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{{distinguish|text= the Cyrillic letter [[Ԍ| Komi Sje (Ԍ)]] or the [[ɢ|Voiced uvular plosive (ɢ)]]}}
{{short description|Seventh letter of the Latin alphabet}}
{{short description|7th letter of the Latin alphabet}}
{{About|the letter of the alphabet}}
{{About|the letter of the alphabet}}
{{Technical reasons|G#|the musical note|G♯ (musical note)}}
{{Technical reasons|G#|the musical note|G♯ (musical note)}}
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|associates=[[Gh (digraph)|gh]], [[List of Latin-script digraphs#G|g(x)]]
|associates=[[Gh (digraph)|gh]], [[List of Latin-script digraphs#G|g(x)]]
|direction=Left-to-Right
|direction=Left-to-Right
|image=File:Latin_letter_G.svg}}
}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{Latin letter info|g}}
{{Latin letter info|g}}
'''G''', or '''g''', is the seventh [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] in the [[Latin alphabet]], used in the [[English alphabet|modern English alphabet]], the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names|''gee'']] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|dʒ|iː}}), plural ''gees''.<ref>''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language''. 1976.</ref>
'''G''', or '''g''', is the seventh [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] of the [[Latin alphabet]], used in the [[English alphabet|modern English alphabet]], the alphabets of other western European languages, and others worldwide. Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names|''gee'']] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|dʒ|iː}}), plural ''gees''.<ref>''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language''. 1976.</ref>

The [[Letter case|lowercase]] version can be written in two forms: the single-storey (sometimes "opentail") [[File:Opentail g.svg|5px]] and the double-storey (sometimes "looptail") [[File:Looptail g.svg|6px]]. The former is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children.


==History==
==History==
{{For|earlier history|C#History}}
{{For|earlier history|C#History}}
{| class="wikitable"

|-
The evolution of the Latin alphabet's G can be traced back to the Latin alphabet's predecessor, the [[Greek alphabet]]. The voiced velar stop was represented by the third letter of the Greek alphabet, [[Gamma|gamma (Γ)]], which was later adopted by the [[Etruscan language]]. Latin then borrowed this "rounded form" of gamma, C, to represent the same sound in words such as ''recei'', which was likely an early dative form of ''[[Rex (title)|rex]]'', meaning "king," as found in an "early Latin inscription."<ref name="Ray-Britannica">{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Michael |last2=Gaur |first2=Aakanksha |date=2022-04-27 |title=G |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/G-letter |access-date=2023-05-08 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Over time, however, the letter C shifted to represent the [[Velar consonant|unvoiced velar]] stop, leading to the displacement of the letter K. Scholars believe that this change can be attributed to the influence of the Etruscan language on Latin.<ref name="Ray-Britannica" />
! Egyptian
! Phoenician <br />[[gimel|gaml]]
! Western Greek<br />[[Gamma]]
! Etruscan<br />C
! Old Latin<br />C
! Latin <br />G
|- style="background:white; text-align:center;"
| {{align|center|<hiero>T14</hiero>}}
|[[File:Phoenician gimel.svg|30px|Phoenician gimel]]
|[[File:Greek Gamma archaic 1.svg|55px|Greek Gamma]]
|[[File:EtruscanC-01.svg|30px|Etruscan C]]
|[[File:Old Latin G.svg|20px|Old Latin]]
|[[File:Capitalis monumentalis G.svg|x30px|Latin G]]
|}
The evolution of the Latin alphabet's G can be traced back to the Latin alphabet's predecessor, the [[Greek alphabet]]. The voiced velar stop was represented by the third letter of the Greek alphabet, [[Gamma|gamma (Γ)]], which was later adopted by the [[Etruscan language]]. Latin then borrowed this "rounded form" of gamma, C, to represent the same sound in words such as ''recei'', which was likely an early dative form of ''[[Rex (title)|rex]]'', meaning "king", as found in an "early Latin inscription."<ref name="Ray-Britannica">{{Cite web |last1=Ray |first1=Michael |last2=Gaur |first2=Aakanksha |date=2022-04-27 |title=G |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/G-letter |access-date=2023-05-08 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Over time, however, the letter C shifted to represent the [[Velar consonant|unvoiced velar]] stop, leading to the displacement of the letter K. Scholars believe that this change can be attributed to the influence of the Etruscan language on Latin.<ref name="Ray-Britannica" />


Afterwards, the letter 'G' was introduced in the [[History of the Latin alphabet#Old Latin period|Old Latin period]] as a variant of '[[C]]' to distinguish voiced {{IPA|/ɡ/}} from voiceless {{IPA|/k/}}, and G was used to represent a voiced velar from this point on and C "stood for the unvoiced velar only".<ref name="Ray-Britannica" />
Afterwards, the letter 'G' was introduced in the [[History of the Latin alphabet#Old Latin period|Old Latin period]] as a variant of '[[C]]' to distinguish voiced {{IPA|/ɡ/}} from voiceless {{IPA|/k/}}, and G was used to represent a voiced velar from this point on and C "stood for the unvoiced velar only".<ref name="Ray-Britannica" />


The recorded originator of 'G' is [[freedman]] [[Spurius Carvilius Ruga]], who added letter G to the teaching of the [[Roman alphabet]] during the 3rd century BC:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlEPhP900-UC&q=Boustrophedon|title=The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet|last=Gnanadesikan|first=Amalia E.|date=2011-09-13|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444359855|language=en}}</ref> he was the first Roman to open a fee-paying school, around 230 [[BCE]]. At this time, '[[K]]' had fallen out of favor, and 'C', which had formerly represented both {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} before open vowels, had come to express {{IPA|/k/}} in all environments.
The recorded originator of 'G' is [[freedman]] [[Spurius Carvilius Ruga]], who added letter G to the teaching of the [[Roman alphabet]] during the 3rd century BC:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlEPhP900-UC&q=Boustrophedon|title=The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet|last=Gnanadesikan|first=Amalia E.|date=2011-09-13|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444359855|language=en}}</ref> he was the first Roman to open a fee-paying school, around 230 [[Before Christ|BC]]. At this time, '[[K]]' had fallen out of favor, and 'C', which had formerly represented both {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} before open vowels, had come to express {{IPA|/k/}} in all environments.


Ruga's positioning of 'G' shows that [[alphabetic order]] related to the letters' values as [[Greek numerals]] was a concern even in the 3rd century BC. According to some records, the original seventh letter, 'Z', had been purged from the Latin alphabet somewhat earlier in the 3rd century BC by the [[Roman censor]] [[Appius Claudius Caecus|Appius Claudius]], who found it distasteful and foreign.<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/zed.html Encyclopaedia Romana]</ref> Sampson (1985) suggests that: "Evidently the order of the alphabet was felt to be such a concrete thing that a new letter could be added in the middle only if a 'space' was created by the dropping of an old letter."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.evertype.com/standards/wynnyogh/thorn.html|title=Sorting the letter ÞORN|last1=Everson|first1=Michael|last2=Sigurðsson|first2=Baldur|website=Evertype|publisher=ISO CEN/TC304|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924083021/http://www.evertype.com/standards/wynnyogh/thorn.html|archive-date=2018-09-24|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-11-01|last3=Málstöð|first3=Íslensk}}</ref>
Ruga's positioning of 'G' shows that [[alphabetic order]] related to the letters' values as [[Greek numerals]] was a concern even in the 3rd century BC. According to some records, the original seventh letter, 'Z', had been purged from the Latin alphabet somewhat earlier in the 3rd century BC by the [[Roman censor]] [[Appius Claudius Caecus|Appius Claudius]], who found it distasteful and foreign.<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/zed.html Encyclopaedia Romana]</ref> Sampson (1985) suggests that: "Evidently the order of the alphabet was felt to be such a concrete thing that a new letter could be added in the middle only if a 'space' was created by the dropping of an old letter."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.evertype.com/standards/wynnyogh/thorn.html|title=Sorting the letter ÞORN|last1=Everson|first1=Michael|last2=Sigurðsson|first2=Baldur|website=Evertype|publisher=ISO CEN/TC304|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924083021/http://www.evertype.com/standards/wynnyogh/thorn.html|archive-date=2018-09-24|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-11-01|last3=Málstöð|first3=Íslensk}}</ref>


George Hempl proposed in 1899 that there never was such a "space" in the alphabet and that in fact 'G' was a direct descendant of [[zeta]]. Zeta took shapes like ⊏ in some of the [[Old Italic script]]s; the development of the [[Roman square capitals|monumental]] form 'G' from this shape would be exactly parallel to the development of 'C' from [[gamma]]. He suggests that the pronunciation {{IPA|/k/}} &gt; {{IPA|/ɡ/}} was due to contamination from the also similar-looking 'K'.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hempl|first=George|date=1899|title=The Origin of the Latin Letters G and Z|journal=[[Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association]]|volume=30|publisher=[[The Johns Hopkins University Press]]|pages=24–41|doi=10.2307/282560|jstor=282560}}</ref>
George Hempl proposed in 1899 that there never was such a "space" in the alphabet and that in fact 'G' was a direct descendant of [[zeta]]. Zeta took shapes like ⊏ in some of the [[Old Italic script]]s; the development of the [[Roman square capitals|monumental]] form 'G' from this shape would be exactly parallel to the development of 'C' from [[gamma]]. He suggests that the pronunciation {{IPA|/k/}} &gt; {{IPA|/ɡ/}} was due to contamination from the also similar-looking 'K'.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hempl|first=George|date=1899|title=The Origin of the Latin Letters G and Z|journal=[[Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association]]|volume=30|publisher=[[The Johns Hopkins University Press]]|pages=24–41|doi=10.2307/282560|jstor=282560}}</ref>
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===Typographic variants===
===Typographic variants===
[[File:LowercaseG.svg|left|thumb|[[Allography|Typographic variants]] include a double-storey and single-storey '''g'''.]]
[[File:LowercaseG.svg|left|thumb|[[Allograph|Typographic variants]] include a double-storey and a single-storey '''g'''|alt=Image shows the two forms of the letter g]]
The modern [[lowercase]] 'g' has two typographic variants: the single-storey (sometimes "opentail") '[[File:Opentail g.svg|8px]]' and the double-storey (sometimes "looptail") '[[File:Looptail g.svg|8px]]'. The single-storey form derives from the majuscule (uppercase) form by raising the [[serif]] that distinguishes it from 'c' to the top of the loop (thus closing the loop), and extending the vertical stroke downward and to the left. The double-storey form {{nowrap|([[File:Looptail g.svg|8px]])}} had developed similarly, except that some ornate forms then extended the tail back to the right, and to the left again, forming a closed [[Bowl (typography)|bowl]] or loop. The initial extension to the left was absorbed into the upper closed bowl. The double-storey version became popular when printing switched to "[[Roman type]]" because the tail was effectively shorter, making it possible to put more lines on a page. In the double-storey version, a small top stroke in the upper-right, often terminating in an orb shape, is called an "ear".
The modern [[lowercase]] {{char|g}} has two typographic variants: the single-storey (sometimes "opentail") [[File:Opentail g.svg|8px|alt=a letter g shaped like a circle with a dangling hook]] and the double-storey (sometimes "looptail") [[File:Looptail g.svg|8px|alt=a letter g shaped like spectacles]]. The single-storey form derives from the majuscule (uppercase) form by raising the [[serif]] that distinguishes it from 'c' to the top of the loop (thus closing the loop), and extending the vertical stroke downward and to the left. The double-storey form {{nowrap|([[File:Looptail g.svg|8px]])}} had developed similarly, except that some ornate forms then extended the tail back to the right, and to the left again, forming a closed [[Bowl (typography)|bowl]] or loop. The initial extension to the left was absorbed into the upper closed bowl. The double-storey version became popular when printing switched from [[Blackletter]] type to [[Roman type]], because the tail was effectively shorter, making it possible to put more lines on a page. In the double-storey version, a small top stroke in the upper-right, often terminating in an orb shape, is called an "ear".


Generally, the two forms are complementary and interchangeable; the form displayed is a [[typeface]] selection choice. In [[Unicode]], the two appearances are generally treated as glyph variants with no [[wikt:semantic|semantic]] difference. Most [[serif]] typefaces use the looptail form (for example, <span style=font-family:"Times New Roman", Times, serif>{{char|g}}</span>) and most [[sans-serif]] typefaces use the opentail form (for example, <span style=font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif>{{char|g}}</span>) but the [[code point]] in both cases is U+0067. For applications where the single-storey variant must be distinguished (such as strict IPA in a typeface where the usual g character is double-storey), the character {{Unichar|0261|Latin small letter script g}} is available, as well as an upper case version, {{Unichar|A7AC|Latin capital letter script G}}.
Generally, the two forms are complementary, but occasionally the difference has been exploited to provide contrast. In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], opentail {{angbr IPA|ɡ}} has always represented a [[voiced velar plosive]], while {{angbr|[[File:Looptail g.svg|8px]]}} was distinguished from {{angbr IPA|ɡ}} and represented a [[voiced velar fricative]] from 1895 to 1900.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Association phonétique internationale|date=January 1895|title=vɔt syr l alfabɛ|trans-title=Votes sur l'alphabet|journal=Le Maître Phonétique|volume=10|issue=1|pages=16–17|jstor=44707535}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Association phonétique internationale|date=February–March 1900|title=akt ɔfisjɛl|trans-title=Acte officiel|journal=Le Maître Phonétique|volume=15|issue=2/3|page=20|jstor=44701257}}</ref> In 1948, the Council of the [[International Phonetic Association]] recognized {{angbr IPA|ɡ}} and {{angbr|[[File:Looptail g.svg|8px]]}} as typographic equivalents,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=Daniel|date=July–December 1948|title=desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl|trans-title=Décisions officielles|journal=Le Maître Phonétique|volume=26 (63)|issue=90|pages=28–30|jstor=44705217}}</ref> and this decision was reaffirmed in 1993.<ref>{{cite journal|author=International Phonetic Association|year=1993|title=Council actions on revisions of the IPA|journal=[[Journal of the International Phonetic Association]]|volume=23|issue=1|pages=32–34|doi=10.1017/S002510030000476X|s2cid=249420050 }}</ref> While the 1949 ''Principles of the International Phonetic Association'' recommended the use of {{angbr|[[File:Looptail g.svg|8px]]}} for a velar plosive and {{angbr IPA|ɡ}} for an advanced one for languages where it is preferable to distinguish the two, such as Russian,<ref>{{cite book|author=International Phonetic Association|year=1949|title=The Principles of the International Phonetic Association|publisher=Department of Phonetics, [[University College, London]]|jstor=i40200179|at=Supplement to ''Le Maître Phonétique'' 91, January–June 1949}}
* Reprinted in ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'' 40 (3), December 2010, pp.&nbsp;299–358, {{doi|10.1017/S0025100311000089}}.</ref> this practice never caught on.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wells|first=John C.|date=6 November 2006|url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0611a.htm|title=Scenes from IPA history|work=John Wells's phonetic blog|publisher=Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London|access-date=29 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613022900/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0611a.htm|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1999 ''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association'', the successor to the ''Principles'', abandoned the recommendation and acknowledged both shapes as acceptable variants.<ref>{{cite book|author=International Phonetic Association|year=1999|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-63751-1|page=19}}</ref>


Occasionally the difference has been exploited to provide contrast. In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], opentail {{angbr|[[File:Opentail g.svg|8px]]}} has always represented a [[voiced velar plosive]], while looptail {{angbr|[[File:Looptail g.svg|8px]]}} represented a [[voiced velar fricative]] from 1895 to 1900.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Association phonétique internationale|date=January 1895|title=vɔt syr l alfabɛ|trans-title=Votes sur l'alphabet|journal=Le Maître Phonétique|volume=10|issue=1|pages=16–17|jstor=44707535}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Association phonétique internationale|date=February–March 1900|title=akt ɔfisjɛl|trans-title=Acte officiel|journal=Le Maître Phonétique|volume=15|issue=2/3|page=20|jstor=44701257}}</ref> In 1948, the Council of the [[International Phonetic Association]] recognized {{angbr IPA|ɡ}} and {{angbr|[[File:Looptail g.svg|8px]]}} as typographic equivalents,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=Daniel|date=July–December 1948|title=desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl|trans-title=Décisions officielles|journal=Le Maître Phonétique|volume=26 (63)|issue=90|pages=28–30|jstor=44705217}}</ref> and this decision was reaffirmed in 1993.<ref>{{cite journal|author=International Phonetic Association|year=1993|title=Council actions on revisions of the IPA|journal=[[Journal of the International Phonetic Association]]|volume=23|issue=1|pages=32–34|doi=10.1017/S002510030000476X|s2cid=249420050 }}</ref> While the 1949 ''Principles of the International Phonetic Association'' recommended the use of {{angbr|[[File:Looptail g.svg|8px]]}} for a velar plosive and {{angbr IPA|ɡ}} for an advanced one for languages where it is preferable to distinguish the two, such as Russian,<ref>{{cite book|author=International Phonetic Association|year=1949|title=The Principles of the International Phonetic Association|publisher=Department of Phonetics, [[University College, London]]|jstor=i40200179|at=Supplement to ''Le Maître Phonétique'' 91, January–June 1949}}
Wong et al. (2018) found that native English speakers have little conscious awareness of the looptail form {{nowrap|([[File:Looptail g.svg|8px]]).}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wong|first1=Kimberly|last2=Wadee|first2=Frempongma|last3=Ellenblum|first3=Gali|last4=McCloskey|first4=Michael|title=The Devil's in the g-tails: Deficient letter-shape knowledge and awareness despite massive visual experience.|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance|volume=44|issue=9|pages=1324–1335|date=2 April 2018|doi=10.1037/xhp0000532|pmid=29608074|s2cid=4571477}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Dean|first1=Signe|title=Most People Don't Know What Lowercase 'G' Looks Like And We're Not Even Kidding|date=4 April 2018|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/lowercase-g-two-print-forms-looptail-opentail-writing-reading-comprehension|website=Science Alert|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073304/https://www.sciencealert.com/lowercase-g-two-print-forms-looptail-opentail-writing-reading-comprehension|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> They write: "Despite being questioned repeatedly, and despite being informed directly that G has two lowercase print forms, nearly half of the participants failed to reveal any knowledge of the looptail 'g', and only 1 of the 38 participants was able to write looptail 'g' correctly."
* Reprinted in ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'' 40 (3), December 2010, pp.&nbsp;299–358, {{doi|10.1017/S0025100311000089}}.</ref> this practice never caught on.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wells|first=John C.|date=6 November 2006|url=https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0611a.htm|title=Scenes from IPA history|work=John Wells's phonetic blog|publisher=Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London|access-date=29 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613022900/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0611a.htm|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1999 ''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association'', the successor to the ''Principles'', abandoned the recommendation and acknowledged both shapes as acceptable variants.<ref>{{cite book|author=International Phonetic Association|year=1999|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-63751-1|page=19}}</ref>


In 2018, a study found that native English speakers have little conscious awareness of the looptail form {{nowrap|([[File:Looptail g.svg|8px]]).}} The authors write: "Despite being questioned repeatedly, and despite being informed directly that G has two lowercase print forms, nearly half of the participants failed to reveal any knowledge of the looptail 'g', and only 1 of the 38 participants was able to write looptail 'g' correctly".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wong|first1=Kimberly|last2=Wadee|first2=Frempongma|last3=Ellenblum|first3=Gali|last4=McCloskey|first4=Michael|title=The Devil's in the g-tails: Deficient letter-shape knowledge and awareness despite massive visual experience.|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance|volume=44|issue=9|pages=1324–1335|date=2 April 2018|doi=10.1037/xhp0000532|pmid=29608074|s2cid=4571477}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Dean|first1=Signe|title=Most People Don't Know What Lowercase 'G' Looks Like And We're Not Even Kidding|date=4 April 2018|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/lowercase-g-two-print-forms-looptail-opentail-writing-reading-comprehension|website=Science Alert|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073304/https://www.sciencealert.com/lowercase-g-two-print-forms-looptail-opentail-writing-reading-comprehension|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
In [[Unicode]], the two appearances are generally treated as glyph variants with no semantic difference. Most [[serif]] typefaces use the looptail form (for example, <span style=font-family:"Times New Roman", Times, serif>'''g'''</span>) and most [[sans-serif]] typefaces use the opentail form (for example, <span style=font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif>'''g'''</span>) but the [[code point]] in both cases is U+0067. For applications where the single-storey variant must be distinguished (such as strict IPA in a typeface where the usual g character is double-storey), the character {{Unichar|0261|Latin small letter script g}} is available, as well as an upper case version, {{Unichar|A7AC|Latin capital letter script G}}.


{{clear}}
{{clear}}


==Use in writing systems==
==Pronunciation and use==
{{See also|Hard and soft G}}
{{See also|Hard and soft G}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Pronunciation of {{angbr|g}} by language
|+Pronunciations of Gg
! Orthography
!Language
! Phonemes
!Dialect(s)
! Environment
!Pronunciation ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])
!Environment
!Notes
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Afrikaans phonology|Afrikaans]]
! [[Afrikaans phonology|Afrikaans]]
|{{IPAslink|x}}
|{{IPAslink|x}}
|
|
|
|-
|-
! [[Romanization of Arabic|Arabic romanization]]
! colspan="2" |[[Arabic]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|
|
|Latinization; corresponding to {{angbr|ق}} or {{angbr|ج}} in [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]]
! [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]]
|{{IPAslink|ɟ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɟ}}
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Catalan language|Catalan]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Catalan orthography|Catalan]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i
|-
|/(d)ʒ/
|/(d)ʒ/
|Before e, i
|Before e, i
|
|-
|-
!{{nwr|[[Standard Chinese]]}} ([[Pinyin]])
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|Usually
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Danish language|Danish]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Danish orthography|Danish]]
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|Except word-initially
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Word-initially
|Word-initially
|
|-
|-
! [[Dutch orthography|Dutch]]
|{{IPAslink|k}}
| {{IPAslink|ɣ}} or {{IPAslink|χ}}
|Usually
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Dutch language|Dutch]]
! rowspan="4" |[[English orthography|English]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
![[Standard Dutch|Standard]]
|Any
|{{IPAslink|ɣ}}
|
|
|-
|-
!Southern dialects
|{{IPAslink|ɣ̟}}
|
|
|-
!Northern dialects
|{{IPAslink|χ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[English language|English]]
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}}
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}}
|Before e, i, y (see exceptions below)
|Before e, i, y
|
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Usually
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|ʒ}}
|{{IPAslink|ʒ}}
|Before e, i in "modern" loanwords from French
|Before e, i in more recent loanwords from French
|
|-
|-
|''silent''
|''silent''
|Some words, initial <gn>, and word-finally before a consonant
|Some words, initial <gn>, and word-finally before a consonant
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Esperanto]]
! [[Esperanto]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="6" |[[Faroese language|Faroese]]
! rowspan="6" | [[Faroese orthography|Faroese]]
|{{IPAslink|j}}
|{{IPAslink|j}}
|soft, lenited; see [[Faroese phonology]]
|soft, lenited; see [[Faroese phonology]]
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|hard
|hard
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|tʃ}}
|{{IPAslink|tʃ}}
|soft
|soft
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|v}}
|{{IPAslink|v}}
|after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and before u
|after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and before u
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|w}}
|{{IPAslink|w}}
|after ó, u, ú and before a, i, or u
|after ó, u, ú and before a, i, or u
|
|-
|-
|''silent''
|''silent''
|after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and before a
|after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and before a
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fijian language|Fijian]]
! [[Fijian language|Fijian]]
|{{IPAslink|ŋ}}
|{{IPAslink|ŋ}}
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[French language|French]]
! rowspan="2" |[[French orthography|French]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i, y
|Usually
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|ʒ}}
|{{IPAslink|ʒ}}
|Before e, i, y
|Before e, i, y
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Galician language|Galician]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Galician language|Galician]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}~{{IPAslink|ħ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}} ~ {{IPAslink|ħ}}
|Except before e, i, see ''[[Gheada]]'' for consonant variation
|Usually
|See ''[[Gheada]]'' for consonant variation
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|ʃ}}
|{{IPAslink|ʃ}}
|Before e, i
|Before e, i, obsolete, replaced by {{angbr|x}}
|obsolete spelling, replaced by the letter ''x''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Greek language|Greek]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Romanization of Greek|Greek romanization]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before ai, e, i, oi, y
|Usually
|Latinization
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɟ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɟ}}
|Before ai, e, i, oi, y
|Before ai, e, i, oi, y
|Latinization
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
! rowspan="4" |[[Icelandic orthography|Icelandic]]
|{{IPAslink|c}}
|{{IPAslink|c}}
|soft
|soft
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|hard
|hard
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɣ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɣ}}
|hard, lenited; see [[Icelandic phonology]]
|hard, lenited; see [[Icelandic phonology]]
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|j}}
|{{IPAslink|j}}
|soft, lenited
|soft, lenited
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Irish language|Irish]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Irish orthography|Irish]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except after i or before e, i
|Usually
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɟ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɟ}}
|After i or before e, i
|After i or before e, i
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Italian language|Italian]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Italian orthography|Italian]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i
|Usually
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}}
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}}
|Before e, i
|Before e, i
|
|-
|-
! [[Malay orthography|Malay]]
![[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
|{{IPAslink|g}}
![[Standard Chinese|Standard]]
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|
|
|[[Pinyin]] latinization
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Norman language|Norman]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Norman language|Norman]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i
|-
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}}
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}}
|Before e, i
|Before e, i
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Norwegian orthography|Norwegian]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before ei, i, j, øy, y
|Usually
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Usually
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|j}}
|{{IPAslink|j}}
|Before ei, i, j, øy, y
|Before ei, i, j, øy, y
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Portuguese orthography|Portuguese]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i, y
|Usually
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|ʒ}}
|{{IPAslink|ʒ}}
|Before e, i, y
|Before e, i, y
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Romanian language|Romanian]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Romanian orthography|Romanian]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i
|-
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}}
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}}
|Before e, i
|Before e, i
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Romansh language|Romansh]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i
|Usually
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Romansh language|Romansh]]
|{{IPAslink|dʑ}}
|{{IPAslink|dʑ}}
|Before e, i
|Before e, i
|
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Usually
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Samoan language|Samoan]]
! [[Samoan language|Samoan]]
|{{IPAslink|ŋ}}
|{{IPAslink|ŋ}}
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Scottish Gaelic]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Scottish Gaelic]]
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|Except after i or before e, i
|Usually
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|kʲ}}
|{{IPAslink|kʲ}}
|After i or before e, i
|After i or before e, i
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Spanish orthography|Spanish]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i, y
|Usually
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|x}} or {{IPAslink|h}}
|{{IPAslink|x}} ~ {{IPAslink|h}}
|Before e, i, y
|Before e, i, y
|Variation between [[voiceless velar fricative|velar]] and [[voiceless glottal fricative|glottal]] realizations [[Spanish dialects and varieties#j variation|depends on dialect]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Swedish language|Swedish]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Swedish orthography|Swedish]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before ä, e, i, ö, y
|Usually
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|j}}
|{{IPAslink|j}}
|Before ä, e, i, ö, y
|Before ä, e, i, ö, y
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Turkish alphabet|Turkish]]
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|Except before e, i, ö, ü
|Usually
|
|-
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɟ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɟ}}
|Before e, i, ö, ü
|Before e, i, ö, ü
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |Vietnamese
! rowspan="2" |[[Vietnamese alphabet|Vietnamese]]
!Standard
|{{IPAslink|ɣ}}
|{{IPAslink|ɣ}}
|
|
|
|-
|-
|/[[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]/ ~ /[[Voiced palatal approximant|j]]/
!Northern
|/[[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]/
|Before i
|Before i
|
|-
!Southern
|/[[Voiced palatal approximant|j]]/
|Before i
|
|}
|}


Line 401: Line 346:


The [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] Latin alphabet uses {{angbr|g}} exclusively for the "soft" sound, namely {{IPA|/ɟ/}}. The sound {{IPA|/ɡ/}} is written as {{angbr|q}}. This leads to unusual spellings of loanwords: ''qram'' 'gram', ''qrup'' 'group', ''qaraj'' 'garage', ''qallium'' 'gallium'.
The [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] Latin alphabet uses {{angbr|g}} exclusively for the "soft" sound, namely {{IPA|/ɟ/}}. The sound {{IPA|/ɡ/}} is written as {{angbr|q}}. This leads to unusual spellings of loanwords: ''qram'' 'gram', ''qrup'' 'group', ''qaraj'' 'garage', ''qallium'' 'gallium'.

===Other systems===
In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], {{angbr|ɡ}} represents the [[voiced velar plosive]]. The [[small caps]] {{angbr|ɢ}} represents the [[voiced uvular plosive]].

==Other uses==
{{main article|G (disambiguation)}}
* [[Unit prefix]] G, meaning 1,000,000,000 times.


==Related characters==
==Related characters==
Line 429: Line 381:
* ꬶ : Used for the [[Teuthonista]] phonetic transcription system<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf|title=L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS|date=2011-06-02|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Alois|last2=Dicklberger|first3=Karl|last3=Pentzlin|first4=Eveline|last4=Wandl-Vogt|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011012426/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-11|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ꬶ : Used for the [[Teuthonista]] phonetic transcription system<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf|title=L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS|date=2011-06-02|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Alois|last2=Dicklberger|first3=Karl|last3=Pentzlin|first4=Eveline|last4=Wandl-Vogt|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011012426/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-11|url-status=live}}</ref>
* G with [[diacritic]]s: [[Ǵ|Ǵ ǵ]] [[G with stroke|Ǥ ǥ]] [[Ĝ|Ĝ ĝ]] [[Ǧ|Ǧ ǧ]] [[Ğ|Ğ ğ]] [[Cedilla|Ģ ģ]] [[Ɠ|Ɠ ɠ]] [[Ġ|Ġ ġ]] [[Ḡ|Ḡ ḡ]] [[Ꞡ|Ꞡ ꞡ]] [[ᶃ]]
* G with [[diacritic]]s: [[Ǵ|Ǵ ǵ]] [[G with stroke|Ǥ ǥ]] [[Ĝ|Ĝ ĝ]] [[Ǧ|Ǧ ǧ]] [[Ğ|Ğ ğ]] [[Cedilla|Ģ ģ]] [[Ɠ|Ɠ ɠ]] [[Ġ|Ġ ġ]] [[Ḡ|Ḡ ḡ]] [[Ꞡ|Ꞡ ꞡ]] [[ᶃ]]
*ց : Armenian alphabet [[Tso (letter)|Tso]]
*ց : Armenian alphabet [[Co (Armenian letter)|Tso]]


===Ligatures and abbreviations===
===Ligatures and abbreviations===
* ₲ : [[Paraguayan guaraní]]
* ₲ : [[Paraguayan guaraní]]
* ㎏ : the [[kilogram]] symbol as a single character in the [[CJK Compatibility]] block


==Other representations==
==Computing codes==
===Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span>===
{{charmap
{{charmap
| 0047 | 0067 | A7AC | 0261
| 0047 | 0067 | A7AC | 0261 | FF27 | FF47
| name1 = Latin Capital Letter G | name2 = Latin Small Letter G | name3 = LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SCRIPT G | name4 = LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G
| name1 = Latin Capital Letter G | name2 = Latin Small Letter G | name3 = LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SCRIPT G | name4 = LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G | name5 = FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G | name6 = FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER G
| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = C7 | map1char2 = 87
| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = C7 | map1char2 = 87
| map2 = [[ASCII]] <sup>1</sup> | map2char1 = 47 | map2char2 = 67
| map2 = [[ASCII]] <sup>1</sup> | map2char1 = 47 | map2char2 = 67
Line 444: Line 398:
: <sup>1</sup> {{midsize|Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.}}
: <sup>1</sup> {{midsize|Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.}}


==Other representations==
===Other===
{{Letter other reps
{{Letter other reps
|NATO=Golf
|NATO=Golf

Latest revision as of 17:32, 9 May 2024

Not to be confused with the Cyrillic letter Komi Sje (Ԍ) or the Voiced uvular plosive (ɢ).
This article is about the letter of the alphabet. For other uses, see G (disambiguation).
For technical reasons, "G#" redirects here. For the musical note, see G♯ (musical note).
G
G g
Usage
Writing systemLatin script
TypeAlphabetic
Language of originLatin language
Phonetic usage
Unicode codepointU+0047, U+0067, U+0261
Alphabetical position7
History
Development
Pictogram of a Camel (speculated origin)
Time period~-300 to present
Descendants
Sisters
Transliteration equivalentsC
Other
Other letters commonly used withgh, g(x)
Writing directionLeft-to-Right
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

G
ISO basic
Latin alphabet
AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz

G, or g, is the seventh letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages, and others worldwide. Its name in English is gee (pronounced /ˈdʒiː/), plural gees.[1]

The lowercase version can be written in two forms: the single-storey (sometimes "opentail") and the double-storey (sometimes "looptail") . The former is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children.

History

For earlier history, see C § History.
Egyptian Phoenician
gaml 		Western Greek
Gamma 		Etruscan
C 		Old Latin
C 		Latin
G
T14
 Phoenician gimel Greek Gamma Etruscan C Old Latin Latin G

The evolution of the Latin alphabet's G can be traced back to the Latin alphabet's predecessor, the Greek alphabet. The voiced velar stop was represented by the third letter of the Greek alphabet, gamma (Γ), which was later adopted by the Etruscan language. Latin then borrowed this "rounded form" of gamma, C, to represent the same sound in words such as recei, which was likely an early dative form of rex, meaning "king", as found in an "early Latin inscription."[2] Over time, however, the letter C shifted to represent the unvoiced velar stop, leading to the displacement of the letter K. Scholars believe that this change can be attributed to the influence of the Etruscan language on Latin.[2]

Afterwards, the letter 'G' was introduced in the Old Latin period as a variant of 'C' to distinguish voiced /ɡ/ from voiceless /k/, and G was used to represent a voiced velar from this point on and C "stood for the unvoiced velar only".[2]

The recorded originator of 'G' is freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga, who added letter G to the teaching of the Roman alphabet during the 3rd century BC:[3] he was the first Roman to open a fee-paying school, around 230 BC. At this time, 'K' had fallen out of favor, and 'C', which had formerly represented both /ɡ/ and /k/ before open vowels, had come to express /k/ in all environments.

Ruga's positioning of 'G' shows that alphabetic order related to the letters' values as Greek numerals was a concern even in the 3rd century BC. According to some records, the original seventh letter, 'Z', had been purged from the Latin alphabet somewhat earlier in the 3rd century BC by the Roman censor Appius Claudius, who found it distasteful and foreign.[4] Sampson (1985) suggests that: "Evidently the order of the alphabet was felt to be such a concrete thing that a new letter could be added in the middle only if a 'space' was created by the dropping of an old letter."[5]

George Hempl proposed in 1899 that there never was such a "space" in the alphabet and that in fact 'G' was a direct descendant of zeta. Zeta took shapes like ⊏ in some of the Old Italic scripts; the development of the monumental form 'G' from this shape would be exactly parallel to the development of 'C' from gamma. He suggests that the pronunciation /k/ > /ɡ/ was due to contamination from the also similar-looking 'K'.[6]

Eventually, both velar consonants /k/ and /ɡ/ developed palatalized allophones before front vowels; consequently in today's Romance languages, ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ have different sound values depending on context (known as hard and soft C and hard and soft G). Because of French influence, English language orthography shares this feature.

Typographic variants

Image shows the two forms of the letter g
Typographic variants include a double-storey and a single-storey g

The modern lowercase g has two typographic variants: the single-storey (sometimes "opentail") a letter g shaped like a circle with a dangling hook and the double-storey (sometimes "looptail") a letter g shaped like spectacles. The single-storey form derives from the majuscule (uppercase) form by raising the serif that distinguishes it from 'c' to the top of the loop (thus closing the loop), and extending the vertical stroke downward and to the left. The double-storey form () had developed similarly, except that some ornate forms then extended the tail back to the right, and to the left again, forming a closed bowl or loop. The initial extension to the left was absorbed into the upper closed bowl. The double-storey version became popular when printing switched from Blackletter type to Roman type, because the tail was effectively shorter, making it possible to put more lines on a page. In the double-storey version, a small top stroke in the upper-right, often terminating in an orb shape, is called an "ear".

Generally, the two forms are complementary and interchangeable; the form displayed is a typeface selection choice. In Unicode, the two appearances are generally treated as glyph variants with no semantic difference. Most serif typefaces use the looptail form (for example, g) and most sans-serif typefaces use the opentail form (for example, g) but the code point in both cases is U+0067. For applications where the single-storey variant must be distinguished (such as strict IPA in a typeface where the usual g character is double-storey), the character U+0261 ɡ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G is available, as well as an upper case version, U+A7AC Ɡ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SCRIPT G.

Occasionally the difference has been exploited to provide contrast. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, opentail ⟨⟩ has always represented a voiced velar plosive, while looptail ⟨⟩ represented a voiced velar fricative from 1895 to 1900.[7][8] In 1948, the Council of the International Phonetic Association recognized ⟨ɡ⟩ and ⟨⟩ as typographic equivalents,[9] and this decision was reaffirmed in 1993.[10] While the 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Association recommended the use of ⟨⟩ for a velar plosive and ⟨ɡ⟩ for an advanced one for languages where it is preferable to distinguish the two, such as Russian,[11] this practice never caught on.[12] The 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, the successor to the Principles, abandoned the recommendation and acknowledged both shapes as acceptable variants.[13]

In 2018, a study found that native English speakers have little conscious awareness of the looptail form (). The authors write: "Despite being questioned repeatedly, and despite being informed directly that G has two lowercase print forms, nearly half of the participants failed to reveal any knowledge of the looptail 'g', and only 1 of the 38 participants was able to write looptail 'g' correctly".[14][15]

Use in writing systems

See also: Hard and soft G
Pronunciation of ⟨g⟩ by language
Orthography Phonemes Environment
Afrikaans /x/
Arabic romanization /ɡ/
Azeri /ɟ/
Catalan /ɡ/ Except before e, i
/(d)ʒ/ Before e, i
Standard Chinese (Pinyin) /k/
Danish /k/ Except word-initially
/ɡ/ Word-initially
Dutch /ɣ/ or /χ/
English /ɡ/ Any
/dʒ/ Before e, i, y
/ʒ/ Before e, i in more recent loanwords from French
silent Some words, initial <gn>, and word-finally before a consonant
Esperanto /ɡ/
Faroese /j/ soft, lenited; see Faroese phonology
/k/ hard
/tʃ/ soft
/v/ after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and before u
/w/ after ó, u, ú and before a, i, or u
silent after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and before a
Fijian /ŋ/
French /ɡ/ Except before e, i, y
/ʒ/ Before e, i, y
Galician /ɡ/ ~ /ħ/ Except before e, i, see Gheada for consonant variation
/ʃ/ Before e, i, obsolete, replaced by ⟨x⟩
Greek romanization /ɡ/ Except before ai, e, i, oi, y
/ɟ/ Before ai, e, i, oi, y
Icelandic /c/ soft
/k/ hard
/ɣ/ hard, lenited; see Icelandic phonology
/j/ soft, lenited
Irish /ɡ/ Except after i or before e, i
/ɟ/ After i or before e, i
Italian /ɡ/ Except before e, i
/dʒ/ Before e, i
Malay /g/
Norman /ɡ/ Except before e, i
/dʒ/ Before e, i
Norwegian /ɡ/ Except before ei, i, j, øy, y
/j/ Before ei, i, j, øy, y
Portuguese /ɡ/ Except before e, i, y
/ʒ/ Before e, i, y
Romanian /ɡ/ Except before e, i
/dʒ/ Before e, i
Romansh /ɡ/ Except before e, i
/dʑ/ Before e, i
Samoan /ŋ/
Scottish Gaelic /k/ Except after i or before e, i
/kʲ/ After i or before e, i
Spanish /ɡ/ Except before e, i, y
/x/ ~ /h/ Before e, i, y
Swedish /ɡ/ Except before ä, e, i, ö, y
/j/ Before ä, e, i, ö, y
Turkish /ɡ/ Except before e, i, ö, ü
/ɟ/ Before e, i, ö, ü
Vietnamese /ɣ/
/z/ ~ /j/ Before i

English

In English, the letter appears either alone or in some digraphs. Alone, it represents

⟨g⟩ is predominantly soft before ⟨e⟩ (including the digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩), ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩, and hard otherwise. It is hard in those derivations from γυνή (gynḗ) meaning woman where initial-worded as such. Soft ⟨g⟩ is also used in many words that came into English from medieval church/academic use, French, Spanish, Italian or Portuguese – these tend to, in other ways in English, closely align to their Ancient Latin and Greek roots (such as fragile, logic or magic). There remain widely used a few English words of non-Romance origin where ⟨g⟩ is hard followed by ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ (get, give, gift), and very few in which ⟨g⟩ is soft though followed by ⟨a⟩ such as gaol, which since the 20th century is almost always written as "jail".

The double consonant ⟨gg⟩ has the value /ɡ/ (hard ⟨g⟩) as in nugget, with very few exceptions: /d͡ʒ/ in exaggerate and veggies and dialectally /ɡd͡ʒ/ in suggest.

The digraph ⟨dg⟩ has the value /d͡ʒ/ (soft ⟨g⟩), as in badger. Non-digraph ⟨dg⟩ can also occur, in compounds like floodgate and headgear.

The digraph ⟨ng⟩ may represent:

  • a velar nasal (/ŋ/) as in length, singer
  • the latter followed by hard ⟨g⟩ (/ŋɡ/) as in jungle, finger, longest

Non-digraph ⟨ng⟩ also occurs, with possible values

  • /nɡ/ as in engulf, ungainly
  • /nd͡ʒ/ as in sponge, angel
  • /nʒ/ as in melange

The digraph ⟨gh⟩ (in many cases a replacement for the obsolete letter yogh, which took various values including /ɡ/, /ɣ/, /x/ and /j/) may represent:

  • /ɡ/ as in ghost, aghast, burgher, spaghetti
  • /f/ as in cough, laugh, roughage
  • ∅ (no sound) as in through, neighbor, night
  • /x/ in ugh
  • (rarely) /p/ in hiccough
  • (rarely) /k/ in s'ghetti

Non-digraph ⟨gh⟩ also occurs, in compounds like foghorn, pigheaded.

The digraph ⟨gn⟩ may represent:

  • /n/ as in gnostic, deign, foreigner, signage
  • /nj/ in loanwords like champignon, lasagna

Non-digraph ⟨gn⟩ also occurs, as in signature, agnostic.

The trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ has the value /ŋ/ as in gingham or dinghy. Non-trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ also occurs, in compounds like stronghold and dunghill.

G is the tenth least frequently used letter in the English language (after Y, P, B, V, K, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of about 2.02% in words.

Other languages

Most Romance languages and some Nordic languages also have two main pronunciations for ⟨g⟩, hard and soft. While the soft value of ⟨g⟩ varies in different Romance languages (/ʒ/ in French and Portuguese, [(d)ʒ] in Catalan, /d͡ʒ/ in Italian and Romanian, and /x/ in most dialects of Spanish), in all except Romanian and Italian, soft ⟨g⟩ has the same pronunciation as the ⟨j⟩.

In Italian and Romanian, ⟨gh⟩ is used to represent /ɡ/ before front vowels where ⟨g⟩ would otherwise represent a soft value. In Italian and French, ⟨gn⟩ is used to represent the palatal nasal /ɲ/, a sound somewhat similar to the ⟨ny⟩ in English canyon. In Italian, the trigraph ⟨gli⟩, when appearing before a vowel or as the article and pronoun gli, represents the palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/.

Other languages typically use ⟨g⟩ to represent /ɡ/ regardless of position.

Amongst European languages, Czech, Dutch, Estonian and Finnish are an exception as they do not have /ɡ/ in their native words. In Dutch, ⟨g⟩ represents a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ instead, a sound that does not occur in modern English, but there is a dialectal variation: many Netherlandic dialects use a voiceless fricative ([x] or [χ]) instead, and in southern dialects it may be palatal [ʝ]. Nevertheless, word-finally it is always voiceless in all dialects, including the standard Dutch of Belgium and the Netherlands. On the other hand, some dialects (like Amelands) may have a phonemic /ɡ/.

Faroese uses ⟨g⟩ to represent /dʒ/, in addition to /ɡ/, and also uses it to indicate a glide.

In Māori, ⟨g⟩ is used in the digraph ⟨ng⟩ which represents the velar nasal /ŋ/ and is pronounced like the ⟨ng⟩ in singer.

The Samoan and Fijian languages use the letter ⟨g⟩ by itself for /ŋ/.

In older Czech and Slovak orthographies, ⟨g⟩ was used to represent /j/, while /ɡ/ was written as ⟨ǧ⟩ (⟨g⟩ with caron).

The Azerbaijani Latin alphabet uses ⟨g⟩ exclusively for the "soft" sound, namely /ɟ/. The sound /ɡ/ is written as ⟨q⟩. This leads to unusual spellings of loanwords: qram 'gram', qrup 'group', qaraj 'garage', qallium 'gallium'.

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨ɡ⟩ represents the voiced velar plosive. The small caps ⟨ɢ⟩ represents the voiced uvular plosive.

Other uses

Main article: G (disambiguation)

Related characters

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

Ligatures and abbreviations

Other representations

Computing

Character information
Preview G g Ɡ ɡ Ｇ ｇ
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G LATIN SMALL LETTER G LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SCRIPT G LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER G
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71 U+0047 103 U+0067 42924 U+A7AC 609 U+0261 65319 U+FF27 65351 U+FF47
UTF-8 71 47 103 67 234 158 172 EA 9E AC 201 161 C9 A1 239 188 167 EF BC A7 239 189 135 EF BD 87
Numeric character reference &#71; &#x47; &#103; &#x67; &#42924; &#xA7AC; &#609; &#x261; &#65319; &#xFF27; &#65351; &#xFF47;
EBCDIC family 199 C7 135 87
ASCII 1 71 47 103 67
1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other

See also

References

  1. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 1976.
  2. ^ a b c Ray, Michael; Gaur, Aakanksha (2022-04-27). "G". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  3. ^ Gnanadesikan, Amalia E. (2011-09-13). The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444359855.
  4. ^ Encyclopaedia Romana
  5. ^ Everson, Michael; Sigurðsson, Baldur; Málstöð, Íslensk. "Sorting the letter ÞORN". Evertype. ISO CEN/TC304. Archived from the original on 2018-09-24. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
  6. ^ Hempl, George (1899). "The Origin of the Latin Letters G and Z". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 30. The Johns Hopkins University Press: 24–41. doi:10.2307/282560. JSTOR 282560.
  7. ^ Association phonétique internationale (January 1895). "vɔt syr l alfabɛ" [Votes sur l'alphabet]. Le Maître Phonétique. 10 (1): 16–17. JSTOR 44707535.
  8. ^ Association phonétique internationale (February–March 1900). "akt ɔfisjɛl" [Acte officiel]. Le Maître Phonétique. 15 (2/3): 20. JSTOR 44701257.
  9. ^ Jones, Daniel (July–December 1948). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles]. Le Maître Phonétique. 26 (63) (90): 28–30. JSTOR 44705217.
  10. ^ International Phonetic Association (1993). "Council actions on revisions of the IPA". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 23 (1): 32–34. doi:10.1017/S002510030000476X. S2CID 249420050.
  11. ^ International Phonetic Association (1949). The Principles of the International Phonetic Association. Department of Phonetics, University College, London. Supplement to Le Maître Phonétique 91, January–June 1949. JSTOR i40200179.
  12. ^ Wells, John C. (6 November 2006). "Scenes from IPA history". John Wells's phonetic blog. Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  13. ^ International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
  14. ^ Wong, Kimberly; Wadee, Frempongma; Ellenblum, Gali; McCloskey, Michael (2 April 2018). "The Devil's in the g-tails: Deficient letter-shape knowledge and awareness despite massive visual experience". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 44 (9): 1324–1335. doi:10.1037/xhp0000532. PMID 29608074. S2CID 4571477.
  15. ^ Dean, Signe (4 April 2018). "Most People Don't Know What Lowercase 'G' Looks Like And We're Not Even Kidding". Science Alert. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  16. ^ Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  17. ^ a b Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (2020-07-11). "L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-24.
  18. ^ a b Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-08.
  19. ^ a b Everson, Michael; West, Andrew (2020-10-05). "L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-24.
  20. ^ a b c Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-30.
  21. ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  22. ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.

External links

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