USS Chivo: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
m →‎External links: Added categories.
→‎Argentine service: Added info about ''Santa Fe'' capture.
 
(49 intermediate revisions by 34 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Submarine of the United States}}
{|{{Infobox Ship Begin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Ship Image
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
|Ship image=[[Image:USS Chivo;0834103.jpg|300px|Chivo (SS-341), underway, circa 1945-50, off the Hawaiian coast.]]
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[File:USS Chivo;0834103.jpg|300px|Chivo (SS-341), underway, c. 1945-50, off the Hawaiian coast.]]
|Ship caption=
|Ship caption=
}}
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Hide header=
|Ship country=US
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{USN flag|1971}}
|Ship flag={{USN flag|1971}}
|Ship name=USS ''Chivo'' (SS-341)
|Ship name=USS ''Chivo''
|Ship ordered=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=[[General Dynamics Electric Boat|Electric Boat Company]], [[Groton, Connecticut]]<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates">{{cite book
|Ship builder=[[General Dynamics Electric Boat|Electric Boat Company]], [[Groton, Connecticut]]<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates">{{cite book
Line 14: Line 16:
| first = Norman
| first = Norman
| authorlink =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History
| title = U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History
| publisher = [[United States Naval Institute]]
| publisher = [[United States Naval Institute]]
| date = 1995
| year = 1995
| location = [[Annapolis, Maryland]]
| location = [[Annapolis, Maryland]]
| pages = 285–304
| pages = 285–304
Line 28: Line 29:
|Ship commissioned=28 April 1945<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship commissioned=28 April 1945<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship decommissioned=1 July 1971<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship decommissioned=1 July 1971<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship identification=SS-341
|Ship in service=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship out of service=
Line 34: Line 36:
| first = K. Jack
| first = K. Jack
| authorlink =
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Roberts, Stephen S.
|author2=Roberts, Stephen S.
| title = Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants
| title = Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants
| publisher = Greenwood Press
| publisher = Greenwood Press
| date = 1991
| year = 1991
| location = [[Westport, Connecticut]]
| location = [[Westport, Connecticut]]
| pages = 275–280
| pages = 275–280
Line 45: Line 47:
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship fate=Transferred to [[Argentina]], 1 July 1971<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship fate=Transferred to [[Argentina]], 1 July 1971<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship status=
}}
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Hide header=title
|Ship country=Argentina
|Ship country=Argentina
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Argentina|naval}}
|Ship flag=[[Image:Flag of Argentina.svg|60px|Argentine Navy Ensign]]
|Ship name=ARA ''Santiago del Estero'' (S-22)
|Ship name=ARA ''Santiago del Estero''
|Ship acquired=1 July 1971
|Ship acquired=1 July 1971
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship commissioned=
Line 57: Line 58:
|Ship in service=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship identification=S-22
|Ship struck=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship fate=
|Ship fate=Sold for scrap, 1983
|Ship status=
}}
}}
{{Infobox Ship Characteristics
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(As completed)
|Header caption=(As completed)
|Ship class={{sclass|Balao|submarine|4}} [[diesel-electric]] [[submarine]]<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship class={{sclass|Balao|submarine|0}} [[diesel-electric]] [[submarine]]<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship displacement=1,526&nbsp;[[long ton|ton]]s (1,550&nbsp;[[tonne|t]]) surfaced<ref name="Register"/><br />2,424&nbsp;tons (2,463&nbsp;t) submerged<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship displacement=*1,526&nbsp;[[long ton|ton]]s (1,550&nbsp;[[tonne|t]]) surfaced<ref name="Register"/>
*2,424&nbsp;tons (2,463&nbsp;t) submerged<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship length={{convert|311|ft|9|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship length={{convert|311|ft|9|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship beam={{convert|27|ft|3|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship beam={{convert|27|ft|3|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship draft={{convert|16|ft|10|in|abbr=on}} maximum<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship draft={{convert|16|ft|10|in|abbr=on}} maximum<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship propulsion={{Fleet-boat-propulsion-late-GM-4-GE}}
|Ship propulsion={{Fleet-boat-propulsion-late-GM-4-GE}}
|Ship speed={{convert|20.25|kn|km/h|0|lk=on}} surfaced<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs">''U.S. Submarines Through 1945'' pp. 305-311</ref><br />{{convert|8.75|kn|km/h|0}} submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship speed=*{{convert|20.25|kn|km/h|0|lk=in}} surfaced<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs">''U.S. Submarines Through 1945'' pp. 305-311</ref>
*{{convert|8.75|kn|km/h|0}} submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship range={{convert|11000|nmi|km}} surfaced at 10 knots (19 km/h)<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship range={{convert|11000|nmi|km}} surfaced at 10 knots (19 km/h)<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship endurance=48 hours at {{convert|2|kn|km/h}} submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/><br />75 days on patrol
|Ship endurance=*48 hours at {{convert|2|kn|km/h}} submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
*75 days on patrol
|Ship test depth={{convert|400|ft|m|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship test depth={{convert|400|ft|m|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship complement=10 officers, 70–71 enlisted<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship complement=10 officers, 70–71 enlisted<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
Line 80: Line 84:
|Ship armament={{Fleet-boat-armament-5-inch}}
|Ship armament={{Fleet-boat-armament-5-inch}}
}}
}}
{{Infobox Ship Characteristics
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(Guppy IA)
|Header caption=(Guppy IA)
|Ship class=
|Ship class=none
|Ship displacement=1,830&nbsp;tons (1,859&nbsp;t) surfaced<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-chap2">{{cite book
|Ship displacement=*1,830&nbsp;tons (1,859&nbsp;t) surfaced<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-chap2">{{cite book
| last = Friedman
| last = Friedman
| first = Norman
| first = Norman
| authorlink =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History
| title = U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History
| publisher = [[United States Naval Institute]]
| publisher = [[United States Naval Institute]]
| date = 1994
| year = 1994
| location = [[Annapolis, Maryland]]
| location = [[Annapolis, Maryland]]
| pages = 11–43
| pages = 11–43
| url =
| url =
| doi =
| doi =
| isbn = 1-55750-260-9 }}</ref><br />
| isbn = 1-55750-260-9 }}</ref>
2,440&nbsp;tons (2,479&nbsp;t) submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-chap2"/>
*2,440&nbsp;tons (2,479&nbsp;t) submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-chap2"/>
|Ship length=307&nbsp;ft 7&nbsp;in (93.8&nbsp;m)<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-specs">''U.S. Submarines Since 1945'' pp. 242</ref>
|Ship length=307&nbsp;ft 7&nbsp;in (93.8&nbsp;m)<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-specs">''U.S. Submarines Since 1945'' pp. 242</ref>
|Ship beam=27&nbsp;ft 4&nbsp;in (8.3&nbsp;m)<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-specs"/>
|Ship beam=27&nbsp;ft 4&nbsp;in (8.3&nbsp;m)<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-specs"/>
|Ship draught=
|Ship draught=
|Ship draft=17&nbsp;ft (5.2&nbsp;m)<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-specs"/>
|Ship draft=17&nbsp;ft (5.2&nbsp;m)<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-specs"/>
|Ship propulsion=[[Submarine snorkel|Snorkel]] added<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-chap2"/><br />
|Ship propulsion=*[[Submarine snorkel|Snorkel]] added<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-chap2"/>
Batteries upgraded to ''Sargo'' II<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-chap2"/>
*Batteries upgraded to ''Sargo'' II<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-chap2"/>
|Ship speed=Surfaced:
|Ship speed=*Surfaced:
*{{convert|17.3|kn|km/h}} maximum
*{{convert|17.3|kn|km/h}} maximum
*{{convert|12.5|kn|km/h}} cruising
*{{convert|12.5|kn|km/h}} cruising
Submerged:
*Submerged:
*{{convert|15.0|kn|km/h}} for ½ hour
*{{convert|15.0|kn|km/h}} for ½ hour
*{{convert|7.5|kn|km/h}} snorkeling
*{{convert|7.5|kn|km/h}} snorkeling
Line 114: Line 117:
|Ship endurance=36 hours at {{convert|3|kn|km/h|0}} submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-specs"/>
|Ship endurance=36 hours at {{convert|3|kn|km/h|0}} submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-specs"/>
|Ship test depth=
|Ship test depth=
|Ship complement=10 officers<br />5 petty officers<br />64–69 enlisted men
|Ship complement=*10 officers
*5 petty officers
*64–69 enlisted men
|Ship sensors=
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=10 × {{convert|21|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s<br />
|Ship armament=*10 × [[American 21 inch torpedo|21 inch (533 mm)]] [[torpedo tube]]s
&nbsp;(six forward, four aft)<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-specs"/><br />
*&nbsp;(six forward, four aft)<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-specs"/>
all guns removed<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-chap2"/>
*all guns removed<ref name="FriedmanSubs2-chap2"/>
|Ship notes=
|Ship notes=
}}
}}
|}
|}


'''USS ''Chivo'' (SS-341)''', a [[Balao class submarine|''Balao''-class]] [[submarine]], was a ship of the [[United States Navy]] named for the [[chivo]] or big-scaled [[goatfish]] ''Pseudopenaeus grandisquamis'', a fish inhabiting the [[Pacific Ocean]] between [[Panama]] and [[Mexico]].
'''USS ''Chivo'' (SS-341)''', a {{sclass|Balao|submarine|0}} [[submarine]], was a ship of the [[United States Navy]] named for the "chivo" or big-scaled [[goatfish]] ''Pseudopenaeus grandisquamis'', a fish inhabiting the Pacific Ocean between [[Panama]] and [[Mexico]].


''Chivo'' was launched 14 January 1945 by [[Electric Boat]] Company, [[Groton, Conn.]]; sponsored by Mrs. [[Raymond E. Baldwin]], wife of the governor of [[Connecticut]]; and commissioned 28 April 1945, Lieutenant Commander William R. Crutcher, USNR, in command.
''Chivo'' was launched 14 January 1945 by [[Electric Boat]] Company, [[Groton, Conn.]]; sponsored by Mrs. Edith Lindholm Baldwin, wife of [[Raymond E. Baldwin]], the governor of [[Connecticut]]; and commissioned 28 April 1945.


== 1945 – 1950 ==
== 1945–1950 ==


''Chivo'' departed [[Naval Submarine Base New London|New London]] 7 June 1945 for [[Key West]] where she trained and exercised briefly at the sound school and experimental torpedo range, before sailing on to [[Pearl Harbor]] in company with {{USS|Requin|SS-481|3}} and {{USS|Redfish|SS-395|3}}. While the submarine was preparing for her first war patrol, hostilities ended; ''Chivo'' then remained at Pearl Harbor, operating locally with other ships of the [[U.S. Pacific Fleet|Pacific Fleet]]. Assigned to Submarine Squadron Seven (SubRon&nbsp;7), she returned to the States in October, basing out of [[Naval Station San Diego|San Diego, Calif.]] for local operations which continued until January 1946, when ''Chivo'' sailed for a short tour of duty operating out of [[Subic Bay]] in the [[Philippines]]. Returning to San Diego in May, the submarine exercised along the west coast for the next 15 months, a period culminating in an overhaul at [[Mare Island Naval Shipyard]].
''Chivo'' departed [[Naval Submarine Base New London|New London]] 7 June 1945 for [[Key West]] where she trained and exercised briefly at the sound school and experimental torpedo range, before sailing on to [[Pearl Harbor]] in company with {{USS|Requin|SS-481|2}} and {{USS|Redfish|SS-395|2}}. While the submarine was preparing for her first war patrol, hostilities ended; ''Chivo'' then remained at Pearl Harbor, operating locally with other ships of the [[U.S. Pacific Fleet|Pacific Fleet]]. Assigned to Submarine Squadron Seven (SubRon&nbsp;7), she returned to the States in October, basing out of [[Naval Station San Diego|San Diego, California]] for local operations which continued until January 1946, when ''Chivo'' sailed for a short tour of duty operating out of [[Subic Bay]] in the [[Philippines]]. Returning to San Diego in May, the submarine exercised along the west coast for the next 15 months, a period culminating in an overhaul at [[Mare Island Naval Shipyard]].


Growing tensions in Asia, provoked in part by [[France|French]] conflict with the [[Vietminh]] in [[Indochina]] and disagreements over the future of [[Korea]], encouraged the Navy to conduct more realistic training for submariners. As part of this general approach, ''Chivo'' began a three-month simulated war patrol in August 1947 which took her to [[Suva]], [[Fiji Islands]]; [[Guam]]; and [[Japan]]; before she arrived back at San Diego in November. West coast duty continued for her until mid-1949 when she was transferred to the [[U.S. Atlantic Fleet|Atlantic Fleet]], arriving at her new [[home port]] of [[Naval Station Key West|Key West, Fla.]] and Submarine Squadron Four (SubRon&nbsp;4) on 4 July 1949. During her transit there the boat's movement reports describe one of the hazards of sailing in the warm waters in the [[West Indies]] when ''Chivo'' "struck unidentified submerged object, possibly [[turtle]]." The submarine provided training and services for Atlantic Fleet ships in intertype exercises until 30 October 1950 when she arrived at New London to begin an extensive [[Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program#GUPPY IA Program|Greater Underwater Propulsion Program]] (GUPPY&nbsp;1-A) overhaul and modernization. The modifications included streamlining the hull and superstructure, adding a [[snorkel]] to allow [[diesel engine]] operation while at [[periscope depth]] and increasing overall battery power.
Growing tensions in Asia, provoked in part by French conflict with the [[Vietminh]] in [[Indochina]] and disagreements over the future of [[Korea]], encouraged the Navy to conduct more realistic training for submariners. As part of this general approach, ''Chivo'' began a three-month simulated war patrol in August 1947 which took her to [[Suva]], [[Fiji|Fiji Islands]]; [[Guam]]; and Japan; before she arrived back at San Diego in November. West coast duty continued for her until mid-1949 when she was transferred to the [[U.S. Atlantic Fleet|Atlantic Fleet]], arriving at her new [[home port]] of [[Key West, Florida|Naval Station Key West]] and Submarine Squadron Four (SubRon&nbsp;4) on 4 July 1949. During her transit there the boat's movement reports describe one of the hazards of sailing in the warm waters in the [[West Indies]] when ''Chivo'' "struck unidentified submerged object, possibly [[turtle]]." The submarine provided training and services for Atlantic Fleet ships in intertype exercises until 30 October 1950 when she arrived at New London to begin an extensive [[Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program#GUPPY IA program|Greater Underwater Propulsion Program]] (GUPPY&nbsp;1-A) overhaul and modernization. The modifications included streamlining the hull and superstructure, adding a [[submarine snorkel|snorkel]] to allow [[diesel engine]] operation while at [[Periscope|periscope depth]] and increasing overall battery power.


== 1951 – 1960 ==
== 1951–1960 ==


With increased power and a new streamlined shape, ''Chivo'' returned to duty with the Atlantic Fleet in July 1951, resuming [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) training operations with surface ships as well as maintaining proficiency in anti-shipping and [[mine warfare]]. These drills and exercises took place mainly off Key West and [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|Guantanamo Bay]]. This regular training continued until 19 April 1952 when ''Chivo'' sailed for a short cruise with the [[United States Sixth Fleet|6th Fleet]] in the [[Mediterranean]], visiting [[Augusta (Italy)|Augusta]], [[Sicily]]; [[Cannes]] and [[Marseille]], [[France]]; and [[Naples]], [[Italy]]; before returning home via the [[Azores]] in June.
With increased power and a new streamlined shape, ''Chivo'' returned to duty with the Atlantic Fleet in July 1951, resuming [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) training operations with surface ships as well as maintaining proficiency in anti-shipping and [[Naval mine|mine warfare]]. These drills and exercises took place mainly off Key West and [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|Guantanamo Bay]]. This regular training continued until 19 April 1952 when ''Chivo'' sailed for a short cruise with the [[United States Sixth Fleet|6th Fleet]] in the Mediterranean, visiting [[Augusta, Sicily]]; [[Cannes]] and [[Marseille]], France; and [[Naples]], Italy; before returning home via the [[Azores]] in June.


[[Image:USS Chivo;0834106.jpg|thumb|left|''Chivo'', after modernization, 1953.]]
[[File:USS Chivo;0834106.jpg|thumb|left|''Chivo'', after modernization, 1953.]]
Assigned to Submarine Squadron Twelve (SubRon&nbsp;12) upon her return to Key West, the submarine resumed her familiar training routine with the Fleet Sonar School interspersed with port visits to [[Havana]], [[Cuba]]; [[Montego Bay]], [[Jamaica]]; and [[Port au Prince]], [[Haiti]]. Aside from a three-month overhaul at [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard|Philadelphia]] between January and May 1953, ''Chivo'' remained in the West Indies until October when the submarine transited the [[Panama Canal]] for a month of operations off the [[Pacific]] coast of [[Colombia]]. This training period continued until May 1954 when the boat began a four-month regular overhaul at [[Charleston Naval Shipyard]]. She again returned to Fleet Sonar School duty in September, with such employment put on hold in March 1955 for a ten-week battery renewal restricted availability. In a change to her normal schedule, the submarine visited [[Gulfport, Mississippi]], in March 1956 and [[New York City]] in August of that same year. After another visit to Gulfport in January 1957 to train reservists, and [[Santiago de Cuba]] in February, ''Chivo'' commenced an overhaul at Charleston Naval Shipyard in March. Returning to normal duty out of Key West in September, the boat remained there save for the occasional port visit to Gulf Ports until transferred to Charleston and Submarine Squadron Four in July 1959, a shift completed after a short cruise north to [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], and [[Quebec City]], [[Canada]] the previous month. ''Chivo'' resumed her familiar ASW services out of Charleston shortly thereafter, a duty she continued in January 1960 with ASW services to patrol aircraft off [[Bermuda]]. She followed that with another overhaul at Charleston Naval Shipyard between March and September, with repairs and modifications that included a new sonar system.
Assigned to Submarine Squadron Twelve (SubRon&nbsp;12) upon her return to Key West, the submarine resumed her familiar training routine with the Fleet Sonar School interspersed with port visits to [[Havana]], [[Cuba]]; [[Montego Bay]], [[Jamaica]]; and [[Port-au-Prince]], [[Haiti]]. Aside from a three-month overhaul at [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard|Philadelphia]] between January and May 1953, ''Chivo'' remained in the West Indies until October when the submarine transited the [[Panama Canal]] for a month of operations off the Pacific coast of [[Colombia]]. This training period continued until May 1954 when the boat began a four-month regular overhaul at [[Charleston Naval Shipyard]]. She again returned to Fleet Sonar School duty in September, with such employment put on hold in March 1955 for a ten-week battery renewal restricted availability. In a change to her normal schedule, the submarine visited [[Gulfport, Mississippi]], in March 1956 and New York City in August of that same year. After another visit to Gulfport in January 1957 to train reservists, and [[Santiago de Cuba]] in February, ''Chivo'' commenced an overhaul at Charleston Naval Shipyard in March. Returning to normal duty out of Key West in September, the boat remained there save for the occasional port visit to Gulf Ports until transferred to Charleston and Submarine Squadron Four in July 1959, a shift completed after a short cruise north to [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], and [[Quebec City]], Canada the previous month. ''Chivo'' resumed her familiar ASW services out of Charleston shortly thereafter, a duty she continued in January 1960 with ASW services to patrol aircraft off [[Bermuda]]. She followed that with another overhaul at Charleston Naval Shipyard between March and September, with repairs and modifications that included a new sonar system.


On 4 October 1960 ''Chivo'' began her first out-of-area cruise in eight years, though she first sailed south to [[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|St. Thomas]], [[Virgin Islands]], for a two-week amphibious exercise with the 2d Reconnaissance Company, [[Fleet Marine Force]]. The submarine then sailed to [[South Africa]], via [[Trinidad]], [[British West Indies]], for Operation CAPEX-60, a joint ASW exercise with [[Royal Navy|British]], [[French Navy|French]], [[Portuguese Navy|Portuguese]] and [[South African Navy|South African]] ships and aircraft. While en route, the boat held the traditional [[Line-crossing ceremony|crossing-the-line ceremonies]] at the [[equator]]. As put by the ''[[Navy Times]]'', "Although greatly outnumbered, the fifteen 'shellbacks' kept complete control as they initiated the 'polywogs' into the Ancient Order of the Deep." The exercise, which included port visits to [[Simonstown]], [[Port Elizabeth]] and [[Cape Town]], lasted through November and ''Chivo'' did not return home to Charleston, via [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]], until 21 December.
On 4 October 1960 ''Chivo'' began her first out-of-area cruise in eight years, though she first sailed south to [[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|St. Thomas]], [[Virgin Islands]], for a two-week amphibious exercise with the 2d Reconnaissance Company, [[Fleet Marine Force]]. The submarine then sailed to [[South Africa]], via [[Trinidad]], [[British West Indies]], for Operation CAPEX-60, a joint ASW exercise with [[Royal Navy|British]], [[French Navy|French]], [[Portuguese Navy|Portuguese]] and [[South African Navy|South African]] ships and aircraft. While en route, the boat held the traditional [[Line-crossing ceremony|crossing-the-line ceremonies]] at the [[equator]]. As put by the ''[[Navy Times]]'', "Although greatly outnumbered, the fifteen 'shellbacks' kept complete control as they initiated the 'polywogs' into the Ancient Order of the Deep." The exercise, which included port visits to [[Simon's Town|Simonstown]], [[Port Elizabeth]] and [[Cape Town]], lasted through November and ''Chivo'' did not return home to Charleston, via [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]], until 21 December.


== 1961 – 1971 ==
== 1961–1971 ==


Over the next few years, ''Chivo'' continued to specialize in her role as an "[[opposition force]]" (i.e. [[Soviet Navy|Soviet]]) submarine during ASW training exercises. These included pretending to launch a [[ballistic missile]] at the United States, disrupting "blue force" amphibious [[convoy]]s or attempting submerged transits against reconnaissance aircraft patrols. In the latter case during Operation DeltEx XV in October 1962, ''Chivo'' managed to stay undetected during a three-day submerged transit opposed by aircraft from [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]] and Bermuda. In addition to conducting similar exercises in 1963, the submarine also received a plastic [[Sail (submarine)|fairwater sail]] to help with underwater speed during a regular overhaul at Charleston between February and June 1964.
Over the next few years, ''Chivo'' continued to specialize in her role as an "[[Opposing force|opposition force]]" (i.e. [[Soviet Navy|Soviet]]) submarine during ASW training exercises. These included pretending to launch a [[ballistic missile]] at the United States, disrupting "blue force" amphibious [[convoy]]s or attempting submerged transits against reconnaissance aircraft patrols. In the latter case during Operation DeltEx XV in October 1962, ''Chivo'' managed to stay undetected during a three-day submerged transit opposed by aircraft from [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]] and Bermuda. In addition to conducting similar exercises in 1963, the submarine also received a plastic [[Fairwater (submarine)|fairwater]] to help with underwater speed during a regular overhaul at Charleston between February and June 1964.


On 4 January 1965 the submarine got underway for her second Mediterranean deployment, stopping at [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]; and [[Naval Station Rota, Spain|Rota]], [[Spain]]; before beginning a series of exercises with [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) forces off [[Italy]] and [[Turkey]]. The boat sailed for home from [[Athens]], [[Greece]], on 14 April and arrived, via Rota, on 2 May. ''Chivo'' spent the rest of the year conducting her usual local training operations, including a specialized [[Naval mine|mine]] planting exercise. A regularly scheduled five-month overhaul took place at Charleston in early 1966, followed by type training and the usual ASW services to various Atlantic Fleet units. During this period ''Chivo'' also participated in the final weapons range acceptance tests for the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) in the [[Bahama Islands]].
On 4 January 1965 the submarine got underway for her second Mediterranean deployment, stopping at [[Lisbon]], Portugal; and [[Naval Station Rota, Spain|Rota]], Spain; before beginning a series of exercises with [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) forces off Italy and Turkey. The boat sailed for home from [[Athens]], Greece, on 14 April and arrived, via Rota, on 2 May. ''Chivo'' spent the rest of the year conducting her usual local training operations, including a specialized [[Naval mine|mine]] planting exercise. A regularly scheduled five-month overhaul took place at Charleston in early 1966, followed by type training and the usual ASW services to various Atlantic Fleet units. During this period ''Chivo'' also participated in the final weapons range acceptance tests for the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) in the [[Bahama Islands]].


Local operations continued into 1967, with ''Chivo'' servicing warships and submarines out of Guantanamo Bay and conducting Prospective Commanding Officer (PCO) training in nearby operating areas. This routine was only broken in January 1968 when the submarine participated in destroyer-submarine Exercise Springboard I, a six-week exercise that allowed ''Chivo'' to conduct forty-eight torpedo firings at surface and sub-surface targets, greatly improving the skill of the fire control team. Following upkeep alongside [[submarine tender]] {{USS|Howard W. Gilmore|AS-16|3}}, the submarine then sailed north on 26 May to assist in [[Search and Rescue]] (SAR) operations for {{USS|Scorpion|SSN-589|3}}, with ''Chivo'' assisting in tracing the intended track of the wrecked submarine. During November, ''Chivo'' provided services for the AUTEC range at Bermuda before ending the year at Charleston. After another overhaul between January and August 1969, the submarine conducted refresher and type training in preparation for Exercise Springboard II in January 1970. After a port visit to San Juan, Puerto Rico, in mid-January, the boat sailed north to [[Portsmouth, Virginia]], for repairs. She then conducted two months of training services out of Guantanamo Bay before returning to Charleston on 28 April.
Local operations continued into 1967, with ''Chivo'' servicing warships and submarines out of Guantanamo Bay and conducting prospective commanding officer training in nearby operating areas. This routine was only broken in January 1968 when the submarine participated in destroyer-submarine Exercise Springboard I, a six-week exercise that allowed ''Chivo'' to conduct forty-eight torpedo firings at surface and sub-surface targets, greatly improving the skill of the fire control team. Following upkeep alongside [[submarine tender]] {{USS|Howard W. Gilmore|AS-16|2}}, the submarine then sailed north on 26 May to assist in [[Search and Rescue]] operations for {{USS|Scorpion|SSN-589|2}}, with ''Chivo'' assisting in tracing the intended track of the wrecked submarine. During November, ''Chivo'' provided services for the AUTEC range at Bermuda before ending the year at Charleston. After another overhaul between January and August 1969, the submarine conducted refresher and type training in preparation for Exercise Springboard II in January 1970. After a port visit to San Juan, Puerto Rico, in mid-January, the boat sailed north to [[Portsmouth, Virginia]], for repairs. She then conducted two months of training services out of Guantanamo Bay before returning to Charleston on 28 April.


At this time, the Navy — needing money and qualified manpower elsewhere — reduced ''Chivo''’s manning level to 43&nbsp;sailors and placed the boat in cadre or "non-operational" status. A service inspection completed on 16 February 1971 determined the boat was unfit for further service, as ''Chivo'' was "far below the standards of a [[Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program#GUPPY III Program|Guppy&nbsp;III]] submarine considered the minimum required to meet the increasing demands of present and future submarine warfare requirements." Although temporarily returned to active duty on 26 February 1971, the status change was in preparation for her transfer to a foreign navy that summer. There was still time for providing training and services, however, and the submarine conducted operational readiness exercises with {{USS|Seahorse|SSN-669|3}} in March; mainly conducting trailing, approach and torpedo firing exercises with the newer [[nuclear power|nuclear-powered]] submarine. ''Chivo'' provided the same "opposition force" training for {{USS|Sunfish|SSN-649|3}} in April and {{USS|Whale|SSN-638|3}} in May. These services ended when [[Armada of the Argentine Republic|Argentine Naval]] personnel arrived at Charleston on 15 June to receive two weeks of underway training with ''Chivo''’s crew, focusing on diving, surfacing and snorkeling evolutions.
At this time, the Navy — needing money and qualified manpower elsewhere — reduced ''Chivo's'' manning level to 43&nbsp;sailors and placed the boat in cadre or "non-operational" status. A service inspection completed on 16 February 1971 determined the boat was unfit for further service, as ''Chivo'' was "far below the standards of a [[Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program#GUPPY III program|Guppy&nbsp;III]] submarine considered the minimum required to meet the increasing demands of present and future submarine warfare requirements." Although temporarily returned to active duty on 26 February 1971, the status change was in preparation for her transfer to a foreign navy that summer. There was still time for providing training and services, however, and the submarine conducted operational readiness exercises with {{USS|Seahorse|SSN-669|2}} in March; mainly conducting trailing, approach and torpedo firing exercises with the newer [[nuclear power|nuclear-powered]] submarine. ''Chivo'' provided the same "opposition force" training for {{USS|Sunfish|SSN-649|2}} in April and {{USS|Whale|SSN-638|2}} in May. These services ended when [[Armada of the Argentine Republic|Argentine Naval]] personnel arrived at Charleston on 15 June to receive two weeks of underway training with ''Chivo'''s crew, focusing on diving, surfacing and snorkeling evolutions.


''Chivo'' decommissioned at [[Charleston Navy Yard]] on 1 July 1971 and was struck from the [[Naval Vessel Register|Navy list]] that same day.
''Chivo'' decommissioned at [[Charleston Navy Yard]] on 1 July 1971 and was struck from the [[Naval Vessel Register|Navy List]] that same day.


== Argentine service ==
== ARA ''Santiago del Estero'' (S-22) ==
[[Image:ARASantiagodelEsteroS22.jpg|thumb|left|ARA ''Santiago del Estero'' (S-22), Argentine Naval Base [[Mar del Plata]]]]
[[File:ARASantiagodelEsteroS22.jpg|thumb|right|''Santiago del Estero'', Argentine Naval Base [[Mar del Plata]]]]

The submarine was transferred (sold) to [[Argentina]], under terms of the Security Assistance Program on 1 July 1971. She served in the Argentine Navy (''[[Navy of the Argentine Republic|Armada de la República Argentina]]'') as '''ARA ''Santiago del Estero'' (S-22)''' — the third submarine to be named in honor of [[Santiago del Estero Province]]. Paid off in September 1981, she played no active role in the [[Falklands War]] and was disposed of in 1983.
{{other ships |ARA Santiago del Estero}}

The submarine was transferred (sold) to [[Argentina]], under terms of the Security Assistance Program on 1 July 1971. She served in the Argentine Navy (''[[Navy of the Argentine Republic|Armada de la República Argentina]]'') as ARA ''Santiago del Estero'' (S-22), the third submarine to be named in honor of [[Santiago del Estero Province]]. This submarine played a minor role in the Falklands War. She had not participated in exercises since 1980, her sonar had been removed in 1981, and she had been decommissioned in September 1981.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

By the start of the Falkalnds War in 2 April 1982, ''Santiago del Estero'' could not submerge, but she could still move on the surface. The British had no [[satellite]] technology at the time and eventually got the aid of the United States, which had available three satellites. One was of the HEXAGON/KH-9 type, launched on 11 May 1982, which had the problem that the film had to be ejected towards the Earth and picked up near Hawaii, and then transported by air towards the continent. The other were two KENNAN/KH-11, the most modern in the world, and could pass the encrypted information directly to a station in the US and from there it would be transmitted to the headquarters in Northwood, UK. In April, the United States had the KH-11/4 moved away from its orbit above the USSR and this satellite was observing Argentine bases both in the continent and the islands. Once received, he information was passed from Northwood to both Task Forces in the South Atlantic: TF 317 (Surface fleet) and TF 324 (submarine fleet); the latter commanded by [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] Peter Herbert. The British had put the emphasis on the four Argentine submarines, as well as on Argentina's sole [[aircraft carrier]] [[ARA Veinticinco de Mayo (V-2)|ARA ''Veinticinco de Mayo'' (V-2)]]; the latter was detected navigating south of Gulf San Jorge. However, ''Santiago del Estero'' (S-22), which was believed to be non-operational at the time, could not be seen since 21 April. The Argentine Navy knew about the satellite technology monitoring the mainland, and the submarine, which was not capable of submerging, had been towed by night toward Puerto Belgrano Naval Base, and there she was successfully camouflaged between two transports. The information was very important for the British; since after the capture of ''Santiago del Estero''′s [[sister ship]] [[ARA Santa Fe (S-21)|ARA ''Santa Fe'' (S-21)]] at South Georgia, during [[Operation Paraquet]], there were only three Argentine submarines, and it was necessary to find where the Argentine submarines were, as to prevent attacks on British submarines by mistake. It took until 28 May for the American-British satellital technology to find ''Santiago del Estero''. She was seen in the base together with two old World War II American [[destroyer]]s, one modern Type 42, and the only aircraft carrier, in a day in which weather conditions made possible for the satellite to effectively distinguish them.<ref name="elsnorkel.com">{{Cite web |title=Guerra de Malvinas - Satelites - CIA y el fondo del mar |url=https://www.elsnorkel.com/2015/04/guerra-de-malvinas-satelites-cia-y-el.html |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=www.elSnorkel.com}}</ref>

The other Argentine submarines had different performances in the war. [[ARA San Luis (S-32)|ARA ''San Luis'' (S-32)]], a German [[Type 209 submarine|Type 209/1200]], had returned to Puerto Belgrano Naval Base on 19 May, after a 39-day patrol north of the Falklands, in which she spent 864 hours submerged. ''San Luis''′s sister ship [[ARA Salta (S-31)|ARA ''Salta'' (S-31)]] had many problems at the time with her [[torpedo tube]]s and was conducting several tests of them, navigating in continental waters from 21 May. She finally arrived at her base on 29 May.<ref name="elsnorkel.com"/>

''Santiago del Estero'' was disposed of in 1983.


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[ARA Santiago del Estero]] for other Argentine ships named ''Santiago del Estero''
* {{ship|ARA|Santiago del Estero}} for other Argentine ships named ''Santiago del Estero''
* https://www.elsnorkel.com/2015/04/guerra-de-malvinas-satelites-cia-y-el.html


== References ==
== References ==
Line 168: Line 183:
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|USS Chivo (SS-341)}}
*{{navsource|08/08341|Chivo}}
*{{navsource|08/08341|Chivo}}
*[http://www.usschivo.org/ USS ''Chivo'' website]
*[http://www.usschivo.org/ USS ''Chivo'' website]


<!-- non-breaking space to keep AWB drones from altering the space before the navbox-->
{{Balao class submarine}}
{{Balao class submarine}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Chivo (SS-341)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chivo (SS-341)}}
[[Category:Balao class submarines]]
[[Category:Balao-class submarines]]
[[Category:Ships built in Groton, Connecticut]]
[[Category:1945 ships]]
[[Category:World War II submarines of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II submarines of the United States]]
[[Category:Cold War submarines of the United States]]
[[Category:Cold War submarines of the United States]]
[[Category:United States Navy ships transferred to the Argentine Navy]]
[[Category:Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Argentine Navy]]
[[Category:Submarines of Argentina]]
[[Category:Ships built in Connecticut]]
[[Category:1945 ships]]

[[es:ARA Santiago del Estero (S-22)]]
[[ja:チヴォ (潜水艦)]]
[[sl:USS Chivo (SS-341)]]

Latest revision as of 23:14, 15 February 2024

Chivo (SS-341), underway, c. 1945-50, off the Hawaiian coast.
History
United States
NameUSS Chivo
BuilderElectric Boat Company, Groton, Connecticut[1]
Laid down21 February 1944[1]
Launched14 January 1945[1]
Commissioned28 April 1945[1]
Decommissioned1 July 1971[1]
Stricken1 July 1971[2]
IdentificationSS-341
FateTransferred to Argentina, 1 July 1971[1]
Argentina
NameARA Santiago del Estero
Acquired1 July 1971
DecommissionedJanuary 1981
IdentificationS-22
FateSold for scrap, 1983
General characteristics (As completed)
Class and typeBalao-class diesel-electric submarine[2]
Displacement
  • 1,526 tons (1,550 t) surfaced[2]
  • 2,424 tons (2,463 t) submerged[2]
Length311 ft 9 in (95.02 m)[2]
Beam27 ft 3 in (8.31 m)[2]
Draft16 ft 10 in (5.13 m) maximum[2]
Propulsion
Speed
  • 20.25 knots (38 km/h) surfaced[3]
  • 8.75 knots (16 km/h) submerged[3]
Range11,000 nautical miles (20,000 km) surfaced at 10 knots (19 km/h)[3]
Endurance
  • 48 hours at 2 knots (3.7 km/h) submerged[3]
  • 75 days on patrol
Test depth400 ft (120 m)[3]
Complement10 officers, 70–71 enlisted[3]
Armament
General characteristics (Guppy IA)
Class and typenone
Displacement
  • 1,830 tons (1,859 t) surfaced[6]
  • 2,440 tons (2,479 t) submerged[6]
Length307 ft 7 in (93.8 m)[5]
Beam27 ft 4 in (8.3 m)[5]
Draft17 ft (5.2 m)[5]
Propulsion
Speed
  • Surfaced:
  • 17.3 knots (32.0 km/h) maximum
  • 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h) cruising
  • Submerged:
  • 15.0 knots (27.8 km/h) for ½ hour
  • 7.5 knots (13.9 km/h) snorkeling
  • 3.0 knots (5.6 km/h) cruising[6]
Range17,000 nm (28,000 km) surfaced at 11 knots (20 km/h)[5]
Endurance36 hours at 3 knots (6 km/h) submerged[5]
Complement
  • 10 officers
  • 5 petty officers
  • 64–69 enlisted men
Armament

USS Chivo (SS-341), a Balao-class submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy named for the "chivo" or big-scaled goatfish Pseudopenaeus grandisquamis, a fish inhabiting the Pacific Ocean between Panama and Mexico.

Chivo was launched 14 January 1945 by Electric Boat Company, Groton, Conn.; sponsored by Mrs. Edith Lindholm Baldwin, wife of Raymond E. Baldwin, the governor of Connecticut; and commissioned 28 April 1945.

1945–1950[edit]

Chivo departed New London 7 June 1945 for Key West where she trained and exercised briefly at the sound school and experimental torpedo range, before sailing on to Pearl Harbor in company with Requin and Redfish. While the submarine was preparing for her first war patrol, hostilities ended; Chivo then remained at Pearl Harbor, operating locally with other ships of the Pacific Fleet. Assigned to Submarine Squadron Seven (SubRon 7), she returned to the States in October, basing out of San Diego, California for local operations which continued until January 1946, when Chivo sailed for a short tour of duty operating out of Subic Bay in the Philippines. Returning to San Diego in May, the submarine exercised along the west coast for the next 15 months, a period culminating in an overhaul at Mare Island Naval Shipyard.

Growing tensions in Asia, provoked in part by French conflict with the Vietminh in Indochina and disagreements over the future of Korea, encouraged the Navy to conduct more realistic training for submariners. As part of this general approach, Chivo began a three-month simulated war patrol in August 1947 which took her to Suva, Fiji Islands; Guam; and Japan; before she arrived back at San Diego in November. West coast duty continued for her until mid-1949 when she was transferred to the Atlantic Fleet, arriving at her new home port of Naval Station Key West and Submarine Squadron Four (SubRon 4) on 4 July 1949. During her transit there the boat's movement reports describe one of the hazards of sailing in the warm waters in the West Indies when Chivo "struck unidentified submerged object, possibly turtle." The submarine provided training and services for Atlantic Fleet ships in intertype exercises until 30 October 1950 when she arrived at New London to begin an extensive Greater Underwater Propulsion Program (GUPPY 1-A) overhaul and modernization. The modifications included streamlining the hull and superstructure, adding a snorkel to allow diesel engine operation while at periscope depth and increasing overall battery power.

1951–1960[edit]

With increased power and a new streamlined shape, Chivo returned to duty with the Atlantic Fleet in July 1951, resuming anti-submarine warfare (ASW) training operations with surface ships as well as maintaining proficiency in anti-shipping and mine warfare. These drills and exercises took place mainly off Key West and Guantanamo Bay. This regular training continued until 19 April 1952 when Chivo sailed for a short cruise with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean, visiting Augusta, Sicily; Cannes and Marseille, France; and Naples, Italy; before returning home via the Azores in June.

Chivo, after modernization, 1953.

Assigned to Submarine Squadron Twelve (SubRon 12) upon her return to Key West, the submarine resumed her familiar training routine with the Fleet Sonar School interspersed with port visits to Havana, Cuba; Montego Bay, Jamaica; and Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Aside from a three-month overhaul at Philadelphia between January and May 1953, Chivo remained in the West Indies until October when the submarine transited the Panama Canal for a month of operations off the Pacific coast of Colombia. This training period continued until May 1954 when the boat began a four-month regular overhaul at Charleston Naval Shipyard. She again returned to Fleet Sonar School duty in September, with such employment put on hold in March 1955 for a ten-week battery renewal restricted availability. In a change to her normal schedule, the submarine visited Gulfport, Mississippi, in March 1956 and New York City in August of that same year. After another visit to Gulfport in January 1957 to train reservists, and Santiago de Cuba in February, Chivo commenced an overhaul at Charleston Naval Shipyard in March. Returning to normal duty out of Key West in September, the boat remained there save for the occasional port visit to Gulf Ports until transferred to Charleston and Submarine Squadron Four in July 1959, a shift completed after a short cruise north to Boston, and Quebec City, Canada the previous month. Chivo resumed her familiar ASW services out of Charleston shortly thereafter, a duty she continued in January 1960 with ASW services to patrol aircraft off Bermuda. She followed that with another overhaul at Charleston Naval Shipyard between March and September, with repairs and modifications that included a new sonar system.

On 4 October 1960 Chivo began her first out-of-area cruise in eight years, though she first sailed south to St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, for a two-week amphibious exercise with the 2d Reconnaissance Company, Fleet Marine Force. The submarine then sailed to South Africa, via Trinidad, British West Indies, for Operation CAPEX-60, a joint ASW exercise with British, French, Portuguese and South African ships and aircraft. While en route, the boat held the traditional crossing-the-line ceremonies at the equator. As put by the Navy Times, "Although greatly outnumbered, the fifteen 'shellbacks' kept complete control as they initiated the 'polywogs' into the Ancient Order of the Deep." The exercise, which included port visits to Simonstown, Port Elizabeth and Cape Town, lasted through November and Chivo did not return home to Charleston, via San Juan, Puerto Rico, until 21 December.

1961–1971[edit]

Over the next few years, Chivo continued to specialize in her role as an "opposition force" (i.e. Soviet) submarine during ASW training exercises. These included pretending to launch a ballistic missile at the United States, disrupting "blue force" amphibious convoys or attempting submerged transits against reconnaissance aircraft patrols. In the latter case during Operation DeltEx XV in October 1962, Chivo managed to stay undetected during a three-day submerged transit opposed by aircraft from Norfolk and Bermuda. In addition to conducting similar exercises in 1963, the submarine also received a plastic fairwater to help with underwater speed during a regular overhaul at Charleston between February and June 1964.

On 4 January 1965 the submarine got underway for her second Mediterranean deployment, stopping at Lisbon, Portugal; and Rota, Spain; before beginning a series of exercises with North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces off Italy and Turkey. The boat sailed for home from Athens, Greece, on 14 April and arrived, via Rota, on 2 May. Chivo spent the rest of the year conducting her usual local training operations, including a specialized mine planting exercise. A regularly scheduled five-month overhaul took place at Charleston in early 1966, followed by type training and the usual ASW services to various Atlantic Fleet units. During this period Chivo also participated in the final weapons range acceptance tests for the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) in the Bahama Islands.

Local operations continued into 1967, with Chivo servicing warships and submarines out of Guantanamo Bay and conducting prospective commanding officer training in nearby operating areas. This routine was only broken in January 1968 when the submarine participated in destroyer-submarine Exercise Springboard I, a six-week exercise that allowed Chivo to conduct forty-eight torpedo firings at surface and sub-surface targets, greatly improving the skill of the fire control team. Following upkeep alongside submarine tender Howard W. Gilmore, the submarine then sailed north on 26 May to assist in Search and Rescue operations for Scorpion, with Chivo assisting in tracing the intended track of the wrecked submarine. During November, Chivo provided services for the AUTEC range at Bermuda before ending the year at Charleston. After another overhaul between January and August 1969, the submarine conducted refresher and type training in preparation for Exercise Springboard II in January 1970. After a port visit to San Juan, Puerto Rico, in mid-January, the boat sailed north to Portsmouth, Virginia, for repairs. She then conducted two months of training services out of Guantanamo Bay before returning to Charleston on 28 April.

At this time, the Navy — needing money and qualified manpower elsewhere — reduced Chivo's manning level to 43 sailors and placed the boat in cadre or "non-operational" status. A service inspection completed on 16 February 1971 determined the boat was unfit for further service, as Chivo was "far below the standards of a Guppy III submarine considered the minimum required to meet the increasing demands of present and future submarine warfare requirements." Although temporarily returned to active duty on 26 February 1971, the status change was in preparation for her transfer to a foreign navy that summer. There was still time for providing training and services, however, and the submarine conducted operational readiness exercises with Seahorse in March; mainly conducting trailing, approach and torpedo firing exercises with the newer nuclear-powered submarine. Chivo provided the same "opposition force" training for Sunfish in April and Whale in May. These services ended when Argentine Naval personnel arrived at Charleston on 15 June to receive two weeks of underway training with Chivo's crew, focusing on diving, surfacing and snorkeling evolutions.

Chivo decommissioned at Charleston Navy Yard on 1 July 1971 and was struck from the Navy List that same day.

Argentine service[edit]

Santiago del Estero, Argentine Naval Base Mar del Plata

The submarine was transferred (sold) to Argentina, under terms of the Security Assistance Program on 1 July 1971. She served in the Argentine Navy (Armada de la República Argentina) as ARA Santiago del Estero (S-22), the third submarine to be named in honor of Santiago del Estero Province. This submarine played a minor role in the Falklands War. She had not participated in exercises since 1980, her sonar had been removed in 1981, and she had been decommissioned in September 1981.[citation needed]

By the start of the Falkalnds War in 2 April 1982, Santiago del Estero could not submerge, but she could still move on the surface. The British had no satellite technology at the time and eventually got the aid of the United States, which had available three satellites. One was of the HEXAGON/KH-9 type, launched on 11 May 1982, which had the problem that the film had to be ejected towards the Earth and picked up near Hawaii, and then transported by air towards the continent. The other were two KENNAN/KH-11, the most modern in the world, and could pass the encrypted information directly to a station in the US and from there it would be transmitted to the headquarters in Northwood, UK. In April, the United States had the KH-11/4 moved away from its orbit above the USSR and this satellite was observing Argentine bases both in the continent and the islands. Once received, he information was passed from Northwood to both Task Forces in the South Atlantic: TF 317 (Surface fleet) and TF 324 (submarine fleet); the latter commanded by Admiral Peter Herbert. The British had put the emphasis on the four Argentine submarines, as well as on Argentina's sole aircraft carrier ARA Veinticinco de Mayo (V-2); the latter was detected navigating south of Gulf San Jorge. However, Santiago del Estero (S-22), which was believed to be non-operational at the time, could not be seen since 21 April. The Argentine Navy knew about the satellite technology monitoring the mainland, and the submarine, which was not capable of submerging, had been towed by night toward Puerto Belgrano Naval Base, and there she was successfully camouflaged between two transports. The information was very important for the British; since after the capture of Santiago del Estero′s sister ship ARA Santa Fe (S-21) at South Georgia, during Operation Paraquet, there were only three Argentine submarines, and it was necessary to find where the Argentine submarines were, as to prevent attacks on British submarines by mistake. It took until 28 May for the American-British satellital technology to find Santiago del Estero. She was seen in the base together with two old World War II American destroyers, one modern Type 42, and the only aircraft carrier, in a day in which weather conditions made possible for the satellite to effectively distinguish them.[7]

The other Argentine submarines had different performances in the war. ARA San Luis (S-32), a German Type 209/1200, had returned to Puerto Belgrano Naval Base on 19 May, after a 39-day patrol north of the Falklands, in which she spent 864 hours submerged. San Luis′s sister ship ARA Salta (S-31) had many problems at the time with her torpedo tubes and was conducting several tests of them, navigating in continental waters from 21 May. She finally arrived at her base on 29 May.[7]

Santiago del Estero was disposed of in 1983.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 285–304. ISBN 1-55750-263-3.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 275–280. ISBN 0-313-26202-0.
  3. ^ a b c d e f U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 305-311
  4. ^ a b U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 305–311
  5. ^ a b c d e f U.S. Submarines Since 1945 pp. 242
  6. ^ a b c d e f Friedman, Norman (1994). U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 11–43. ISBN 1-55750-260-9.
  7. ^ a b "Guerra de Malvinas - Satelites - CIA y el fondo del mar". www.elSnorkel.com. Retrieved 26 March 2022.

External links[edit]