Zaid ibn Haritha

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Zaid ibn Hāritha ( Arabic زيد بن حارثة, DMG Zayd ibn Ḥārithah ) (* around 581 ; † 629 in Mu'tah in present-day Jordan ) was a Sahāba (companion, mawla ) of Muhammad , who is considered his (adoptive) son. He is the only companion whose name appears in the Koran ( sura 33 , verse 37).

childhood

Zaid is likely to have been ten years younger than Mohammed, which suggests that he was born in 581. He is said to have been 55 (lunar) years old when he died in 629, which would mean a birth around 576.

He was born in the Udhra branch of the calf tribe in the Najd , a highlands in central Arabia. He claimed to be descended from Udhra ibn Zaid al-Lat in the twelfth generation, who in turn was a great-great-grandson of Kalf ibn Wabara. Zaid's mother, Suda bint Thaalaba, came from the Maan branch of the Tayy tribe.

When Zaid got to the age at which he could be a servant, he accompanied his mother on a visit to her family. While they were with the Maan tribe, riders from the Qayn tribe stormed their tents and kidnapped Zaid. They took him to the market in Ukkaz and sold him as a slave for 400 dinars.

Zaid's family sought him without success. There is a record of a complaint from his father Harithah ibn Sharahil.

Slavery in Mecca

Zaid was bought by a merchant from Mecca , Hakim ibn Hizam, who gave the boy a gift to his aunt Khadidja bint Chuwailid . It remained in her possession until her marriage to Mohammed, when she gave the slaves to her groom for the wedding. Mohammed was very fond of Zaid, whom he called al-Habib ("darling").

A few years later, members of Zaid's tribe came to Mecca on pilgrimage. They recognized Zaid, who asked them to bring a message home.

After receiving the news, his father and uncle left for Mecca. They found Mohammed at the Kaaba and promised him every ransom if Zaid could return. Mohammed replied that Zaid should choose his own fate, but if he chose to return to his family, he would release him with no ransom. They called for Zaid, who easily recognized his father and uncle, but told them that he did not want to leave Mohammed, "because I saw something in this man and I would not choose him over someone else." Then Mohammed grew up with Zaid the steps of the Kaaba, where a contract was discussed and the crowd announced: “You are witnesses that Zaid will become my son, with mutual inheritance rights.” When they saw this, Zaid's father and uncle were satisfied and returned without him.

In accordance with the Arab adoption law of the time, Zaid was subsequently called "Zaid ibn Muhammad" and was a free man who was socially and legally considered the son of Muhammad. In the Koran (sura 33, verse 4) it was decreed that an adopted son is not the same as a biological son, which is why he is mentioned as "Zaid ibn Harithah". As a result, Mohammed married Zaid's divorced wife.

Conversion to Islam

At an unspecified point in time before the year 610, Zaid accompanied Mohammed to Ta'if , where meat was traditionally offered to idols . Near Baldah, on their way home to Mecca, they met Zayd ibn Amr and offered him some of the cooked meat that Zaid was carrying in her bag. Zayd ibn Amr, a staunch monotheist, replied, “I will not eat anything that you have slaughtered in the name of your stone idols. I only eat those things that praised Allah's name at the slaughter. ”After this encounter, Mohammed said:“ I did not touch or sacrifice any of your idols until God honored me with his apostleship. ”

When Mohammed told about an apparition of the angel Gabriel in 610 , Zaid was one of the first to convert to Islam. The very first Muslim woman was Khadijah, closely followed by her neighbor Lubaba bint al-Harith, her four daughters, and the first male converts Ali , Zaid and Abu Bakr .

The hijra

In 622 Zaid joined the other Muslims in the Hijra in Medina . Upon arriving in the new city, Mohammed urged every Muslim to take a brother in the religion so that everyone would have an ally in the community. Zaid teamed up with Mohammed's uncle Hamza . Hamza entrusted his last will to Zaid shortly before his death in 625.

A few months later, Mohammed and Abu Bakr sent Zaid back to Mecca to accompany their families to Medina. His tour group consisted of Muhammad's wife Sawda, his daughters Umm Kulthum and Fātima , his servant Abu Rafi, Zaid's wife Baraka and son Usama, Abu Bakr's wife Umm Rumman, his children Asma , Abdullah and Aisha and a guide named Abdullah ibn Urayqit. Abu Bakr's relative Talhah also joined them.

Marriages and offspring

  1. Durrah (Fakhita) bint Abi Lahab, a cousin of Muhammad. They got divorced. The dates are unknown, but it is known that Durrah's two brothers were divorced in 613 from Muhammad's two daughters.
  2. Umm Ayman (Baraka), a freed slave of Muhammad. They were married according to Islam and their son was born in 612.
  3. Hind bint Al-Awwam, a niece of Khadijah.
  4. Humayma bint Sayfi (Umm Mubashshir), the widow of Al-Baraa ibn Maarur, a leader in Medina. Al-Baraa died in August or September 622, so the marriage to Zaid was in 623 or after.
  5. Zainab bint Jahsch , a cousin of Mohammed. They were married in 625 and divorced in late 626.
  6. Umm Kulthum bint Uqba, a sister of the Caliph Uthman . This marriage was ordered by Mohammed in 628, but it ended in divorce.

Zaid had three children:

  1. Usama, son of the Baraka, who had offspring himself.
  2. Zayd, son of Umm Kulthum, died in childhood.
  3. Ruqayya, daughter of the Umm Kulthum, who died under Uthman's supervision.

Military campaigns

Zayd was "one of the famous archers among the companions of the Prophet." He fought in the battles of Badr , Uhud , in the battle of the trenches and in the Chaibar campaign . He also took part in the Hudaybiyyah campaign. When Mohammed attacked Al-Muraysi, he left Zaid as an administrator in Medina.

death

Zaid led his last campaign in September 629. A Muslim troop of 3,000 men set out to raid the Byzantine city ​​of Bosra . A Byzantine troop of "100,000 Greeks and 100,000 men from Lakhm and Judham and Al-Qayn and Bahra and Bali" intercepted them. Zaid held the banner at that battle of Mu'tah until he was struck by a lance and bled to death from it. The other two leaders, Ja`far ibn Abī Tālib and `Abd Allah ibn Rawahah were also killed and the Muslim army was defeated.

After learning of Zaid's death, Mohammed went to live with his family. The daughter of Zaid wept before the Messenger of God, and the Messenger of God wept until he sobbed. Saad ibn Ubada said: “'Messenger of God, what is it?' He replied: 'That is the desire of the lover of the darling.' "

literature

  • Abū-ʻAbdallāh Muḥammad Ibn-Saʻd Kātib al-Wāqidī, Eduard Sachau : Kitāb aṭ-Ṭabaqāt al-kabīr . Brill, Leiden 1940, urn : nbn: de: gbv: 3: 5-34484 .
  • Muḥammad Ibn Isḥāq, ʻAbd al-Malik Ibn Hišām, Ferdinand Wüstenfeld : The life of Muhammad according to Muhammed Ibn Ishâk, edited. by Abd el-Malik Ibn Hischâm: from the manuscripts for Berlin, Leipzig, Gotha and Leyden = Kitāb sīrat rasūl Allāh . Minerva, Frankfurt am Main 1961, OCLC 71457172 (original title: Kitāb sīrat rasūl Allāh .).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Brill online.
  2. ↑ Elā Landâû-Ṭaserôn: Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors (=  The history of al-Ṭabarī . Volume 39 ). State University of New York Press, Albany, NY 1998, ISBN 0-7914-2819-2 , pp. 6 .
  3. ↑ Muhammad ibn Saad: The Companions of Badr . tape 3 . Ta-Ha Publishers, London 2013, ISBN 978-1-84200-133-2 , pp. 28 (English, Arabic: Kitab at-tabaqat al-kabir . Translated by Aisha Bewley).
  4. ↑ Elā Landâû-Ṭaserôn: Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors . S. 8-9 .
  5. ↑ Elā Landâû-Ṭaserôn: Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors . S. 9 .
  6. ↑ Quran 33:37.
  7. ↑ Muhammad ibn Ishaq, quoted via Yunus ibn Bukayr in: Alfred Guillaume : New Light on the Life of Muhammad (=  Journal of Semitic Studies Monographs . No. 1 ). Manchester University Press, 1960, pp. 27–28 ( preview in Google Book Search).
  8. ↑ Muhammad ibn Ishaq, via Yunus ibn Bukayr, quoted in: MJ Kister: 'A Bag of Meat'. A Study of an Early “Ḥadīth” . In: University of London (Ed.): Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies . tape 33 , no. 2 , 1970, ISSN  0041-977X , p. 267–275 , doi : 10.1017 / S0041977X00103337 , JSTOR : 613003 ( faculty.washington.edu ( memento of January 24, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 1,2 MB ]).
  9. ↑ Muhammad ibn Ishaq: Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated into English by Alfred Guillaume: The Life of Muhammad. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1955, p. 99.
  10. ↑ Bukhari 5: 58: 169. ( Memento from May 19, 2017 in the Internet Archive ). In: usc.edu .
  11. ↑ Muhammad ibn Ishaq: Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated into English by Alfred Guillaume: The Life of Muhammad. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1955, p. 111.
  12. ↑ Elā Landâû-Ṭaserôn: Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors . S. 201 .
  13. ↑ Muhammad ibn Saad: The Women of Madina . 3. Edition. tape 8 . Ta-Ha Publishers, London 2006, ISBN 1-897940-24-6 , pp. 21, 25–26 (English, Arabic: Kitab at-tabaqat al-kabir . Translated by Aisha Bewley).
  14. ↑ Muhammad ibn Ishaq: Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated into English by Alfred Guillaume: The Life of Muhammad. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1955, pp. 114-115.
  15. ↑ Muhammad ibn Ishaq: Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated into English by Alfred Guillaume: The Life of Muhammad. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1955, p. 234.
  16. ↑ Elā Landâû-Ṭaserôn: Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors . S. 171-172 .
  17. ↑ Muhammad ibn Saad: The Companions of Badr . tape 3 . Ta-Ha Publishers, London 2013, ISBN 978-1-84200-133-2 , pp. 32 (English, Arabic: Kitab at-tabaqat al-kabir . Translated by Aisha Bewley).
  18. ↑ Muhammad ibn Saad: The Women of Madina . 3. Edition. tape 8 . Ta-Ha Publishers, London 2006, ISBN 1-897940-24-6 , pp. 24–26 (English, Arabic: Kitab at-tabaqat al-kabir . Translated by Aisha Bewley).
  19. ↑ Muhammad ibn Saad: The Women of Madina . 3. Edition. tape 8 . Ta-Ha Publishers, London 2006, ISBN 1-897940-24-6 , pp. 157 (English, Arabic: Kitab at-tabaqat al-kabir . Translated by Aisha Bewley).
  20. ↑ Elā Landâû-Ṭaserôn: Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors . S. 65 .
  21. ↑ Muhammad ibn Saad: The Women of Madina . 3. Edition. tape 8 . Ta-Ha Publishers, London 2006, ISBN 1-897940-24-6 , pp. 264, 295-296 (English, Arabic: Kitab at-tabaqat al-kabir . Translated by Aisha Bewley).
  22. ↑ Muhammad ibn Saad: The Companions of Badr . tape 3 . Ta-Ha Publishers, London 2013, ISBN 978-1-84200-133-2 , pp. 481 (English, Arabic: Kitab at-tabaqat al-kabir . Translated by Aisha Bewley).
  23. ↑ Muhammad ibn Saad: The Women of Madina . 3. Edition. tape 8 . Ta-Ha Publishers, London 2006, ISBN 1-897940-24-6 , pp. 72–73 (English, Arabic: Kitab at-tabaqat al-kabir . Translated by Aisha Bewley).
  24. ↑ Muhammad ibn Saad: The Women of Madina . 3. Edition. tape 8 . Ta-Ha Publishers, London 2006, ISBN 1-897940-24-6 , pp. 163 (English, Arabic: Kitab at-tabaqat al-kabir . Translated by Aisha Bewley).
  25. ↑ Elā Landâû-Ṭaserôn: Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors (=  The history of al-Ṭabarī . Volume 39 ). State University of New York Press, Albany, NY 1998, ISBN 0-7914-2819-2 , Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk , p. 10 .
  26. ↑ Muhammad ibn Ishaq: Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated into English by Alfred Guillaume: The Life of Muhammad. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1955, p. 532.
  27. ↑ Muhammad ibn Saad: The Companions of Badr . tape 3 . Ta-Ha Publishers, London 2013, ISBN 978-1-84200-133-2 , pp. 33 (English, Arabic: Kitab at-tabaqat al-kabir . Translated by Aisha Bewley).
  28. ↑ Muhammad ibn Ishaq: Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated into English by Alfred Guillaume: The Life of Muhammad. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1955, p. 534.
  29. ↑ Muhammad ibn Ishaq: Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated into English by Alfred Guillaume: The Life of Muhammad. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1955, pp. 534-535.
personal data
SURNAME Zaid ibn Haritha
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Zaid; Muhammad; زيد بن حارثة (Arabic)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Sahāba (Companion) of Muhammad
DATE OF BIRTH at 581
DATE OF DEATH 629
Place of death Mu'tah in present-day Jordan