Counting piece

The Zählstück ( medieval Latin frustum ) served in the medieval union Altmark , entire Mark Brandenburg and beyond as a unit of measure , unit of account and accounting currency .

Function and definition

The payments of the taxes were made in numerous different coins and in kind . The counting piece established their comparability. It embodied the average fee for a hoof . The Land Book of Emperor Charles IV of 1375 contained the necessary information in the supplementary section 1.10 values of invoicing currencies, counter values of natural objects:

Values of the count
1 count	= 1 wispel rye
	= 1 wispel of barley
	= 2 wispel oats
	= 16 bushels of wheat
	= 12 bushels of peas
	= 2 shock chickens
	= 1 pound (currency) of Brandenburg silver
	= 20 schillings to Pfennig Brandenburg silver

Everything could be exchanged among each other. Unambiguous formulations were counting pieces in cash or in kind, while unclear, abbreviated information was indefinite counting pieces. The values were not to be understood as price information. Counting piece accounting could not be used to determine market prices .

Starting from Eckhard Müller-Mertens took advantage of medievalists the Zählstück in the tradition of medieval handy recorder - enabled comparability.

history

The emergence of the counting piece was based in the initially underdeveloped coinage of the Mark Brandenburg , the upper hand of natural economy . It appeared for the first time in the Märkische Fürstenchronik from 1260 ( CDB , main part D, Volume I, p. 13). The arithmetic unit experienced its first practical test in the Bedevertvertrags of the 1280s. The method of determining the hoof bede facilitated uncomplicated identification in counted pieces .

The Country Book of Emperor Charles IV. Had almost a century later, charges and elevations inside him. It also offered an update. At the latest in the time of the Luxembourgers , the Bohemian groschen had spread across the country. The Urbar established the silver coin as the currency of account :

Values of the Czech groschen
2 ¹ ⁄ ₂ Czech groschen	= 1 pound (measure of weight) wax
7 ¹ ⁄ ₂ Czech groschen	= 1 pound (weight measure) of pepper
48 Czech groschen	= 1 wispel grain
90 Czech groschen	= 1 ton of honey

During the reign of Charles IV in the margraviate , 1 Bohemian Groschen = 6 Brandenburg Pfennig , 1 piece of counting corresponded to 40 Bohemian Groschen. Arthur Suhle gave the same ratio for the year 1426. The land bede of 1451 to cover the electoral debts continued to rely on the unit of account. In each village the taxes were added up and converted into counting pieces and each of them was set at 40 Bohemian groschen to be paid. Later evidence came from the Diocese of Brandenburg . The so-called account book of Joachim Cassel recorded from 1526 to 1530 various church waste and expenses used for u. a. the counted piece. When its use came out of use still needs to be investigated (as of 2019).

literature

alphabetically ascending

swell

Fritz Curschmann : Appendix . In: The Diocese of Brandenburg. Studies on the historical geography and constitutional history of an East German colonial diocese (= publications by the Association for the History of the Mark Brandenburg ). Publisher von Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1906, DNB 1128431025 , pp. 389-484.
Adolph Friedrich Riedel (Ed.): Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis . Collection of documents, chronicles and other sources for the history of the Mark Brandenburg and its rulers . 40 volumes, Berlin 1838–1868 ( Wikisource ).
Johannes Schultze (Hrsg.): The land book of the Mark Brandenburg of 1375 (= Brandenburg land books . Volume 2; publications of the historical commission for the province of Brandenburg and the imperial capital Berlin . Volume VIII, 2). Commission publisher von Gsellius, Berlin 1940 ( digitized in Potsdam University Library ).

Secondary literature

Evamaria Engel : feudal citizens, farmers and feudal lords in the Altmark around 1375 . In: Feudal structure, feudal bourgeoisie and long-distance trade in late medieval Brandenburg . Introduction by Eckhard Müller-Mertens (= Hansischer Geschichtsverein [Hrsg.]: Treatises on commercial and social history . Volume VII). Verlag Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1967, DNB 456539689 , pp. 29-220.
Eckhard Müller-Mertens : Hoof farmers and rulership in Brandenburg villages according to Charles IV's land book of 1375 . Dissertation Humboldt University Berlin November 14, 1951. In: Walter Friedrich (Hrsg.): Scientific journal of the Humboldt University Berlin. Social and Linguistic Series . Year 1; Issue 1, Berlin 1951/52, pp. 35-79.
Stefan Pätzold : Salzwedel and the Altmark in the Landbuch of the Mark Brandenburg from 1375/1376 . In: Landesheimatbund Sachsen-Anhalt, Cornelia Kessler (Hrsg.): Past and present of the western Altmark . Protocol of the scientific colloquium on 23./24. October 1999 in Salzwedel (= contributions to regional and state culture of Saxony-Anhalt . Issue 16). Druck-Zuck, Halle an der Saale 2000, ISBN 3-928466-32-1 , pp. 35–47 ( full text in Concilium medii aevi [PDF; 47 kB; accessed on July 6, 2016]).
Hans Spangenberg : Court and central administration of the Mark Brandenburg in the Middle Ages (= Association for the history of the Mark Brandenburg [Hrsg.]: Publications of the association for the history of the Mark Brandenburg . Volume 7). Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1908, DNB 1128416743 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Eckhard Müller-Mertens: Hufenbauern and rulership in Brandenburg villages according to the land book of Charles IV of 1375 . In: Scientific journal of the Humboldt University Berlin . Year 1; Issue 1, Berlin 1951/52, The main tasks of the hoof farmers; Interest, rent and payment. Die Lacht, pp. 48–51, here p. 51.
^ ^A ^b Hans Spangenberg: Court and central administration of the Mark Brandenburg in the Middle Ages . Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1908, 3rd section. Finance. 1st chapter. The receipts. 3. The taxes. a) Ordinary direct taxes. 4. The control unit, calculation and tax rate, pp. 355–363, here pp. 356–357.
^ Fritz Curschmann: Appendix . In: The Diocese of Brandenburg . Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1906, Register on Prokuration, Subsidium and Hufengeld in the Diocese of Brandenburg, pp. 389–477.
↑ Evamaria Engel: feudal citizens, farmers and feudal lords in the Altmark around 1375 . Verlag Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1967, third chapter. Ownership and tax situation of the rural population in the Altmark villages. Levies from the hoof farmers, pp. 78–86.
↑ Stefan Pätzold: Salzwedel and the Altmark in the Landbuch der Mark Brandenburg from 1375/1376 . In: Past and present of the western Altmark . Druck-Zuck, Halle an der Saale 2000, ISBN 3-928466-32-1 , notes. 21, p. 46.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Johannes Schultze: (Ed.): The land book of the Mark Brandenburg from 1375 . Commission publisher von Gsellius, Berlin 1940, [calculation tables and overviews]. De talento, frusto, annona, pipere, pisis, p. 18.
↑ ^a ^b Johannes Schultze: The land book of the Mark Brandenburg from 1375 . Commission publisher von Gsellius, Berlin 1940, subject index and word explanations, pp. 458–461.
↑ ^a ^b Joachim Stephan: The Zauche in the second half of the 14th century . In: Christian Popp, Joachim Stephan (ed.): An Elbe and Oder . Publishing house Dr. Stephan, Einhausen 2008, ISBN 978-3-939457-06-0 , The rural population. Die Hufenbauern, pp. 74–79, here p. 78.
↑ Friedrich Groebel, Edwin Habel (Ed.): Middle Latin Glossary . Introduction by Heinz-Dieter Heimann (= Uni-Taschenbücher . Volume 1551). Unchanged reprint of the 2nd edition, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2008, ISBN 978-3-8252-1551-4 , pisus, Sp. 290.
↑ ^a ^b Evamaria Engel: feudal citizens, farmers and feudal lords in the Altmark around 1375 . Verlag Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1967, 1st chapter. The Altmark village registers of the land book. Footnote 49, pp. 49-50.
↑ Helmut Assing: The sovereignty of the Ascanians, Wittelsbachers and Luxembourgers (mid-12th to early 15th century) . In: Ingo Materna , Wolfgang Ribbe (Ed.): Brandenburg history . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-05-002508-5 , The gradual emergence of state structures in the Mark Brandenburg, pp. 121–126, Bedevertvertrag: p. 123.
↑ Johannes Schultze (ed.): The land book of the Mark Brandenburg from 1375 . Commission publisher von Gsellius, Berlin 1940, (Obule et Merice). Magna Bentz, pp. 182-183, Quilibet mansus solvit pro toto 1 frustum. … Taberna dat 1 ¹ ⁄ ₂ frustum .: p. 182, lines 2–3 by Magna Bentz.
↑ Johannes Schultze (ed.): The land book of the Mark Brandenburg from 1375 . Commission publisher von Gsellius, Berlin 1940, Czucha. Sticken, pp. 202–203, Relicta Sticken habet 1 ¹ ⁄ ₂ frustum et 4 modios a marchione .: p. 202, last line– p. 203, line 1.
^ ^A ^b ^c Hans Spangenberg: Court and central administration of the Mark Brandenburg in the Middle Ages . Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1908, 3rd section. Finance. 1st chapter. The receipts. 3. The taxes. a) Ordinary direct taxes. 4. The control unit, calculation and tax rate. Footnote 356-3, p. 356.
↑ Johannes Schultze (ed.): The land book of the Mark Brandenburg from 1375 . Commission publisher von Gsellius, Berlin 1940, [calculation tables and overviews]. De blado, p. 17.
↑ Johannes Schultze (ed.): The land book of the Mark Brandenburg from 1375 . Commission publisher von Gsellius, Berlin 1940, De silvis seu silvarum proventibus, p. 36.
↑ Arthur Suhle : The coin conditions in the Mark Brandenburg in the 14th century . In: Johannes Schultze (ed.): The land book of the Mark Brandenburg from 1375 . Commission publisher von Gsellius, Berlin 1940, overview and summary of the most important value relationships z. Zt. Des Landbuch, pp. 468–469.
^ Lieselott Enders : The Altmark. History of a Kurmark landscape in the early modern period (end of the 15th to the beginning of the 19th century) (= Klaus Neitmann [Hrsg.]: Publications of the Brandenburg State Main Archives . Volume 56). Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-8305-1504-3 , B. The rural society in the early modern period. III. The living conditions of the villagers. The peasants and the cottagers. d) The public burdens. Landschoss, pp. 318-319.
^ Fritz Curschmann: Appendix . In: The Diocese of Brandenburg . Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1906, register on procuration, subsidy and hoof money in the diocese of Brandenburg. [Introduction], pp. 390-393.

[MM1951_48–51-1] Eckhard Müller-Mertens: Hufenbauern and rulership in Brandenburg villages according to the land book of Charles IV of 1375 . In: Scientific journal of the Humboldt University Berlin . Year 1; Issue 1, Berlin 1951/52, The main tasks of the hoof farmers; Interest, rent and payment. Die Lacht, pp. 48–51, here p. 51.

[Spangenberg1908_355–363-2] A ^b Hans Spangenberg: Court and central administration of the Mark Brandenburg in the Middle Ages . Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1908, 3rd section. Finance. 1st chapter. The receipts. 3. The taxes. a) Ordinary direct taxes. 4. The control unit, calculation and tax rate, pp. 355–363, here pp. 356–357.

[3] Fritz Curschmann: Appendix . In: The Diocese of Brandenburg . Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1906, Register on Prokuration, Subsidium and Hufengeld in the Diocese of Brandenburg, pp. 389–477.

[4] Evamaria Engel: feudal citizens, farmers and feudal lords in the Altmark around 1375 . Verlag Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1967, third chapter. Ownership and tax situation of the rural population in the Altmark villages. Levies from the hoof farmers, pp. 78–86.

[5] Stefan Pätzold: Salzwedel and the Altmark in the Landbuch der Mark Brandenburg from 1375/1376 . In: Past and present of the western Altmark . Druck-Zuck, Halle an der Saale 2000, ISBN 3-928466-32-1 , notes. 21, p. 46.

[Landbuch1940_TalentoFrusto-6] Johannes Schultze: (Ed.): The land book of the Mark Brandenburg from 1375 . Commission publisher von Gsellius, Berlin 1940, [calculation tables and overviews]. De talento, frusto, annona, pipere, pisis, p. 18.

[Landbuch1940_SuW-7] Johannes Schultze: The land book of the Mark Brandenburg from 1375 . Commission publisher von Gsellius, Berlin 1940, subject index and word explanations, pp. 458–461.

[PoppStephan2008_74–79-8] Joachim Stephan: The Zauche in the second half of the 14th century . In: Christian Popp, Joachim Stephan (ed.): An Elbe and Oder . Publishing house Dr. Stephan, Einhausen 2008, ISBN 978-3-939457-06-0 , The rural population. Die Hufenbauern, pp. 74–79, here p. 78.

[9] Friedrich Groebel, Edwin Habel (Ed.): Middle Latin Glossary . Introduction by Heinz-Dieter Heimann (= Uni-Taschenbücher . Volume 1551). Unchanged reprint of the 2nd edition, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2008, ISBN 978-3-8252-1551-4 , pisus, Sp. 290.

[Engel1967_Fuß1-49-10] Evamaria Engel: feudal citizens, farmers and feudal lords in the Altmark around 1375 . Verlag Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1967, 1st chapter. The Altmark village registers of the land book. Footnote 49, pp. 49-50.

[11] Helmut Assing: The sovereignty of the Ascanians, Wittelsbachers and Luxembourgers (mid-12th to early 15th century) . In: Ingo Materna , Wolfgang Ribbe (Ed.): Brandenburg history . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-05-002508-5 , The gradual emergence of state structures in the Mark Brandenburg, pp. 121–126, Bedevertvertrag: p. 123.

[12] Johannes Schultze (ed.): The land book of the Mark Brandenburg from 1375 . Commission publisher von Gsellius, Berlin 1940, (Obule et Merice). Magna Bentz, pp. 182-183, Quilibet mansus solvit pro toto 1 frustum. … Taberna dat 1 ¹ ⁄ ₂ frustum .: p. 182, lines 2–3 by Magna Bentz.

[13] Johannes Schultze (ed.): The land book of the Mark Brandenburg from 1375 . Commission publisher von Gsellius, Berlin 1940, Czucha. Sticken, pp. 202–203, Relicta Sticken habet 1 ¹ ⁄ ₂ frustum et 4 modios a marchione .: p. 202, last line– p. 203, line 1.

[Spangenberg1908_356-3-14] A ^b ^c Hans Spangenberg: Court and central administration of the Mark Brandenburg in the Middle Ages . Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1908, 3rd section. Finance. 1st chapter. The receipts. 3. The taxes. a) Ordinary direct taxes. 4. The control unit, calculation and tax rate. Footnote 356-3, p. 356.

[15] Johannes Schultze (ed.): The land book of the Mark Brandenburg from 1375 . Commission publisher von Gsellius, Berlin 1940, [calculation tables and overviews]. De blado, p. 17.

[16] Johannes Schultze (ed.): The land book of the Mark Brandenburg from 1375 . Commission publisher von Gsellius, Berlin 1940, De silvis seu silvarum proventibus, p. 36.

[17] Arthur Suhle : The coin conditions in the Mark Brandenburg in the 14th century . In: Johannes Schultze (ed.): The land book of the Mark Brandenburg from 1375 . Commission publisher von Gsellius, Berlin 1940, overview and summary of the most important value relationships z. Zt. Des Landbuch, pp. 468–469.

[18] Lieselott Enders : The Altmark. History of a Kurmark landscape in the early modern period (end of the 15th to the beginning of the 19th century) (= Klaus Neitmann [Hrsg.]: Publications of the Brandenburg State Main Archives . Volume 56). Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-8305-1504-3 , B. The rural society in the early modern period. III. The living conditions of the villagers. The peasants and the cottagers. d) The public burdens. Landschoss, pp. 318-319.

[19] Fritz Curschmann: Appendix . In: The Diocese of Brandenburg . Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1906, register on procuration, subsidy and hoof money in the diocese of Brandenburg. [Introduction], pp. 390-393.