Zosterops
Zosterops | ||||||||||||
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![]() Gray-coated goggle bird ( Zosterops lateralis ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Zosterops | ||||||||||||
Vigors & Horsfield , 1827 |
With around 100 species, Zosterops is the most species-rich genus within the spectacled family. It is traditionally considered part of the independent family of spectacled birds. However, the latest DNA studies (Jønsson & Fjeldså 2006) suggest that the spectacled birds are closely related to the timalia .
The distribution area extends from the Afrotropic , over the oriental to the Australasian ecoregion . The most prominent feature of the spectacle birds is a white eye ring. In some species, however, it can also be black or completely absent. The size of the individual species varies between 8 and 15 centimeters.
Systematics
Many species of spectacled bird have not yet been adequately researched. The Guambrillevogel ( Zosterops conspicillatus ) was named in 1969 by the Dutch zoologist Gerlof Fokko Mees as the nominate form of Guam Z. c. conspicillatus with the six subspecies Z. c. saypani ( Saipan , Tinian , Aguijan ), Z. c. rotensis ( Rota ), Z. c. semperi ( Palau Islands ), Z. c. owstoni ( Chuuk ), Z. c. takatsukasai ( Pohnpei ) and Z. c. classified hypolais ( Yap ). Mees made the distinguishing features mainly by the size and the color of the plumage. In 1987 the American ornithologist Harold Douglas Pratt revised this system and divided the guambril bird into the three separate species Zosterops conspicillatus , Zosterops semperi and Zosterops hypolais . Pratt's classification is based primarily on differences in song and plumage color. In addition, Pratt argues that Z. conspicillatus , Z. semperi, and Z. hypolais probably do not constitute a monophyletic group due to the complexity of their chants . Z. conspicillatus and Z. hypolais have very complex chants, which, according to Pratt's hypothesis, suggests a Southeast Asian ancestor. Z. semperi has a simple song to which the species of the Melanesian islands tend. On the basis of mtDNA analyzes (Slikas et al. 2000) it was found that the DNA sequences of the Rota- Spectacled Bird differ from those of the Guambrill-Bird, so that this taxon is now also regarded as an independent species.
The following taxa are known:
- Somali spectacled bird ( Zosterops abyssinicus )
- White-breasted spectacled bird ( Zosterops albogularis )
- Macassar goggles ( Zosterops anomalus )
- Black-fronted spectacle bird ( Zosterops atricapilla )
- Brown-headed spectacled bird ( Zosterops atriceps )
- Wallace bird ( Zosterops atrifrons )
- Mascarene spectacled bird ( Zosterops borbonicus )
- Brown-eyed bird ( Zosterops brunneus )
- Buru-eyed bird ( Zosterops buruensis )
- Ceylon spectacled bird ( Zosterops ceylonensis )
- Moluccan glasses bird ( Zosterops chloris )
- Mauritius spectacled bird ( Zosterops chloronothos )
- New Guinea Spectacle Bird ( Zosterops chrysolaemus )
- Lemon Spectacled Bird ( Zosterops citrinella )
- Guambler ( Zosterops conspicillatus ) †
- Celebes glasses bird ( Zosterops consobrinorum )
- Nidula goggles ( Zosterops crookshanki )
- Rust-flanked spectacled bird ( Zosterops erythropleurus )
- Kilimanjarobird ( Zosterops eurycricotus )
- Everett's spectacled bird ( Zosterops everetti )
- Layard's spectacle bird ( Zosterops explorator )
- São Tomé Spectacled Bird ( Zosterops feae )
- Principe's Spectacled Bird ( Zosterops ficedulinus )
- Palau spectacled bird ( Zosterops finschii )
- Yellow-fronted Spectacle Bird ( Zosterops flavifrons )
- Kenyan glasses bird ( Zosterops flavilateralis )
- Horsfield goggle ( Zosterops flavus )
- Arfak's spectacled bird ( Zosterops fuscicapilla )
- Vanicoro-Spectacled Bird ( Zosterops gibbsi )
- Gray-eyed bird ( Zosterops grayi )
- Louisiadenbrillenvogel ( Zosterops griseotinctus )
- Annobón-eyed bird ( Zosterops griseovirescens )
- Bougainville- eyed bird ( Zosterops hamlini )
- Plain- eyed bird ( Zosterops hypolais )
- Bismarck glasses bird ( Zosterops hypoxanthus )
- Lifubrillenvogel ( Zosterops inornatus )
-
Japan spectacled bird ( Zosterops japonicus )
- Borodino spectacled bird ( Zosterops japonicus daitoensis )
- Kaffirillenvogel ( Zosterops kaffensis )
- Kikuyu spectacled bird ( Zosterops kikuyuensis )
- Comoros bird ( Zosterops kirki )
- Ambon-eyed bird ( Zosterops kuehni )
- Kulalbrillenvogel ( Zosterops kulalensis )
- Kulambangrabrillenvogel ( Zosterops kulambangrae )
- Sanford bird ( Zosterops lacertosus )
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Gray-coated goggle bird ( Zosterops lateralis )
- Lord Howe gray- coated goggle bird ( Zosterops lateralis tephropleurus )
- Silberbrillenvogel ( Zosteorops leucophaeus )
- Black-eyed bird ( Zosterops lugubris )
- Gizobrill ( Zosterops luteirostris )
- Mangrove goggle bird ( Zosterops luteus )
- Madagascar goggle bird ( Zosterops maderaspatanus )
- Mauritius gray-rimmed bird ( Zosterops mauritianus )
- Yolk-breasted spectacled bird ( Zosterops mayottensis )
- Zosterops mbulensis
- Tagula-eyed bird ( Zosterops meeki )
- Cameroon goggle bird ( Zosterops melanocephalus )
- Zosterops melanurus
- Golden-throated spectacled bird ( Zosterops metcalfii )
- Luzon-eyed bird ( Zosterops meyeni )
- New Guinea Spectacle Bird ( Zosterops minor )
- Ant- spectacle bird ( Zosterops minutus )
- Mahé spectacled bird ( Zosterops modestus )
- Mountain Spectacle Bird ( Zosterops montanus )
- Karthalabrillenvogel ( Zosterops mouroniensis )
- Murphy-eyed bird ( Zosterops murphyi )
- Biak-eyed bird ( Zosterops mysorensis )
- White-fronted spectacle bird ( Zosterops natalis )
- Sangihe spectacle bird ( Zosterops nehrkorni )
- Philippine Spectacled Bird ( Zosterops nigrorum )
- Papuan eyed bird ( Zosterops novaeguineae )
- Yap-eyed bird ( Zosterops oleagineus )
- Réunion spectacled bird ( Zosterops olivaceus )
- Oranjebrillenvogel ( Zosterops pallidus )
- Ganges-Spectacled Bird ( Zosterops palpebrosus )
- Heuglin's spectacled bird ( Zosterops poliogastrus )
- Pohnpeibrillenvogel ( Zosterops ponapensis )
- Kosraebrillenvogel ( Zosteropos cinereus )
- Gray-throated spectacled bird ( Zosterops rendovae )
- Rennellbrillenvogel ( Zosterops rennellianus )
- Rota-eyed bird ( Zosterops rotensis )
- Salvadori Spectacled Bird ( Zosterops salvadorii )
- Samoan Spectacled Bird ( Zosterops samoensis )
- Monochrome spectacled bird ( Zosterops santaecrucis )
- Saypan-Spectacled Bird ( Zosterops saypani )
- Marianne goggles bird ( Zosterops semiflavus ) †
- Semper's spectacle bird ( Zosterops semperi )
- Senegalese goggle bird ( Zosterops senegalensis )
- Taita spectacled bird ( Zosterops silvanus )
- Togian spectacled bird ( Zosterops somadikartai )
- Ranonggabrillenvogel ( Zosterops splendidus )
- Seram-eyed bird ( Zosterops stalkeri )
- Lord Howe spectacle bird ( Zosterops strictuus ) †
- Malaitabrillenvogel ( Zosterops stresemanni )
- Woodford bird ( Zosterops superciliosus )
- Thin-billed spectacled bird ( Zosterops tenuirostris )
- Tualbrillenvogel ( Zosterops uropygialis )
- Pemba-eyed bird ( Zosterops vaughani )
- Banded goggle bird ( Zosterops vellalavella )
- Cap-eyed bird ( Zosterops virens )
- Parebird ( Zosterops winifredae )
- Waldbrillenvogel ( Zosterops xanthochroa )
† = extinct taxon
literature
- GF Mees: A systematic review of the IndoAustralian Zosteropidae, Part I. In: Zoologische Verhandelingen. 35, 1957, pp. 1-204.
- GF Mees: A systematic review of the IndoAustralian Zosteropidae, Part II. In: Zoologische Verhandelingen. 50, 1961, pp. 1-168.
- GF Mees: A systematic review of the IndoAustralian Zosteropidae, Part III. In: Zoologische Verhandelingen. 102, 1969, pp. 1-390.
- HD Pratt, PL Bruner & DG Berrett: A field guide to the birds of Hawaii and the tropical Pacific. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 1987.
- Beth Slikas , Isaac B. Jones, Scott R. Derrickson & Robert C. Fleischer : Phylogenetic relationships of Micronesian white-eyes based on mitochondrial sequence data. In: The Auk. April 2000, pp. 355-365.
- Jønsson, Knud A. & Fjeldså, Jon (2006): A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri). In: Zoologica Scripta. 35 (2), doi : 10.1111 / j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x pp. 149-186.
- J. Del Hoyo, A. Elliot, and D. Christie (Eds.): Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 13: Penduline-Tits to Shrikes. Lynx Edicions, 2008, ISBN 9788496553453 .