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{{United States Army}}
{{Infobox Settlement
The '''United States Army''' is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities ... in support of the National Security and Defense Strategies."<ref>http://www.army.mil/APS/05/index.html</ref>
|official_name = McLean, Virginia
|settlement_type = [[Census-designated place|CDP]]
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<!-- Images -->
It is the largest and oldest established branch of the [[Military of the United States|armed forces]] of the [[United States]] and is one of seven [[Uniformed services of the United States|uniformed services]]. Like all [[Army|armies]], it has the primary responsibility for land-based [[military]] operations. The modern Army has its roots in the [[Continental Army]] which was formed on June 14, 1775, before the establishment of the [[United States]], to meet the demands of the [[American Revolutionary War]]. [[Congress of the Confederation|Congress]] created the United States Army on June 14, 1784 after the end of the war to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The Army considers itself to be descended from the Continental Army, and thus dates its inception from the origins of that force.<ref>United States Army, [http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/faq/birth.htm June 14th: The Birthday of the U.S. Army]</ref>
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Control and operation of the Army is administered by the [[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]], one of the three [[service departments]] of the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]. The civilian head is the [[United States Secretary of the Army|Secretary of the Army]] and the highest ranking military officer in the department is the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of Staff]], unless the [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] or [[Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] are Army officers. As of July 31, 2008, the [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]] reported a strength of 538,128 soldiers.<ref>http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/ms1.pdf DoD PERSONNEL & PROCUREMENT STATISTICS, retrieved 2007-10-31</ref> The [[Army National Guard]] (ARNG) reported 350,000 and the [[United States Army Reserve]] (USAR) reported 189,000, putting the approximate combined component strength total around 1,077,000 soldiers.<ref>[http://www.armyg1.army.mil/hr/docs/demographics/FY06%20Tri-Fold%20without%20the%20Education%20Chart.pdf Army FY2008 Demographics brochure]</ref>
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<!-- Maps -->
==Structure==
|image_map = VAMap-doton-McLean.PNG
The United States Army is made up of three components: the active component, the [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]]; and two reserve components, the [[Army National Guard]] and the [[United States Army Reserve|Army Reserve]]. Both reserve components are primarily composed of part-time soldiers who train once a month, known as [[Battle Assembly]] or Unit Training Assemblies (UTAs), and conduct two to three weeks of annual training each year. Both the Regular Army and the Army Reserve are organized under [[Title 10 of the United States Code|Title 10]] of the [[United States Code]], while the National Guard is organized under [[Title 32 of the United States Code|Title 32]]. While the [[Army National Guard]] is organized, trained and equipped as a component of the U.S. Army, when it is not in federal service it is under the command of individual state's governors. However the [[United States National Guard|National Guard]] can be federalized by presidential order and against the governor's wishes.<ref> Perpich v. Department of Defense, 496 U.S. 334 (1990)</ref>
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|map_caption = Location of McLean, Virginia.
|image_map1 = McLeanCDPmap.gif
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|map_caption1 = Boundaries of the McLean CDP as of 2003


<!-- Location -->
[[Image:HHCUSASSI.gif|left|thumb|[[Headquarters and Headquarters Company|HHC]], U.S. Army Shoulder Sleeve Insignia]]
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The U.S. Army is led by a civilian [[United States Secretary of the Army|Secretary of the Army]], who reports to the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], and serves as civilian oversight for the [[U.S. Army Chief of Staff]]. The U.S. Army Chief of Staff is a member of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], a body composed of the service chiefs from each service who advise the [[President of the United States|President]] and Secretary of Defense on military matters under the guidance of the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
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|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Virginia]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Virginia|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax]]


<!-- Government -->
In 1986, the [[Goldwater-Nichols Act]] mandated that operational control of the services follows a chain of command from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the [[Unified Combatant Command]]ers, who have control of all armed forces units in their geographic or function area of responsibility. Thus, the Chief of Staff of each service only has the responsibility to organize, train and equip their respective service component. The services provide trained forces to the Combatant Commanders for use as they see fit.
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<!-- Area -->
The Army is currently undergoing a period of transformation, which is expected to be finished in 2013. When it is finished, there will be six geographical commands which will line up with the five geographical Unified Combatant Commands (COCOM).
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* [[Third United States Army|United States Army Central]] headquartered at [[Fort McPherson, Georgia|Fort McPherson]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|area_total_km2 = 47.9
* [[Fifth United States Army|United States Army North]] headquartered at [[Fort Sam Houston]], [[Texas]]
|area_land_km2 = 47.9
* [[United States Army South]] headquartered at Fort Sam Houston, Texas
|area_water_km2 = 0.0
* [[Seventh United States Army|United States Army Europe]] headquartered at [[Campbell Barracks]], [[Heidelberg]], [[Germany]]
|area_total_sq_mi = 18.5
* [[United States Army Pacific Command|United States Army Pacific]] headquartered at [[Fort Shafter]], [[Hawaii]] (eventually to be merged with the [[Eighth Army (United States)|Eighth Army]]).
|area_land_sq_mi = 18.5
* [[United States Africa Command|United States Army Africa]] headquarted at [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]]
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.0


<!-- Population -->
Each command will receive a numbered army as operational command, except in the case of U.S. Army Pacific, which will not receive one but will have a numbered army for U.S. Army forces in [[South Korea]].
|population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2000|2000]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 38929
|population_density_km2 = 812.7
|population_density_sq_mi = 2104.9


<!-- General information -->
As part of the same transformation plan, the U.S. Army is currently undergoing a transition from being a [[Division (military)|division]]-based force to a [[brigade]]-based force. When finished, the active army will have increased its number of combat brigades from 33 to 48, and increases of a similar scale will have taken place in the National Guard and Reserve forces. Division lineage will be retained, but the divisional HQs will be able to command any brigades, not just brigades that carry their divisional lineage. The central part of this plan is that each brigade will be modular, i.e., all brigades of the same type will be exactly the same, and thus any brigade can be commanded by any division. There will be three major types of ground combat brigades:
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|elevation_m = 87
|elevation_ft = 285
|latd = 38 |latm = 55 |lats = 42 |latNS = N
|longd = 77 |longm = 10 |longs = 31 |longEW = W


<!-- Area/postal codes & others -->
*'''Heavy''' brigades will have about 3,700 troops and be equivalent to a [[mechanized infantry]] or [[tank]] brigade.
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*'''Infantry''' brigades will have around 3,300 troops and be equivalent to a light infantry or airborne brigade.
|postal_code = 22101, 22102, 22103, 22106
*'''Stryker''' brigades will have around 3,900 troops and be based around the [[Stryker (vehicle)| Stryker]] family of vehicles.
|area_code = [[Area code 703|703]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 51-48376{{GR|2}}
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'''McLean''' (pronounced "mick-CLANE" <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A63788-2004Sep30.html |title= New in Town, Stranger? |work= Local Pronunciations |date= 2008 |accessdate= 2008-07-17}}</ref>) is an [[unincorporated community]] located in [[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax County]] in [[Northern Virginia]]. Recognized by the [[United States Census Bureau]] as a [[Census-designated place]] (CDP), the community had a total population of 38,929 as of the [[United States 2000 census|2000 census]].


The heavily populated community of McLean is located between the George Washington Parkway and the town of [[Vienna, Virginia|Vienna]], and is known for its many upscale homes, as well as its shopping and upscale malls, including the nearby [[Tysons Corner Center]] and the [[Tysons Galleria]]. The [[George Washington Memorial Parkway]], the [[Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway)|Capital Beltway]], [[Interstate 66 (Virginia)|Interstate 66]], [[State Route 267 (Virginia)|State Route 267]] ([[Dulles Airport Access Road]]), [[State Route 123 (Virginia)|State Route 123]] ([[Dolley Madison Boulevard]]), [[State Route 193 (Virginia)|State Route 193]] ([[Georgetown Pike]]), [[Old Dominion Drive]], and [[Chain Bridge Road]] all run through McLean.
In addition, there will be combat support and service support modular brigades. Combat support brigades include '''Aviation''' brigades, which will come in heavy and light varieties, and '''Fires''' (artillery) brigades. Combat service support brigades include '''Sustainment''' brigades and come in several varieties and serve the standard support role in an army.


McLean is home to many diplomats, members of Congress and high-ranking federal government officials, entrepreneurs and service businesses partially attributable to the close location to [[Washington, D.C.]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. It is also the location of [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]], the former home of [[Ethel Kennedy]], the widow of [[Robert F. Kennedy]].
{{main|Transformation of the United States Army}}


Several major companies are headquartered in McLean including [[Freddie Mac]], [[Cardinal bank|Cardinal Bank]], [[Mars, Incorporated|Mars]], [[Capital One]], [[Sunrise Senior Living]], [[Gannett]], [[NVR]], [[Bearingpoint]], and [[Booz Allen Hamilton]].
Most U.S. Army units can be operationally divided into the following components from largest to smallest:
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:FlagArmies.gif|right|thumb|[[First United States Army]] insignia]] -->
*[[Corps]]: Formerly consisting of two or more divisions and organic support brigades, they are now termed an "operational unit of employment," that may command a flexible number of modular units. Usually commanded by a [[Lieutenant General (United States)|Lieutenant General]]. 20,000-45,000 soldiers.
*[[Division (military)|Division]]: Formerly consisted of three maneuver brigades, an artillery brigade, a division support command, an aviation brigade, an engineer brigade (in heavy divisions only) and other support assets. Until the [[Brigade Combat Team]] program was developed, the division was the smallest self-sufficient level of organization in the U.S. Army. Current divisions are "tactical units of employment," and may command a flexible number of modular units, but generally will include four brigade combat teams and a combat aviation brigade. Usually commanded by a [[Major General#United States|Major General]]. 10,000-15,000 soldiers.
*[[Regiment]]: The Army, for the most part is no longer organized by Regiments. Rather, Battalions and Squadrons maintain Regimental Affiliations in that they are called (for example), 1st Battalion, 8th Infantry (Regiment is implied) and is written 1-8 Inf. In this case, there is no Regimental Commander and the Battalion is organized as part of a Brigade for combat. The exceptions are those units, such as Armored Cavalry Regiments which remain organized, and fight, as a Regiment and have a Regimental Commander. The written designation is easy to distinguish and commonly misused. A "/" separates levels of command. 1st Squadron, 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment is written 1/3 ACR whereas the 1st Battalion, 6th Field Artillery (again, Regiment is implied) is written 1-6 FA.
*[[Brigade]] (or group): Composed of two or more battalions, and usually commanded by a [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]], supported by a staff in a [[Headquarters and Headquarters Company]]. Since the Brigade Unit of Action program was initiated, maneuver brigades have transformed into brigade combat teams, generally consisting of two maneuver battalions, a cavalry squadron, a fires battalion, a special troops battalion (with engineers, signals, and military intelligence), and a support battalion. Stryker Brigade Combat Teams have a somewhat larger structure. 3,000-5,000 soldiers.
*[[Battalion]] (or Cavalry [[Squadron]]): Normally composed of two to five (occasionally as many as eight) companies, troops or batteries and led by a [[Battalion/Squadron Commander]], usually a [[Lieutenant Colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] supported by a staff in a [[Headquarters and Headquarters Company/Battery]]. 300-1000 soldiers.
*[[Company (military unit)|Company]] (or [[artillery battery]]/cavalry troop): Designated A thru C (plus HQ or support companies/batteries/troops) when in a 3 company/battery battalion or A thru D when organized in a 4 company/battery battalion. Regimental Troops are designated A thru T, depending on the number of Troops. The Troops are then divided into their like Squadrons. Each company/battery/troop is composed of three to four platoons and led by a [[Company/Battery/Troop Commander]], usually a [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] supported by a [[First Sergeant#United States|First Sergeant]]. 62-190 soldiers.
*[[Platoon]]: Composed of two or more squads and led by a [[Platoon leader|Platoon Leader]], usually a [[Second Lieutenant#United States|Second Lieutenant]] supported by a [[platoon sergeant]] ([[Sergeant First Class]]). 32 soldiers.
*[[Section (military unit)|Section]]: Usually directed by a [[Staff Sergeant#United States|Staff Sergeant]] who supplies guidance for junior NCO Squad leaders. Often used in conjunction with platoons at the company level.
*[[Squad]]: Composed of two teams and is typically led by a [[Staff Sergeant#United States|Staff Sergeant]]. 9-10 soldiers.
*Team: The smallest unit. A [[fireteam]] consists of a team leader (usually a [[Sergeant]], but may be as low as a PFC in rare cases), a rifleman, a grenadier, and an automatic rifleman. A [[sniper team]] consists of a [[sniper]] who takes the shot and a spotter who assists in targeting. 2-4 soldiers.

===Army components===
[[Image:American World War II senior military officials, 1945.JPEG|thumb|left|U.S. Generals, World War II, Europe: <br />back row (left to right): [[Ralph Francis Stearley|Stearley]], [[Hoyt Vandenberg|Vandenberg]], [[Walter Bedell Smith|Smith]], [[Otto P. Weyland|Weyland]], [[Richard E. Nugent|Nugent]]; <br />front row: [[William Hood Simpson|Simpson]], [[George S. Patton|Patton]], [[Carl Andrew Spaatz|Spaatz]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]], [[Omar Bradley|Bradley]], [[Courtney Hodges|Hodges]], [[Leonard T. Gerow|Gerow]].]]

During [[World War I|The First World War]], the "[[National Army (USA)|National Army]]" was organized to fight the conflict.<ref name="autogenerated3">http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/mi/ch2.htm</ref> It was demobilized at the end of [[World War I]], and was replaced by the Regular Army, the Organized Reserve Corps, and the State Militias. In the 1920s and 1930s, the "career" soldiers were known as the "[[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]]" with the "Enlisted Reserve Corps" and "Officer Reserve Corps" augmented to fill vacancies when needed.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.defencetalk.com/news/publish/army/Army_Reserve_Marks_First_100_Years110015618.php Army Reserve Marks First 100 Years : Land Forces : Defense News Air Force]</ref>

In 1941, the "[[Army of the United States]]" was founded to fight the Second World War. The Regular Army, Army of the United States, the National Guard, and Officer/Enlisted Reserve Corps (ORC and ERC) existed simultaneously. After World War II, the ORC and ERC were combined into the [[United States Army Reserve]]. The Army of the United States was re-established for the [[Korean War]] and [[Vietnam War]] and was demobilized upon the suspension of the [[Conscription in the United States|Draft]].<ref name="autogenerated1" />
Currently, the Army is divided into the [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]], the [[Army Reserve]], and the [[United States National Guard]].<ref name="autogenerated3" /> Prior to 1903 members of the National Guard were considered state soldiers unless federalized by the President. Since the [[Militia Act of 1903]] all National Guard soldiers have held dual status: as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state and as a reserve of the U.S. Army under the authority of the President.
Since the adoption of the [[total force policy]], in the aftermath of the [[Vietnam War]], reserve component soldiers have taken a more active role in U.S. military operations. Reserve and Guard units took part in the [[Gulf War]], peacekeeping in [[Kosovo]], and the 2003 [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion]] of [[Iraq]].
Various [[State Defense Forces]] also exist, sometimes known as State Militias, which are sponsored by individual state governments and serve as an auxiliary to the National Guard. Except in times of extreme national emergency, such as a mainland [[invasion]] of the United States, State Militias are operated independently from the U.S. Army and are seen as state government agencies rather than a component of the military.

Although the present-day Army exists as an all volunteer force, augmented by Reserve and National Guard forces, measures exist for emergency expansion in the event of a catastrophic occurrence, such as a large scale attack against the U.S. or the outbreak of a [[World War III|major global war]].

The final stage of Army mobilization, known as "activation of the unorganized militia" would effectively place all able bodied males in the service of the U.S. Army. The last time an approximation of this occurred was during the [[American Civil War]] when the [[Confederate States of America]] activated the "Home Guard" in 1865, drafting all males, regardless of age or health, into the [[Confederate Army]].

==Force Structure and Unit History Branch==
'''Force Structure Support'''
* Select TOE units for activation/retention, and release Historic Unit Identification Codes
* Determine official Army unit designations
* Maintain the official rolls of the Army Document unit status changes and update HQDA databases
* Maintain historical information on Army Structure
* Issue directives on behalf of the Secretary of the Army authorizing changes in the status of units
* Assist Army TOE and force developers

'''Organizational History'''
* Provide unit historical reference support on Army TOE units to the Army Staff, White House, Congress and other Federal Agencies
* Determine the Lineage and Honors for active TOE Army units
* Certifiy unit entitlements to organizational property, awards and campaign streamers
* Provide input for HQDA review of recommendations for unit awards and campaign participation credit
* Approve requests for official recognition of unit days and Special Designations
* Maintain accountability for retired unit organizational history files

The functions of these two programs overlap in the preparation and publication of the Army Lineage Series.
For the hierarchy of land forces organizations, see [[military organization]].

==Combat maneuver organizations==
The U.S. Army currently consists of 10 divisions as well as several independent units. The force is in the process of growth, with four additional brigades scheduled to activate by 2013, with a total increase of 74,200 soldiers from January 2007. Each division will have four ground maneuver brigades, and will also include at least one aviation brigade as well as a fires brigade and a service support brigade. Additional brigades can be assigned or attached to a division headquarters based on its mission.

[[Image:First Calv US Army 07 Rose Parade.jpg|thumb|right|1st Cavalry Division Fort Hood TX at the 2007 Rose Parade]]
* [[Image:US 1ADSSI.PNG|20px]] '''[[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]]''', headquartered at [[Fort Bliss, Texas]]
**Four Heavy brigades at Fort Bliss.

* [[Image:1 Cav Shoulder Insignia.svg|20px]] '''[[1st Cavalry Division (United States)|1st Cavalry Division]]''', headquartered at [[Fort Hood, Texas]]
**Four Heavy brigades at Fort Hood.

* [[Image:1st US Infantry Division.svg|20px]] '''[[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]]''', headquartered at [[Fort Riley, Kansas]]
**Two Heavy brigades and one Infantry brigade at Fort Riley, and one Heavy Brigade at [[Fort Knox, Kentucky]].

* [[Image:2 Infantry Div SSI.svg|20px]] '''[[2nd Infantry Division (United States)|2nd Infantry Division]]''', headquartered at [[Camp Red Cloud]], [[South Korea]]
**One Heavy brigade at [[Camp Casey, South Korea]], and three Stryker Brigade Combat Teams (SBCTs) at [[Fort Lewis, Washington]].

* [[Image:3 Infantry Div SSI.svg|20px]] '''[[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Infantry Division]]''', headquartered at [[Fort Stewart, Georgia]]
**Three Heavy brigades at [[Fort Stewart, Georgia]] and one Heavy brigade at [[Fort Benning, Georgia]].

* [[Image:4 Infantry Division SSI.svg|20px]] '''[[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]]''', headquartered at [[Fort Carson, Colorado]]
**One Heavy brigade at Fort Hood and three Heavy brigades at [[Fort Carson]], [[Colorado]].

* [[Image:10th Mountain Division SSI.svg|20px]] '''[[10th Mountain Division (United States)|10th Mountain Division]]''', headquartered at [[Fort Drum, New York]]
**Three Infantry brigades at Fort Drum and one Infantry brigade at [[Fort Polk|Fort Polk, Louisiana]].

* [[Image:25th Infantry Division SSI.svg|20px]] '''[[25th Infantry Division (United States)|25th Infantry Division]]''', headquartered at [[Schofield Barracks, Hawaii]]
**Two brigades at Schofield Barracks (one Infantry and one Stryker), one Stryker brigade at [[Fort Wainwright, Alaska]], and one Airborne brigade at [[Fort Richardson, Alaska]].

* [[Image:82 ABD SSI.svg|20px]] '''[[82nd Airborne Division (United States)|82nd Airborne Division]]''', headquartered at [[Fort Bragg, North Carolina]]
**Four Airborne brigades at Fort Bragg.

* [[Image:US 101st Airborne Division patch.svg|20px]] '''[[101st Airborne Division]]''', headquartered at [[Fort Campbell, Kentucky]]
**Four Infantry brigades at Fort Campbell.

* [[Image:172InfantryBdeSSI.PNG|20px]] '''[[172nd Infantry Brigade (United States)|172nd Infantry Brigade (Mechanized)]]''', headquartered at [[Schweinfurt|Schweinfurt, Germany]]

* [[Image:173Airborne Brigade Shoulder Patch.png|20px]] '''[[173rd Airborne Brigade (United States)|173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team]]''', headquartered at [[Vicenza, Italy]]

* [[Image:US 2nd Cavalry Regiment SSI.jpg|20px]] '''[[2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)|2nd Cavalry Regiment]]''' ''(Stryker Brigade Combat Team)'', headquartered at Vilseck, Germany

* [[Image:3dACRSSI.PNG|20px]] '''[[3d Armored Cavalry Regiment (United States)|3d Armored Cavalry Regiment]]''', headquartered at [[Fort Hood, Texas]]

* [[Image:11th Armored Cavalry Regiment SSI.gif|20px]] '''[[11th Armored Cavalry Regiment (United States)|11th Armored Cavalry Regiment]]''', headquartered at [[Fort Irwin, California]], serves as the Opposing Force ([[OPFOR]]) at the [[National Training Center]] (NTC).

* '''[[170th Infantry Brigade (United States)|170th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized)]]''', scheduled for activation in September 2010.


==History==
==History==
{{main|Military history of the United States}}
===1700s===
The [[Continental Army]] was created on June 14, 1775 by the [[Continental Congress]] as a unified army for the states to fight [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], with [[George Washington]] appointed as its commander. George Washington made use of the [[Fabian strategy]] and used hit-and-run tactics, hitting where the enemy was weakest, to wear down the British forces and their [[Hessian (soldiers)|Hessian]] mercenary allies. Washington led victories against the British at [[Battle of Trenton|Trenton]] and [[Battle of Princeton|Princeton]], then turned south. With a decisive victory at [[siege of Yorktown|Yorktown]], and the help of [[Early Modern France|French]], [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Dutch Republic|the Dutch]], the Continental Army prevailed against the British, and with the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]], the independence of the United States was acknowledged.

After the war, though, the Continental Army was quickly disbanded as part of the Americans' distrust of standing armies, and irregular state militias became the new nation's sole ground army, with the exception of one battery of artillery guarding West Point's arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], it was soon realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The first of these, the [[Legion of the United States]], was established in 1791.

===1800s===

The [[War of 1812]] (1812-1815), the second and last American war against the British, was less successful than the Revolution had been. An invasion of [[Canada]] failed, and U.S. troops were unable to stop the British from [[Burning of Washington|burning the new capital of Washington, D.C.]]. However, the Regular Army, under Generals [[Winfield Scott]] and [[Jacob Brown]], proved they were professional and capable of defeating a British army in the [[Niagara campaign|Niagara Campaign]] of 1814. Two weeks after a treaty was signed, though, [[Andrew Jackson]] defeated the [[Battle of New Orleans|British invasion of New Orleans]]. However this had little effect, as per the treaty both sides returned to the [[status quo]].

Between 1815 and 1860, a spirit of [[Manifest Destiny]] struck the United States, and as settlers moved west the U.S. Army engaged in a long series of skirmishes and battles with American Indians the colonists uprooted. The U.S. Army also fought the short [[Mexican–American War]], which was a victory for the United States and resulted in territory which became all or parts of the states of [[California]], [[Nevada]], [[Utah]], [[Colorado]], [[Arizona]], [[Wyoming]] and [[New Mexico]].

The [[American Civil War|Civil War]] (1861-1865) was the most costly war for the United States. After most states in the South [[secession|seceded]] to form the [[Confederate States of America]], CSA troops opened fire on the U.S. fort [[Fort Sumter]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], starting the war. For the first two years Confederate forces solidly defeated the U.S. Army, but after the decisive battles of [[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]] in the East and [[Siege of Vicksburg|Vicksburg]] in the West, combined with superior industrial might and numbers, Union troops fought a brutal campaign through Confederate territory and the war ended with a Confederate surrender at [[Appomatox Courthouse]] in April 1865. Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all [[white American|white]] males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and an extraordinary 18% in the South.<ref>[http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/050155.html The Deadliest War]</ref>

Following the Civil War, the U.S. Army fought a long battle with [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]], who resisted U.S. expansion into the center of the continent. But by the 1890s the U.S. saw itself as a potential player internationally. U.S. victories in the [[Spanish-American War]] (1898) and the controversial and less well known [[Philippine-American War]] (1898-1913), as well as U.S. intervention in [[Latin America]] and the [[Boxer Rebellion]], gained America more land and international prestige.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}

===1900s===
The United States joined [[World War I]] (1914-1918) in 1917 on the side of Russia, Britain and France. U.S. troops were sent to the front and were involved in the push that finally broke through the German lines. With victory on November 11, 1918, the Army once again decreased its forces.

The U.S. joined [[World War II]] after the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] in December 1941. On the [[European Theatre of World War II|European front]], U.S. Army troops made up large portions of the forces that captured [[North Africa]], [[Sicily]], and [[Italy]]. On [[D-Day]] and in the subsequent liberation of Europe and defeat of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the millions of U.S. Army troops played a central role. In the Pacific, Army soldiers participated alongside U.S. Marines in the "[[island hopping]]" campaign that wrested the [[Pacific Islands|Pacific islands]] from Japanese control. Following the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] surrenders in May and September of 1945, Army troops were deployed to Japan and Germany to occupy the two nations. Two years after World War II, the [[Army Air Forces]] separated from the Army to become the [[United States Air Force]] on September 18, 1947 after decades of attempting to separate.

[[Image:Warkorea American Soldiers.jpg|thumb|right|Korea. Soldiers of the 2nd Infantry Division man a machine gun.]]

However, the end of World War II set the stage for the West-East confrontation known as the [[Cold War]] (late 1940s to late 1980s/early 1990s). Hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops remained stationed in [[West Germany]] and across Europe until the 1990s in anticipation of Soviet attack.

During the Cold War, American troops and their allies fought [[communism|Communist]] forces in [[Korea]] and [[Vietnam]]. (See [[Domino Theory]].) The [[Korean War]] began in 1950. Under a [[United Nations]] umbrella, hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops fought to prevent the takeover of [[South Korea]] by [[North Korea]], and later, to invade the northern nation. After repeated advances and retreats by both sides, and the [[Peoples' Republic of China|Peoples' Republic of China's]] entry into the war, a cease-fire returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953.

[[Image:DakToVietnam1966.jpg|thumb|left|Dak To, South Vietnam. An infantry patrol moves up to assault the last Viet Cong position after an attempted overrun of the artillery position by the Viet Cong during Operation Hawthorne.]]

The [[Vietnam War]] is often regarded as a low point in the Army's record. While American forces had been stationed in the [[South Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam]] since 1959, they did not deploy in large numbers until 1965, after the [[Gulf of Tonkin Incident]]. American forces struggled to counter the [[guerrilla war|guerrilla]] tactics of the communist [[National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam|Viet Cong]] and the [[Vietnam People's Army|North Vietnamese Army]] until 1973, when domestic political opposition to the war finally forced a US withdrawal. Two years later, the country was unified under a communist government.

The 1980s was mostly a decade of reorganization. The Army converted to an all-volunteer force with greater emphasis on training and technology. The [[Goldwater-Nichols Act]] of 1986 created [[Unified Combatant Command]]s bringing the Army together with the other four [[United States military|U.S. Armed Forces]] under unified, geographically organized command structures. The Army also played a role in the invasions of [[Grenada]] in 1983 ([[Invasion of Grenada|Operation Urgent Fury]]) and [[Panama]] in 1989 ([[Operation Just Cause]]).

By 1991 [[German reunification|Germany was reunited]] and the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)|Soviet Union was near collapse]]. The Cold War was, effectively, over. In 1990 [[Iraq]] [[Invasion of Kuwait|invaded]] its smaller neighbor, [[Kuwait]]. In January 1991 [[Operation Desert Storm]] commenced, a U.S.-led coalition which deployed over 500,000 troops, the bulk of them from U.S. Army formations, to [[Gulf War|drive out Iraqi forces]]. The campaign ended in total victory for the Army, as western coalition forces routed an [[Military of Iraq|Iraqi Army]] organized along Soviet lines in just one hundred hours.

After [[Desert Storm]], the Army did not see major combat operations for the remainder of the 1990s. Army units did participate in a number of peacekeeping activities, such as the [[History of Somalia#Somali Civil War|UN peacekeeping mission]] in [[Somalia]] in 1993, where the abortive [[Operation Gothic Serpent]] led to the deaths of eighteen American soldiers and the withdrawal of international forces. The Army also contributed troops to a [[Operation Deliberate Force|NATO peacekeeping force]] in former [[Yugoslavia]] in the middle of the decade.

===21st century===
[[Image:army.mil-2007-03-21-084518.jpg|thumb|right|U.S. soldiers take cover during a [[firefight]] with insurgents in the Al Doura section of [[Baghdad]] March 7, 2007]]

After the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]] and as part of the [[War on Terrorism|Global War on Terror]], U.S. and NATO [[combined arms]] (i.e., Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine, Special Operations) forces invaded [[Afghanistan]] in 2001, replacing the [[Taliban]] government.

U.S. and allied forces [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invaded]] [[Iraq]] in 2003. Elements of the U.S. Army, British Army, U.S. Marine Corps, and other land forces, as well as air and naval components, defeated the regular military of [[Saddam Hussein]].<!--I don't disagree, but be specific and sourced, and remember this article is about the U.S. army, not the U.S. or coalition as a whole. his military lacking training and inadequately equipped, most soldiers poorly paid and unmotivated.-->

In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to [[counterinsurgency]]. with large numbers of [[suicide attack|suicide bomb]] attacks, and the loss of over 4,000 U.S. servicemen (as of March 2008) and thousands more injured.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/iraq_casualties.htm/ U.S. Casualties in Iraq<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The lack of stability in the theater of operations has led to longer deployments for Regular Army as well as Reserve and Guard troops.

==Rank structure==
{{main|Ranks and Insignia of NATO|United States Army enlisted rank insignia|United States Army officer rank insignia}}
These are the U.S. Army ranks and their equivalent NATO designations.
[[Commissioned Officers]]:<ref name="futuresoldiers">From the [http://www.futuresoldiers.com Future Soldiers] Web Site.</ref>
{{cquote|There are several paths to becoming a commissioned officer including Army ROTC, the [[United States Military Academy]] at West Point or the [[United States Merchant Marine Academy]] at Kings Point, and Officer Candidate School. Certain professionals, physicians, nurses, lawyers, and chaplains are commissioned directly into the Army. But no matter what road an officer takes, the insignia are the same.

The highest officer rank is the five-star general (General of the Army) and the lowest is the second lieutenant.

Address all personnel with the rank of general as "General (last name)" regardless of the number of stars. Likewise, address both colonels and lieutenant colonels as "Colonel (last name)" and first and second lieutenants as "Lieutenant (last name)." }}
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- align=center
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!'''US DoD Pay Grade'''
!Special¹
!O-10
!O-9
!O-8
!O-7
!O-6
!O-5
!O-4
!O-3
!O-2
!O-1
|- align=center
||Insignia
|| [[Image:US-O11 insignia.svg|90px]]
|| [[Image:US-O10 insignia.svg|135px]]
|| [[Image:US-O9 insignia.svg|100px]]
|| [[Image:US-O8 insignia.svg|65px]]
|| [[Image:US-O7 insignia.svg|35px]]
|| [[Image:US-O6 insignia.svg|70px]]
|| [[Image:US-O5 insignia.svg|60px]]
|| [[Image:US-O4 insignia.svg|60px]]
|| [[Image:US-O3 insignia.svg|60px]]
|| [[Image:US-OF1A.svg|22px]]
|| [[Image:US-OF1B.svg|22px]]
|- align=center
||Title
|| [[General of the Army (United States)|General of the Army]]
|| [[General (United States)|General]]
|| [[Lieutenant General (United States)|Lieutenant General]]
|| [[Major General (United States)|Major General]]
|| [[Brigadier General (United States)|Brigadier General]]
|| [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]]
|| [[Lieutenant Colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]]
|| [[Major (United States)|Major]]
|| [[Captain (United States)#U.S. Army, Air Force, and Marines|Captain]]
|| [[First Lieutenant#US Army, US Air Force, US Marine Corps|First Lieutenant]]
|| [[Second Lieutenant#United States of America|Second Lieutenant]]
|- align=center
||Abbreviation||GA||GEN||LTG||MG||BG||COL||LTC||MAJ||CPT||1LT||2LT
|- align=center
||NATO Code
||O-10
||O-10
||O-9
||O-8
||O-7
||O-6
||O-5
||O-4
||O-3
||O-2
|colspan="2"|O-1
|-
|colspan="12"|<small>¹ Awarded only in times of Congressionally declared war.</small>
|}
Warrant Officers:<ref name="futuresoldiers"/>
{{cquote
|Warrant Officers are single track, specialty officers with subject matter expertise in a particular area. They are initially appointed as warrant officers (in the rank of WO1) by the Secretary of the Army, but receive their commission upon promotion to Chief Warrant Officer Two (CW2).

Technically, warrant officers are to be addressed as "Mr. (last name)" or "Ms. (last name)." However, many personnel do not use those terms, but instead say "Sir", "Ma'am", or most commonly, "Chief".
}}

{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- align=center
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!'''US DoD Pay Grade'''||W-5||W-4||W-3||W-2||W-1
|- align=center
||Insignia
|| [[Image:US-Army-CW5.png|25px]]
|| [[Image:US-Army-CW4.png|25px]]
|| [[Image:US-Army-CW3.png|25px]]
|| [[Image:US-Army-CW2.png|25px]]
|| [[Image:US-Army-WO1.png|25px]]
|- align=center
||Title
|| [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|Chief Warrant Officer 5]]
|| [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|Chief Warrant Officer 4]]
|| [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|Chief Warrant Officer 3]]
|| [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|Chief Warrant Officer 2]]
|| [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|Warrant Officer 1]]
|- align=center
||Abbreviation||CW5||CW4||CW3||CW2||WO1
|- align=center
||NATO Code
||WO-5
||WO-4
||WO-3
||WO-2
|colspan="2"|WO-1
|}

Enlisted Personnel:<ref name="futuresoldiers"/>
{{cquote
|Sergeants are referred to as NCOs, short for noncommissioned officers. Corporals are also called "hard stripes", in recognition of their leadership position. This distinguishes them from specialists who might have the same pay grade, but not the leadership responsibilities.

Address privates (E1 and E2) and privates first class (E3) as "Private (last name)." Address specialists as "Specialist (last name)." Address sergeants, staff sergeants, sergeants first class, and master sergeants as "Sergeant (last name)." Address higher ranking sergeants by their full ranks in conjunction with their names.
}}
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!'''U.S. DoD Pay Grade'''||colspan=3|E-9||colspan=2|E-8||E-7||E-6||E-5||colspan=2|E-4||E-3||E-2||E-1
|- align=center
||Insignia
|| [[Image:US Army E-9 SMA.svg|50px]]
|| [[Image:US Army E-9 CSM.svg|50px]]
|| [[Image:US Army E-9 SGM.svg|50px]]
|| [[Image:US Army E-8 1SG.svg|50px]]
|| [[Image:US Army E-8 MSG.svg|50px]]
|| [[Image:US Army E-7.svg|50px]]
|| [[Image:US Army E-6.svg|50px]]
|| [[Image:US Army E-5.svg|50px]]
|| [[Image:US Army E-4.svg|50px]]
|| [[Image:US Army E-4 SPC.svg|50px]]
|| [[Image:US Army E-3.svg|50px]]
|| [[Image:US Army E-2.svg|50px]]
|| ''No Insignia''
|- align=center
||Title
||[[Sergeant Major of the Army]]
||[[Sergeant Major#United States Army|Command Sergeant Major]]
||[[Sergeant Major#United States Army|Sergeant Major]]
||[[First Sergeant#United States Army|First Sergeant]]
||[[Master Sergeant#United States|Master Sergeant]]
||[[Sergeant First Class]]
||[[Staff Sergeant#United States|Staff Sergeant]]
||[[Sergeant#U.S. Army|Sergeant]]
||[[Corporal#United States Army|Corporal]]
||[[Specialist (rank)|Specialist]]
||[[Private First Class#United States|Private First Class]]
||[[Private (rank)#United States|Private]]
||[[Private (rank)#United States|Private]]
|- align=center
|Abbreviation||SMA||CSM||SGM||1SG||MSG||SFC||SSG||SGT||CPL||SPC ²||PFC||PV2 ¹||PV1 ¹
|- align=center
|NATO Code||OR-9||OR-9||OR-9||OR-8||OR-8||OR-7||OR-6||OR-5||OR-4||OR-4||OR-3||OR-2||OR-1
|- align=left
| colspan="14" | ¹ <small>PVT is also used as an abbreviation for both Private ranks when pay grade need not be distinguished</small><br> ² <small>SP4 is sometimes encountered as an abbreviation for Specialist. This is a holdover from when there were additional specialist ranks at higher pay grades.</small>
|}

==Uniforms==
[[Image:Cpt. J. Dow Covey and Staff Sgt. Justin Evaristo 2nd Infantry Division, Iraq.jpg|thumb|Capt. J. Dow Covey and Staff Sgt. Justin Evaristo, both assigned to [[4th Stryker Brigade Combat Team]], [[2nd Infantry Division]], move around the corner of a building to secure its perimeter for the mobile [[civil-military operations center]] in [[Mushahidah]], [[Iraq]]]]
{{main|Uniforms of the United States Army}}
As of fiscal year '08, or 1 October 2007, the Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) and Desert Combat Uniform (DCU) have been phased out of normal wear in garrison and in combat zones by the Army. The BDU and DCU have been replaced with the [[Army Combat Uniform]] (ACU), which features a digital camouflage pattern and is designed for use in woodland, desert, and urban environments.

The Army plans to deploy the [[Future Force Warrior]] system starting in 2010, with upgrades in subsystems deployed every two years following. Designed as a fully integrated infantryman combat system, initial versions are to be simple in operation with basic electronics; final versions (2032) involve such technologies as a [[powered armor]] system and various nanotechnologies.

The standard garrison service uniform is known as "Army Greens" or "Class As" and has been worn by all officers and enlisted personnel since its introduction in 1956 when it replaced earlier [[olive drab]] (OD) and khaki (and tan worsted or TW) uniforms worn between the 1890s and 1985. The "Army Blue" uniform, dating back to the mid-19th century, is currently the Army's formal dress uniform, but in 2009, it will replace the Army Green and the Army White uniforms (a uniform similar to the Army Green uniform, but worn in tropical postings) and will become the "new" [[Army Service Uniform]], which will function as both a garrison uniform (when worn with a white shirt and necktie) and a dress uniform (when worn with a white shirt and either a necktie for parades or a bow tie for "after six" or "black tie" events). The beret, adopted Army-wide in 2001, will continue to be worn with the new ACU for garrison duty and with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions.

Body armor in all units is the [[Improved Outer Tactical Vest]].

==Equipment==
'''Individual weapons'''
[[Image:CSA-2006-01-12-095303 M249SAW.jpg|thumb|right|U.S. Army soldier with [[M249 SAW]] Para]]
{{main|List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces}}

The primary individual weapons of the Army are the [[M16 rifle|M16 series assault rifle]]<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m16.html M-16 Rifle], ''U.S. Army Fact Files''.</ref> and its compact variant, the [[M4 Carbine|M4 carbine]],<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m4.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> which is slowly replacing selected M16 series rifles in some units and is primarily used by infantry, [[United States Army Rangers|Ranger]], and [[United States Special Operations Forces|Special Operations forces]].<ref>[http://www.army.mil/-newsreleases/2007/03/29/2471-army-position--m4-carbine-is-soldiers-battlefield-weapon-of-choice/ Army position: M4 Carbine is Soldier's battlefield weapon of choice<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Optionally the [[M9 bayonet]] can be attached to either variant for close-quarters fighting.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/bayonet.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The 40 mm [[M203 grenade launcher]] can also be attached for additional firepower.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m203.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Soldiers whose duties require a more compact weapon, such as combat vehicle crew members, staff officers, and military police, are issued a sidearm in lieu of (or in addition to) a rifle. The most common sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm [[M9 Pistol|M9 pistol]]<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m9.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> which is issued to the majority of combat and support units. Other, less commonly issued sidearms include the [[SIG P226|M11]], used by Special Agents of the [[United States Army Criminal Investigation Division|CID]],<ref>[http://www.remtek.com/arms/sig/model/228/228.htm SIG SAUER P228<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www.wood.army.mil/MPBULLETIN/pdfs/April%2006/Miklos.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.wood.army.mil/qaosurvey/mp/eocq/asaceocq.htm</ref> and the [[MK23 Mod 0|MK23]], used by some Army Special Forces units.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/mk23.htm SOCOM Pistol Mk 23 Mod 0<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In addition to these basic rifles and sidearms, many combat units' arsenals are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the [[M249 Squad Automatic Weapon|M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW)]] light machine-gun, to provide suppressive fire at the fire-team level,<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m249.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> the [[Benelli M4 Super 90|M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun]] or the [[Mossberg 500#Model 500 vs. Model 590 vs. Model 590A1|Mossberg 590 Shotgun]] for [[door breaching]] and close-quarters combat, the [[M14 (rifle)|M14 Rifle]] for long-range marksmen, and the [[M82 Barrett rifle|M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle]], the [[M24 Sniper Weapon System]], or the [[M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System| M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle]] for snipers. [[Hand grenade]]s, such as the [[M67 grenade|M67 fragmentation grenade]] and [[Smoke grenade|M18 smoke grenade]], are also used by combat troops.


'''Crew-served weapon systems'''
[[Image:M120-mortarfired.JPG|thumb|right|[[M120 120 mm mortar]]]]
{{main|List of crew-served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces}}
The Army employs various crew-served weapons (so named because they are operated by two or more soldiers in order to transport items such as spare barrels, tripods, base plates, and extra ammunition) to provide heavy firepower at ranges exceeding that of individual weapons. The [[M240]] is the Army's standard medium general-purpose machine gun.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m240b.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The M240 (left-hand feed) and M240C (right-hand feed) variants are used as [[Coaxial weapon|coaxial]] machine guns on the [[M1 Abrams]] tank and the [[M2 Bradley]] IFV, respectively; the M240B is the infantry variant and can be fired from a bipod or tripod if carried by hand, or employed from a pintle mount atop a vehicle. The [[M2 Browning machine gun|M2 .50-caliber heavy machine gun]] has been in use since 1932 in a variety of roles, from infantry support to air defense. The M2 is also the primary weapon on most [[Stryker]] ACV variants and the secondary weapon system on the M1 Abrams tank. The [[Mk 19 grenade launcher|MK 19 40 mm grenade machine gun]] is mainly used by motorized units, such as Stryker Brigades, HMMWV-mounted cavalry scouts, and Military Police.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/mk193.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It is commonly employed in a complementary role to the M2.

The Army uses three types of [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] for indirect fire support when heavier artillery may not be appropriate or available. The smallest of these is the 60 mm [[M224 Mortar|M224]], normally assigned at the infantry company level.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/m224.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> At the next higher echelon, infantry battalions are typically supported by a section of 81 mm [[M252 Mortar|M252 mortars]].<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/m252.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The largest mortar in the Army's inventory is the 120 mm [[M120 120 mm mortar|M120/M121]], usually employed by mechanized battalions, Stryker units, and cavalry troops because its size and weight require it to be transported in a tracked carrier or towed behind a truck.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/m120.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


'''Vehicles'''
[[Image:Iraq-m1 abrams.jpg|thumb|right|[[M1A2 Abrams|M1A2 Abrams Main Battle Tank]]]]
[[Image:Pi111804a1.jpg|thumb|right|[[M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle]]]]
{{main|List of currently active United States military land vehicles}}
The U.S. Army spends a sizable portion of its military budget to maintain a diverse inventory of vehicles. The U.S. Army maintains the highest vehicle-to-soldier ratio in the world.

The Army's most common vehicle is the [[High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle|HMMWV]], which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier, weapons platform, and ambulance, among many other roles.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/wheeled/hmmwv.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The [[M1 Abrams|M1A2 Abrams]] is the Army's primary [[main battle tank]],<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/tracked/abrams.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> while the [[M2 Bradley|M2A3 Bradley]] is the standard [[infantry fighting vehicle]].<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/tracked/bradley.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Other vehicles include the [[M3 Bradley|M3A3 cavalry fighting vehicle]], the [[Stryker]],<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/wheeled/stryker.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and the [[M113 Armored Personnel Carrier|M113]] [[armored personnel carrier]].<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/tracked/m113.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


'''Artillery'''
{{main|List of crew-served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces#Artillery}}
The U.S. Army's principal [[artillery]] weapons are the [[M109 Paladin|M109A6 Paladin]] self-propelled howitzer<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/paladin.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and the [[MLRS|M270A1 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS)]],<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/mlrs.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> both mounted on tracked platforms and assigned to heavy mechanized units. Fire support for light infantry units is provided by towed howitzers, including the 105 mm [[M119 howitzer|M119A1]]<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/m119.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and the 155 mm [[M777 howitzer|M777]] (which will replace the [[M198 howitzer|M198]]).<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/lw155.htm M777 Lightweight 155 mm howitzer (LW155)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


'''Aircraft'''
[[Image:AH-64 Apache.jpg|thumb|right|[[AH-64 Apache|AH-64 Apache Helicopter]]]]
{{main|List of active United States military aircraft}}
While the U.S. Army operates a few fixed-wing aircraft, it mainly operates several types of rotary-wing aircraft. These include the [[AH-64 Apache]] [[attack helicopter]],<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/apache.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> the [[OH-58 Kiowa|OH-58D Kiowa Warrior]] armed reconnaissance/light attack helicopter,<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/kiowa.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> the [[UH-60 Black Hawk]] utility tactical transport helicopter,<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/blackhawk.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and the [[CH-47 Chinook]] heavy-lift transport helicopter.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/chinook.html U.S. Army Fact Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

The Army's [[160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)|160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment]], also known as the "Nightstalkers", operates the [[Hughes H-6|MH-6/AH-6]] small assault/attack helicopters, as well as highly-modified versions of the Black Hawk and Chinook, primarily in support of U.S. Army Special Operations Forces, but also those of the other U.S. armed forces.<ref>[http://www.soc.mil/160soar/soar_home.htm 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

==Training==
Training in the United States Army is generally divided into two categories - individual and collective.

Individual training for enlisted soldiers usually consists of 14 weeks for those who hope to hold the [[List of United States Army MOS|Military Occupational Specialty]] for infantryman, MOS 11B. Other combat MOSs consist of similar training length. Support and other MOS hopefuls attend nine weeks of [[United States Army Basic Training|Basic Combat Training]] followed by [[Advanced Individual Training]] in their primary (MOS) at any of the numerous MOS training facilities around the country. The length of time spent in AIT depends on the MOS of the soldier. Depending on the needs of the Army BCT is conducted at a number of locations, but two of the longest running are the Armor School at [[Fort Knox]], Kentucky and the [[United States Army Infantry School|Infantry School]] at [[Fort Benning]], Georgia. For officers this training includes pre-commissioning training either at [[West Point|USMA]], [[ROTC]], or [[Officer Candidate School (U.S. Army)|OCS]]. After commissioning, officers undergo six weeks of training at the [[Basic Officer Leaders Course]], Phase II at [[Ft. Benning]] or [[Ft. Sill]], followed by their branch specific training at the Basic Officer Leaders Course, Phase III (formerly called Officer Basic Course) which varies in time and location based on their future jobs.

Collective training takes place both at the unit's assigned station, but the most intensive collective training takes place at the three Combat Training Centers (CTC); the [[National Training Center]] (NTC) at [[Fort Irwin]], California, the [[Joint Readiness Training Center]] (JRTC) at [[Fort Polk]], Louisiana, and the [[Combined Maneuver Training Center]] (CMTC) at the [http://www.hohenfels.army.mil Hohenfels Training Area] in [[Hohenfels]], Germany.


The community received its name from [[John Roll McLean]], the former publisher and owner of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', who, with [[Stephen Benton Elkins]] and the bankroll of French aristocrat Jean-Pierre Guenard, built in 1906 the electrified [[Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad|Great Falls and Old Dominion Railway]] (later the [[Washington and Old Dominion Railroad|Washington and Old Dominion Railway]]), which connected the area with Washington, D.C. McLean named a station after himself where the rail line (travelling on the present route of Old Dominion Drive) crossed the old Chain Bridge Road. The community itself was founded in 1910, when the communities of Lewinsville and [[Langley, Virginia|Langley]] merged.
'''Six Sigma Training'''


== Geography ==
The largest business transformation attempted to date was by the United States Army and its 1.3 million employees. [[Six Sigma]] first found its way into the Army in 2002 in the Army Material Command division, which is responsible for purchasing virtually everything in the army, from cornmeal to [[aircraft]]. Efficiencies from Six Sigma achieved in this department, a few others, as well as an increasingly disproportional amount of demands compared to funds post [[9/11]], led to an army wide implementation of the program in late 2005.<ref name="autogenerated2">http://military.isixsigma.com/library/content/m071101a.asp</ref>
McLean is located at 38°55'42" North, 77°10'31" West (38.928344, -77.175351){{GR|1}}.


According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 18.5&nbsp;square miles (47.9&nbsp;km²). 18.5&nbsp;square miles (47.9&nbsp;km²) of it is land, and none of the area is covered with water.
After careful consideration, the army decided to implement the program the way the army does everything: centrally plan and de-centrally execute. Army [[generals]] and members of the [[government]] went behind closed doors for two days, learning their responsibilities of the implementation and the benefits they will achieve. Army employees with leadership roles were asked to define areas their departments were experiencing problems in as well as identify key personnel they felt were capable of learning Six Sigma. Eventually, the lowest ranking employees were asked to define the largest problems they faced on a day to day basis, and the answers were sent to the Army generals who, with the help of Six Sigma, strategically developed and proposed proper solutions.<ref name="autogenerated2" />


McLean lies to the west of [[Arlington County]], in [[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax County]] and is bordered by the [[Potomac River]] to the north.
Army employees were trained in Six Sigma through the use of experts. Since training began in June 2006, they have trained 1,240 Green Belts, 446 Black Belts, and 15 Master Black Belts; completed 1,069 projects; and managed to save nearly two billion dollars to date. The army realized such huge savings by implementing new, more efficient methods, eliminating waste as well as the elimination of non-value adding activities.<ref name="autogenerated2" />


The area is served by [[Virginia State Route 123]] (Chain Bridge Road), [[Virginia State Route 193]] (Georgetown Pike), [[George Washington Memorial Parkway]], and the [[Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway)|Capital Beltway]].
Many improvements in the Army’s business processes should be credited to the vast improvements in efficiency. In particular, the dramatic effect Six Sigma has had on eliminating redundancies in efforts and resources has resulted in savings nearly a quarter of their cost. Productivity has increased and costs have decreased because of such eliminations, resulting in a more financially secure Army. New software uncovered that the Army was paying to provide foreign language instruction to a substantial number of non army personnel; this discovery, followed by the restructuring of the program, saved the Army $400 million the following year. Other Six Sigma improvements, saving the Army millions, include streamlining the recruiting process, preventing food waste at [[West Point]], and improving foreign military sales. Such successes enjoyed by the Army have recently lead to the full implementation of Six Sigma by both the [[Air Force]] and [[Navy]], as well as initiating talks with the Secretary of Defense to incorporate lean Six Sigma throughout the entire department.<ref name="autogenerated2" />


===Values===
== Demographics ==
[[Image:USA Today building.jpg|thumb|McLean is home to the headquarters of [[USA Today]], the nations most circulated newspaper.]]
In the mid- to late 1990s, the Army officially adopted what have come to be known as "''The 7 Army Core Values''." The Army began to teach these values as basic warrior traits. The seven Army Core Values are as follows:
As of the census{{GR|2}} of 2000, there are 38,929 people, 14,374 households and 11,053 families residing in the CDP. The [[population density]] is 2,104.9 people per square mile (812.9/km²). There are 14,735 housing units at an average density of 796.7/sq&nbsp;mi (307.7/km²). The [[Race (U.S. Census)|racial makeup]] of the CDP is 84.56% White, 1.58% African American, 0.10% Native American, 10.61% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.69% other races, and 2.44% multiracial. 4.02% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.


There are 14,374 households, out of which 36.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.3% are married couples living together, 6.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 23.1% are non-families. 18.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.70 and the average family size is 3.05.
# '''Loyalty''' - Bear true faith and allegiance to the U.S. Constitution, the Army, your unit, and fellow Soldiers.
# '''Duty''' - Fulfill your obligations.
# '''Respect''' - Treat others as they should be treated.
# '''Selfless Service''' - Put the welfare of the nation, the Army, and your subordinates before your own.
# '''Honor''' - Live the Army Values.
# '''Integrity''' - Do what's right, both legally and morally.
# '''Personal Courage''' - Face fear, danger, or adversity, both physical and moral.


The CDP has no large population of any one age group, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 31.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 43 years. For every 100 females, there are 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.5 males.
The values were arranged to form the acronym [[LDRSHIP]] (leadership).<ref>[http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/LC/The%20Mission/the_seven_army_values.htm The 7 Army Values], verified [[2007-01-05]]</ref>


As of 2008, the median income for a household in the CDP is $157,300, and the median income for a family is $180,103. Males have a median income of $93,065, versus $60,698 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the CDP is $63,209. 1.9% of the population and 0.8% of families are below the [[poverty line]]. Out of the total population, 1.0% of those under the age of 18 and 2.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
==Army Commands and Army Service Component Commands==


=== Population===
{| class="wikitable"
The Population history of McLean CDP according to the [[United States Census Bureau]]: [http://www.census.gov]
|-
*1970....17,698
!Army Command
*1980....35,664
!Current Commander
*1990....38,168
!Location of Headquarters
*2000....38,929
|-
|[[United States Army Forces Command]] (FORSCOM) || GEN [[Charles C. Campbell (General)|Charles C. Cambell]] || [[Fort McPherson]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|-
|[[United States Army Training and Doctrine Command]] (TRADOC) || GEN [[William S. Wallace]] || [[Fort Monroe]], [[Virginia]]
|-
|[[U.S. Army Materiel Command|United States Army Materiel Command]] (AMC) || GEN [[Benjamin S. Griffin]] || [[Fort Belvoir]], [[Virginia]]
|-
!Army Service Component Command
!Current Commander
!Location of Headquarters
|-
|[[Third United States Army|United States Army Central]] (USARCENT) || LTG Jim Lovelace<ref>{{cite web|date=2008-02-11|title=United States Army Central, CG's Bio|publisher=United States Army Central|url=http://www.arcent.army.mil/welcome/cg.asp|accessdate=2008-07-04}}</ref> || [[Fort McPherson]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|-
|[[United States Army North]] (USANORTH) || LTG [[Thomas R. Turner II]] || [[Fort Sam Houston]], [[San Antonio]], Texas
|-
|[[United States Army South]] (USARSO) || MG Keith M. Huber || [[Fort Sam Houston]], [[Texas]]
|-
|[[Seventh United States Army|United States Army Europe]] (USAREUR) || GEN [[Carter F. Ham]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2008-06-25|title=United States Army, Seventh Army, Leaders|publisher=United States Army, Seventh Army|url=http://www.hqusareur.army.mil/institution/Leaders/default.htm|accessdate=2008-07-04}}</ref> || [[Campbell Barracks]], [[Heidelberg]], [[Germany]]
|-
|[[United States Army Pacific]] (USARPAC) || LTG Benjamin R. Mixon<ref>{{cite web|date=2008-04-23|title=Commanding General|publisher=United States Army, Pacific|url=http://www.usarpac.army.mil/bios/comgen.asp|accessdate=2008-07-04}}</ref> || [[Fort Shafter]], [[Hawaii]]
|-
|[[Eighth United States Army]] (EUSA) || LTG [[Joseph F. Fil, Jr.]] || [[Yongsan Army Garrison]], [[Seoul]]
|-
|[[United States Army Special Operations Command]] (USASOC) || LTG Robert W. Wagner || [[Fort Bragg, North Carolina]]
|-
|[[Surface Deployment and Distribution Command]] (SDDC) || BG James L. Hodge<ref>{{cite web|date=2008-06-30|title=Commanding General|publisher=United States Army, Surface Deployment and Distribution Command|url=http://www.sddc.army.mil/Public/Home/About%20SDDC/Commanding%20General|accessdate=2008-07-04}}</ref> || [[Fort Eustis]], [[Virginia]]
|-
|[[United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command]]/Army Strategic Command (USASMDC/ARSTRAT) || LTG [[Kevin T. Campbell]] || [[Redstone Arsenal]], [[Alabama]]
|-
!Direct Reporting Units
!Current Commander
!Location of Headquarters
|-
|[[United States Army Network Enterprise Technology Command/9th Signal Command]] (NETCOM/9thSC(A)) || BG [[Susan Lawrence]] || [[Fort Huachuca]], [[Arizona]]
|-
|[[United States Army Medical Command]] (MEDCOM) || LTG [[Eric Schoomaker]] || [[Fort Sam Houston]], [[Texas]]
|-
|[[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM) || MG [[John DeFreitas III]] || [[Fort Belvoir]], [[Virginia]]
|-
|[[U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command|United States Army Criminal Investigation Command]] (USACIDC) || BG [[Rodney L. Johnson]] || [[Fort Belvoir]], [[Virginia]]
|-
|[[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] (USACE) || LTG [[Robert Van Antwerp Jr.]] || [[Washington, D.C.]]
|-
|[[United States Army Military District of Washington]] (MDW) || MG [[Richard J. Rowe Jr.]] || [[Fort McNair]], [[Washington, D.C.]]
|-
|[[U.S. Army Test & Evaluation Command]] (ATEC) || MG [[Roger A. Nadeau]] || [[Alexandria]], [[Virginia]]
|-
|[[United States Military Academy]] (USMA) || LTG [[Franklin Hagenbeck]] || [[West Point, New York|West Point]], [[New York]]
|-
|[[United States Army Reserve|United States Army Reserve Command]] (USARC) || LTG [[Jack C. Stultz]] || [[Fort McPherson]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|-
|[[United States Army Acquisition Support Center]] (USAASC) || Mr. [[Craig A. Spisak]] || [[Fort Belvoir]], [[Virginia]]
|-
|[[United States Army Installation Management Command]] (IMCOM) || LG [[Robert Wilson]] || [[Arlington]], [[Virginia]]
|-
|}


==Education==
Source: U.S. Army organization<ref>[http://www.army.mil/institution/organization Organization], United States Army</ref>
[[Image:Langley High School.jpg|thumb|[[Langley High School]] is one of two high school serving McLean]]
McLean residents are zoned to schools in the [[Fairfax County Public Schools]]. There are two public high schools, [[Langley High School]] and [[McLean High School]], and two middle schools, James Fenimore Cooper Middle School and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Middle School. Public elementary schools include Churchill Road, Franklin Sherman, Spring Hill, Kent Gardens, Haycock, and Chesterbrook elementary schools. Also Brooksfield is a private montesssori school.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.greatschools.net/schools.page?city=McLean&lc=e&state=VA |title= McLean Elementary Schools |work= Great Schools |date= 2008 |accessdate= 2008-07-14}}</ref> Residents of McLean also attend the nearby [[Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology]], ranked the #1 high school in the nation by US News and World Report. <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tjhsst.edu |title=TJHSST}}</ref>


Several private schools, ranging from pre-school to 12th grade, are located in McLean, including [[The Madeira School]], [[The Potomac School]], [http://www.langleyschool.org The Langley School], Oakcrest School, Saint Luke School, Saint John School [http://stjohnacademy.org/] and the [http://www.countryday.org Country Day School].
==See also==
{{portal|United States Army|United States Department of the Army Seal.svg}}
{{portal|Military of the United States|Naval Jack of the United States.svg|65}}
{{commonscat|United States Army}}
* [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben]]
* [[United States Army Basic Training]]
* [[Army Medical Department (United States)|Army Medical Department]]
* [[Vehicle markings of the United States military]]
* [[Branch insignia of the United States Army]]
* [[Comparative military ranks|Comparative Military Ranks]]
* [[Military of the United States|United States Armed Forces]]
* [[Military unit|Military Organizations]]
* [[Special Operations Forces]]
* [[Transformation of the United States Army]]
* [[List of United States military history events]]
* [[JROTC]]
* [[ROTC]]
* [[:Category:United States Army soldiers]]


== Notable residents ==
==References==
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2007}}
{{Reflist|2}}
*[[Sharyn Alfonsi]], correspondent for ABC World News, Good Morning America and Nightline
*[[Pat Buchanan]], political analyst.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/watergate/pat.html washingtonpost.com - watergate scandal and deep throat update, pat buchanan<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*[[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[United States National Security Advisor|National Security Advisor]] to [[Jimmy Carter]]
*[[Frank Carlucci]], former [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], former chairman of the [[Carlyle Group]]
*[[John Dingell]], [[Dean of the United States House of Representatives]]
*[[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Byron Dorgan]]
*[[Newt Gingrich]], former [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]
*[[Frank Keating]], former [[Governor of Oklahoma]]
*Senator [[Ted Kennedy]]
*Senator [[Patrick Leahy]]
*[[Lewis Libby|I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby]], lawyer, and former chief of staff to [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]] (2001–2005)
*Correspondent [[Roger Mudd]]
*General [[Colin Powell]], former [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]
*[[Chuck Robb]], former [[U.S. Senator]] from Virginia
*[[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court Justice]] [[Antonin Scalia]]
*[[Dwight Schar]] Founder and Chairman of [[NVR]] Inc, America's seventh-largest homebuilder.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/05/AR2007060502599.html Executives Cashing In Shares At NVR - washingtonpost.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*[[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court Justice]] [[Clarence Thomas]]
*[[Fred Dalton Thompson]] - former [[United States Senator|Senator]] from Tennessee
*Former [[Director of the CIA]] Admiral [[Stansfield Turner]]
*[[World Bank]] President [[Robert Zoellick]]
*[[Shawn Springs]]
*[[Fred Malek]]


''Former residents:''
==External links==
*[[Mark Oliver Everett]], musician
*[http://www.army.mil/ ARMY.MIL] - Official Homepage of the United States Army
*[[Michael Jordan]]{{Fact|date=May 2007}}, A professional basketball player.
*[http://www.goarmy.com/ GoArmy.com] Official recruiting site
*[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]] (slated to return after current White House term)
*[http://www.americasarmy.com/ America's Army] Official [[America's Army|Army Game Project]] site
*[[Queen Noor of Jordan]]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/index.html Army Formations]
*[[House of Saud|Prince]] [[Turki bin Faisal Al Saud]], former Saudi Ambassador to the United States
*[http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/DUI_SSI_COA_page.htm U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry insignia list]
*[[Kenneth Starr]], lawyer who led the impeachment of Bill Clinton
*[http://archon.mohistory.org/controlcard.php?id=945&q=army Army Collection -- Missouri History Museum]
*[[Eugene H. Trinh]], astronaut


== External links ==
{{US Army navbox}}
McLean Hamlet is a neighborhood of 507 homes in McLean, VA adjacent to Tyson's Corner and conveniently located near the Capital Beltway and the Dulles Access Tollroad. McLean Hamlet has been recognized as one of the best places to live in the metro area two out of the last three years. [http://www.mcleanhamlet.org/ McLean Hamlet]
{{United States armed forces}}
{{United States topics}}


{{Fairfax County, Virginia}}
[[Category:United States Army]]
[[Category:1784 establishments]]
[[Category:McLean, Virginia| ]]
[[Category:Uniformed services of the United States|Army]]
[[Category:Fairfax County, Virginia]]
[[Category:Armies by country]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Virginia]]
[[Category:Census-designated places in Virginia]]
[[Category:Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Settlements on the Potomac River]]


[[de:McLean (Virginia)]]
{{Link FA|de}}
[[fr:McLean (Virginie)]]
[[ar:جيش الولايات المتحدة]]
[[nl:McLean (Virginia)]]
[[bg:Армия на Съединените американски щати]]
[[vo:McLean (Virginia)]]
[[ca:Exèrcit dels Estats Units d'Amèrica]]
[[cs:Armáda Spojených států]]
[[da:United States Army]]
[[de:United States Army]]
[[es:Ejército de los Estados Unidos]]
[[eo:Usona armeo]]
[[fa:نیروی زمینی ایالات متحده آمریکا]]
[[fr:United States Army]]
[[ga:Arm na Stát Aontaithe]]
[[ko:미국 육군]]
[[hr:Kopnena vojska SAD-a]]
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[[pl:Armia Stanów Zjednoczonych]]
[[pt:Exército dos Estados Unidos da América]]
[[ro:United States Army]]
[[ru:Армия США]]
[[simple:United States Army]]
[[sl:Kopenska vojska Združenih držav Amerike]]
[[fi:Yhdysvaltain maavoimat]]
[[sv:USA:s armé]]
[[vi:Lục quân Hoa Kỳ]]
[[tr:Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Kara Kuvvetleri]]
[[uk:Армія США]]
[[yi:אמעריקאנער ארמיי]]
[[zh:美国陆军]]

Revision as of 15:38, 13 October 2008

McLean, Virginia
CDP
Location of McLean, Virginia.
Location of McLean, Virginia.
Boundaries of the McLean CDP as of 2003
Boundaries of the McLean CDP as of 2003
CountryUnited States
StateVirginia
CountyFairfax
Area
 • Total18.5 sq mi (47.9 km2)
 • Land18.5 sq mi (47.9 km2)
 • Water0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)
Elevation
285 ft (87 m)
Population
 (2000)
 • Total38,929
 • Density2,104.9/sq mi (812.7/km2)
Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP codes
22101, 22102, 22103, 22106
Area code703
FIPS code51-48376Template:GR
GNIS feature ID1495919Template:GR

McLean (pronounced "mick-CLANE" [1]) is an unincorporated community located in Fairfax County in Northern Virginia. Recognized by the United States Census Bureau as a Census-designated place (CDP), the community had a total population of 38,929 as of the 2000 census.

The heavily populated community of McLean is located between the George Washington Parkway and the town of Vienna, and is known for its many upscale homes, as well as its shopping and upscale malls, including the nearby Tysons Corner Center and the Tysons Galleria. The George Washington Memorial Parkway, the Capital Beltway, Interstate 66, State Route 267 (Dulles Airport Access Road), State Route 123 (Dolley Madison Boulevard), State Route 193 (Georgetown Pike), Old Dominion Drive, and Chain Bridge Road all run through McLean.

McLean is home to many diplomats, members of Congress and high-ranking federal government officials, entrepreneurs and service businesses partially attributable to the close location to Washington, D.C. and the Central Intelligence Agency. It is also the location of Hickory Hill, the former home of Ethel Kennedy, the widow of Robert F. Kennedy.

Several major companies are headquartered in McLean including Freddie Mac, Cardinal Bank, Mars, Capital One, Sunrise Senior Living, Gannett, NVR, Bearingpoint, and Booz Allen Hamilton.

History

The community received its name from John Roll McLean, the former publisher and owner of The Washington Post, who, with Stephen Benton Elkins and the bankroll of French aristocrat Jean-Pierre Guenard, built in 1906 the electrified Great Falls and Old Dominion Railway (later the Washington and Old Dominion Railway), which connected the area with Washington, D.C. McLean named a station after himself where the rail line (travelling on the present route of Old Dominion Drive) crossed the old Chain Bridge Road. The community itself was founded in 1910, when the communities of Lewinsville and Langley merged.

Geography

McLean is located at 38°55'42" North, 77°10'31" West (38.928344, -77.175351)Template:GR.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 18.5 square miles (47.9 km²). 18.5 square miles (47.9 km²) of it is land, and none of the area is covered with water.

McLean lies to the west of Arlington County, in Fairfax County and is bordered by the Potomac River to the north.

The area is served by Virginia State Route 123 (Chain Bridge Road), Virginia State Route 193 (Georgetown Pike), George Washington Memorial Parkway, and the Capital Beltway.

Demographics

McLean is home to the headquarters of USA Today, the nations most circulated newspaper.

As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there are 38,929 people, 14,374 households and 11,053 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 2,104.9 people per square mile (812.9/km²). There are 14,735 housing units at an average density of 796.7/sq mi (307.7/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 84.56% White, 1.58% African American, 0.10% Native American, 10.61% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.69% other races, and 2.44% multiracial. 4.02% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 14,374 households, out of which 36.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.3% are married couples living together, 6.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 23.1% are non-families. 18.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.70 and the average family size is 3.05.

The CDP has no large population of any one age group, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 31.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 43 years. For every 100 females, there are 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.5 males.

As of 2008, the median income for a household in the CDP is $157,300, and the median income for a family is $180,103. Males have a median income of $93,065, versus $60,698 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $63,209. 1.9% of the population and 0.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 1.0% of those under the age of 18 and 2.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Population

The Population history of McLean CDP according to the United States Census Bureau: [1]

  • 1970....17,698
  • 1980....35,664
  • 1990....38,168
  • 2000....38,929

Education

Langley High School is one of two high school serving McLean

McLean residents are zoned to schools in the Fairfax County Public Schools. There are two public high schools, Langley High School and McLean High School, and two middle schools, James Fenimore Cooper Middle School and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Middle School. Public elementary schools include Churchill Road, Franklin Sherman, Spring Hill, Kent Gardens, Haycock, and Chesterbrook elementary schools. Also Brooksfield is a private montesssori school.[2] Residents of McLean also attend the nearby Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, ranked the #1 high school in the nation by US News and World Report. [3]

Several private schools, ranging from pre-school to 12th grade, are located in McLean, including The Madeira School, The Potomac School, The Langley School, Oakcrest School, Saint Luke School, Saint John School [2] and the Country Day School.

Notable residents

Former residents:

External links

McLean Hamlet is a neighborhood of 507 homes in McLean, VA adjacent to Tyson's Corner and conveniently located near the Capital Beltway and the Dulles Access Tollroad. McLean Hamlet has been recognized as one of the best places to live in the metro area two out of the last three years. McLean Hamlet

  1. ^ "New in Town, Stranger?". Local Pronunciations. 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
  2. ^ "McLean Elementary Schools". Great Schools. 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
  3. ^ "TJHSST".
  4. ^ washingtonpost.com - watergate scandal and deep throat update, pat buchanan
  5. ^ Executives Cashing In Shares At NVR - washingtonpost.com
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