, 18 f. to Stw. "Borderline experience, borderline situation".
  9. ↑ C. George Boeree : Personality theories with Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966) . online ; P. 9, 16 on head. "Personal world", p. 16 on head. "Eigenwelt, Mitwelt, Umwelt".
  10. ↑ Wolfgang Loch : On the theory, technology and therapy of psychoanalysis . S. Fischer Conditio humana (edited by Thure von Uexküll & Ilse Grubrich-Simitis ) 1972, ISBN 3-10-844801-3 , p. 28 on “Environmental conditions in the early stages of consciousness formation”.
  11. ↑ Rudolf Degkwitz et al. (Ed.): Mentally ill . Introduction to Psychiatry for Clinical Study. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1982, ISBN 3-541-09911-9 , pp. 17, 191 f., 377 on Stw .: "internal and external psychological perspectives".
  12. ↑ Hans W. Gruhle : Understanding Psychology. 2nd Edition. (Experiential theory). Georg Thieme, Stuttgart 1956, pp. 49, 252, 255, 286.
  13. ↑ Otto Friedrich Bollnow : The essence of moods. 2nd Edition. Klostermann, Frankfurt 1943, 3rd edition. 1956.
  14. ^ Søren Kierkegaard : The concept of fear . Jena 1912.