Swedish literature

Letters of the Swedish alphabet

Swedish literature refers to literature written in the Swedish language or by writers from Sweden.

The first literary text from Sweden is the Rök Runestone, carved during the Viking Age circa 800 AD. With the conversion of the land to Christianity around 1100 AD, Sweden entered the Middle Ages, during which monastic writers preferred to use Latin, which means there are only a few texts in the Old Swedish from that period. Swedish literature first flourished when the Swedish language was standardized in the 16th century, a standardization largely due to the full translation of the Bible into Swedish in 1541, the so called Gustav Vasa Bible.

With improved education and the freedom of secularisation, the 17th century saw several notable authors who developed the Swedish language further. Some key figures include Georg Stiernhielm (17th century), who was the first to employ Swedish in classical poetry; Johan Henric Kellgren (18th century), the first to write fluent Swedish prose; Carl Michael Bellman (late 18th century), the first writer of burlesque ballads; and August Strindberg (late 19th century), a socio-realistic writer and playwright who won worldwide fame. The early 20th century continued to produce reputable authors, such as Selma Lagerlöf (Nobel laureate 1909) and Pär Lagerkvist (Nobel laureate 1951).

In recent decades, a handful of writers have established themselves internationally, including the detective novelist Henning Mankell and the writer of spy fiction Jan Guillou. But the only writer to make a significant mark on world literature is the children's book writer Astrid Lindgren, and her books about Pippi Longstocking, Emil of Maple Hills, and others.

Old Norse

Main article: Rune stone

The Rök Runestone, the start of Swedish literature

Most runestones had a practical, rather than a literary, purpose and are therefore mainly of interest for historians and philologists. Several runic inscriptions are also nonsensical by nature and were used for magical or incantatory purposes. The most notable literary exception is the Rök Runestone from circa 800 AD. It contains the longest inscription known, and encompasses several different passages from sagas and legends, in various prosodic forms. Part of it is written in alliterative verse, or fornyrdislag. It is generally regarded as the beginning of Swedish literature.

Middle ages

Main article: Early Swedish literature

The Christianization of Sweden is one of the main events in the contry's history, and it naturally had an equally profound impact on literature. Literature now looked to foreign texts to provide models. By 1200, Christianity was firmly established and a Medieval European culture appeared in Sweden. Only a selected few mastered the written language, but little was written down. Complete manuscripts are only found from the early 14th century, written in Latin. The earliest known complete books in the Swedish language are from the end of that century.

Most of the education was provided by the Catholic Church, and therefore the literature from this period is mainly of a theological or clerical nature. Of the other literature written, the majority was law texts.

16th and 17th century

Main article: Swedish reformation and Renaissance literature

Reformation literature

Swedish Reformation literature is considered to have been written between 1526 and 1658. However, this period has not been highly regarded from a literary point of view. It is generally considered a step back in term of literary development. The main reason was the King Gustav Vasa's wish to control and censor all publications, with the result that only the Bible and a few other ecclesiastical were published. At the same time, Catholic monasteries were plundered and Catholic books were burnt. The King did not consider it important to reestablish a higher education, so the Uppsala University was left to decay.

There were comparatively few groups of writers during this time. The burghers still had little influence, while the Church clerics had had their importance severely reduced. The Protestant Reformation of the 1520s left priests with a fraction of their previous political and economic power. Those Swedes who wanted higher education usually had to travel abroad to the universities of Rostock or Wittenberg.

Apart from Christian Reformation literature there was one other significant ideological movement: Gothicismus. Gothicismus glorified Sweden's ancient history.

While contributions to Swedish culture were sparse, this period did at least provide an invaluable basis for future development. Most importantly, the Swedish Bible translation of 1541, the so called Gustav Vasa Bible, gave Sweden a uniform language for the first time. Secondly, the introduction of the printing press resulted in literature being spread to groups it had previously been unable to reach.

Renaissance literature

First page of the hexametric Hercules, by Georg Stiernhielm, 1658

The period in Swedish history between 1630 and 1718 is known as the Swedish Empire. It partly corresponds to an independent literary period. The literature of the Swedish Empire era is regarded as the beginning of the Swedish literary tradition.

Renaissance literature is considered as having been written between 1658 and 1732. It was in 1658 that Georg Stiernhielm published his Herculus, the first hexametrical poem in the Swedish language.

When Sweden became a great power, a stronger middle class culture arose. Unlike the age of the Reformation, education was now also a matter outside ecclesiastical studies such as theology. During this era, there was a wealth of influences from the leading countries of the time: Germany, France, Holland and Italy. It was symptomatic that the man who came to be known as Sweden's first poet, Georg Stiernhielm, was more acquainted with Ancient philosophy than with Christian teachings.

Also gaining strength was Gothicismus. During the Swedish Empire period, it developed into a literary paradigm, the purpose of which to foster the idea that Sweden was a natural great power.

18th century

Main article: Swedish enlightenment literature

Front page of Then Svenska Argus, 1732

The 18th century has been described as the Swedish Golden Age in literature and science. During this period, Sweden produced authors and literature of a much higher standard than ever before. One key factor was the political period known as the Age of Liberty (1712–1772), and the first Swedish freedom of the press act written in 1766 (see Constitution of Sweden). It meant the ultimate breakthrough of secular literature.

Naturally, the impulses that invigorated Swedish cultural life had their origin in the European Age of Enlightenment. The main influences came from Germany, England and France, and this was reflected in Swedish literature. The Swedish language became enriched by French words, and ideas of liberalization were based on the English model.

Swedish literature consolidated around 1750; this is considered the start of a linguistic period called Late New Swedish (1750 – circa 1880). The first great works of the age were those of Olov von Dalin (1708–1763), and in particular his weekly The Swedish Argus, based on the model of Joseph Addison's The Spectator. Dalin gave an outline of Swedish culture and history using language with an unprecedented richness of sarcasm and irony. In the 1730s and 1740s, Dalin was the unrivalled as the brightest star in the Swedish literary sky. He was the first to refine the language for practical purposes, in comparison with the laboured poetry of the 17th century, and he was the first author to be read and appreciated by a general public.

In the 18th century, Latin rapidly declined in favour of the national language. One of the first authors to aim his books directly at a general public was the world-renowned botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778). Later key figures included the poets Johan Henrik Kellgren (1751–1795) and Carl Michael Bellman (1740–1795).

19th century

Main article: Swedish Romantic literature

Romanticism

Title illustration of Esaias Tegnér's Frithiof's Saga (1876 ed.)

In Europe, the period circa 1805–1840 is known as Romanticism. It also made a strong impression on Sweden, inspired by German influences. During this relatively short period, there were so many great Swedish poets, that the era is referred to as the Golden Age of Swedish poetry. The period started around 1810 when several periodicals were published which rejected the literature of the 18th century. An important society was the Gothic Society (1811), and their periodical Iduna, a romanticised look back towards Gothicismus.

One significant reason was that several poets for the first time worked towards a common direction. Four of the main romantic poets who made significant contributions to the movement were: the professor of history Erik Gustaf Geijer, the loner Erik Johan Stagnelius, the professor of Greek language Esaias Tegnér and the professor of aesthetics and philosophy P.D.A. Atterbom.

Early liberalism

The period between 1835–1879 is known as the early liberal period in Swedish history. The views of the Romantics had come to be perceived by many as inflated and overburdened by formality. The first outspoken liberal newspaper in Sweden, Aftonbladet, was founded in 1830. It quickly became the leading newspaper in Sweden because of its liberal views and criticism of the current state of affairs. The newspaper played its part in turning literature in a more realistic direction, because of its more concise use of language.

Several authorities would regard Carl Jonas Love Almqvist (1793–1866) as the most outstanding genius of the 19th century in Sweden. Beginning in 1838, he published a series of socially and politically radical stories attacking both marriage and clerical institutions. Several of his ideas are still interesting for modern readers, in particular the work "Det går an" (1839) which reached the German bestseller list as late as 2004.

Naturalism, or realism

Main article: Swedish realism

Strindberg, painted by Richard Bergh, 1906

Naturalism is one name for the literary period between 1880-1900. In Sweden however, the period starting in 1880 is known as realism. This is partly because the 1880s had a such a strong focus on social realism, and partly because the 1890s was a period of its own, the "90s poets".

In the late 19th and early 20th century, Scandinavian literature made its first and so far only impression on world literature. From Sweden, the main name was August Strindberg, but Ola Hansson, Selma Lagerlöf and Victoria Benedictsson also attained wider recognition.

The breakthrough of realism in Sweden occurred in 1879. That year, August Strindberg (1845-1912) published his Röda Rummet. Röda Rummet was a satirical novel that relentlessly attacked the political, the academic, the philosophical and the religious worlds.

August Strindberg was a writer world-famous for his dramas and prose, noted for his exceptional talent and complex intellect. He would continue to write several books and dramas until his death in Stockholm.

The 90s poets

File:Adventures of Nils.jpg

Adventures of Nils, English translation, 1992

The Swedish 1890s is noted for its poetic neo-romanticism, a reaction to the socio-realistic literature of the 1880s. The first key literary figure to emerge was Verner von Heidenstam (1859-1940); his literary debut came in 1887 with the collection of poetry Vallfart och vandringsår (Pilgrimage and Wander-Years).

Selma Lagerlöf (1858-1940) was arguably the brightest star of the 1890s, and her influence has lasted up to modern times. Two of her major works, which have been translated into several languages, are The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (1906-1907) and Gösta Berlings saga (1891), but she also wrote several other highly regarded books. Lagerlöf was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1909, mainly for her storytelling abilities.

20th century

Modernism

Main article: Modernist Swedish literature

File:The Emigrants, poster 1971.jpg

Filmatization of the The Emigrants, 1971

It was in the 1910s that a new literary literary period began with the ageing August Strindberg who published several critical articles, contesting many conservative values. With the advent of social democracy and large-scale strikes, the new winds were blowing in the direction of a working class reformation

In the 1910s, the dominant form of literary expression was now the novel. One of the earliest novelists was Hjalmar Söderberg (1869–1941). Söderberg wrote in a somewhat cynical way, at times with Nietzschean overtones, disillusionment and pessimism. In 1901 he published Martin Birck's Youth. It was appreciated by many for its literary qualities, but an even greater aspect was its depiction of Stockholm, which is widely regarded as the best portrait of Stockholm ever written. His most highly regarded work was yet to come however: Doctor Glas (1905), a tale of vengeance and passion, viewed by some as the best and most complete of all Swedish novels. Margaret Atwood, for example, has said of Doctor Glas: "It occurs on the cusp of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, but it opens doors the novel has been opening ever since".

A well-known proletarian writer who gained fame after World War II was Vilhelm Moberg (1898-1973). He usually wrote about the lives of ordinary people and in particular the peasant population. Moberg's monumental work was published shortly after the war: the four-volume Utvandrarna series (1949-1959), about the Swedish emigration to North America. In this work, Moberg sentimentally depicts a 19th century couple during their move to the New World; and the many struggles and difficulties they have to endure.

Children's literature

Main article: Swedish children's literature

File:Boken om Pippi Långstrump, 1945.jpg

The first book about Pippi Longstocking, 1945. Photo by "Pressen Bild", Sweden

In the 1930s a new awareness of children's needs emerged. This manifested itself shortly after World War II, when Astrid Lindgren published Pippi Longstocking in 1945. Pippi's rebellious behaviour at first sparked resistance among some defenders of cultural values, but eventually she was accepted, and with that children's literature was freed from the obligation to promote moralism.

Astrid Lindgren continued to publish many best-selling children's books which eventually made her the most read Swedish author, regardless of genre, with over 100 million copies printed throughout the world and translations into over 80 languages. In many other books Lindgren showed her fine understanding of children's thought and values; in The Brothers Lionheart about death, as well as a tale of bravery; in Mio, my Mio a fairy tale about friendship. But not all her stories had deep messages. Three books on Karlsson-on-the-Roof (1955, '62, '68) are about a short, chubby and mischievous man with a propeller on his back, who is befriended by a boy. Lindgren wrote twelve books about Emil of Maple Hills, a boy living in the Småland countryside in the early 1900s, who continuously gets intro trouble because of his pranks.

One of few fantasy writers in Swedish literature was Tove Jansson (1914-2001). Her stories about the Moomins, in nine books and four picture books, appeared between 1946 and 1993. The Moomins are trolls who live in an economically and politically independent state, without any materialistic concerns. Perhaps this explains the huge popularity the Moomins have enjoyed in many different countries. The Moomin books have been translated into over 30 languages.

Detective novels

File:Mankell, Sidetracked.jpg

Sidetracked (1995), awarded the prestigious Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger in 2001.

Before World War II the Swedish detective novel was based on American models. After World War II, it developed in an independent direction. In the 1960s, Maj Sjöwall (1935–) and Per Wahlöö (1926–1975) collaborated to produce a series of internationally acclaimed detective novels about the detective Martin Beck. Other writers followed.

The most successful writer of detective novels is Henning Mankell (1948–), with his series on Kurt Wallander. They have been translated to 37 languages and have become bestsellers, particularly in Sweden and Germany. But Mankell has also written several other acclaimed books, such as Comédia Infantil (1995), about an abandoned street boy in the city of Maputo.

There are several other Swedish detective writers who have become popular abroad, and particularly in Germany. For example Liza Marklund (1962–), Håkan Nesser (1950–), Åsa Larsson, Arne Dahl, Leif GW Persson, and Åke Edwardsson.

In the spy fiction genre, the most successful writer is Jan Guillou (1944–) and his best-selling books about the spy Carl Hamilton, many of which have also been filmed. Of Guillou's other works, the two most notable are his series on the Knight Templar Arn Magnusson and the semi-autobiographical novel with the metaphorical title Ondskan (The Evil).

Ballads

Main article: Swedish ballad tradition

The Swedish ballad tradition had been initiated by Bellman in the late 18th century. In the 19th century, poetic songwriting fell into decline with the rise of university student choirs, until it was again revived in the 1890s. Poets increasingly continued the tradition of having their poetry set to music to give it a wider audience. In the early 1900s, a lot of poetry of the 90s poets Gustaf Fröding and Erik Axel Karlfeldt had been put to music, and the popularity of those poets largely depended on the troubadours.

Arguably the most renowned Swedish troubadour of the 20th century was however Evert Taube (1890–1976). He established himself as a performing artist in 1920 and toured Sweden for about three decades. He is best known for songs about sailors; ballads about Argentina; and songs about the Swedish countryside.

Between 1962 up until his death, the most highly regarded singer-songwriter in the Swedish ballad tradition was Cornelis Vreeswijk (1937–1987). His songs were initially leftist protest songs where he took it upon himself to speak for society's underdogs. After his death, Vreeswijk also gained appreciation for his poetic qualities.

Poetry

Main article: Swedish Modernist poetry

In the 1930s and 40's, poetry was influenced by the ideals of modernism. Distinguishing features included the desire to experiment, and to try a variety of styles, usually free verse without rhyme or metre.

The leading modernist figure soon turned out to be Hjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961). He wrote many mystical and Christian-influenced collections, such as Andliga övningar (Spiritual Exercises, 1932), but continued to develop his style and published his greatest work, Ögon, läppar (Eyes, Lips), in 1959.

Gunnar Ekelöf (1907–1968) has been described as Sweden's first surrealistic poet, due to his first poetry collection, the nihilistic Sent på jorden (1932), a work hardly understood by his contemporaries. But Ekelöf moved towards romanticism and with his second poetry collection Dedikationen in 1934 he became appreciated in wider circles. He continued to write until his old age, and was to attain a dominant position in Swedish poetry. His style has been described has heavy with symbolism; enigmatic; at the same time tormented and ironical.

Another important modernist poet was Harry Martinson (1904–1978). Harry Martinson had an unparalleled feeling for nature, in the spirit of Linnaeus. As was typical for his generation, he wrote free verse, not bound by rhyme or syllable-count. He also wrote novels, a classic work being the autobiographical Flowering Nettles, in 1935. His most remarkable work was however Aniara, 1956, a story of a spaceship drifting through space.

Arguably the most famous Swedish poet of the 20th century is Tomas Tranströmer (1931–). His poetry is distinguished by a Christian mysticism, moving on the verge between dream and reality, the physical and the metaphysical.

Drama

Several writers of drama surfaced after World War II. In the 1950s, revues were popular; some names of the era were the comedians Povel Ramel and Kar de Mumma. The Hasseåtage duo continued the comedic tradition in 1962 and became something of an institution in the Swedish revue world for twenty years, encompassing radio, televion and film productions.

The late 1960s meant a breakthrough for freer alternative drama, and theatre became a people's movement. In the 1970s and 80's, the two most noted playwrights were Lars Norén (1944–) and Per Olov Enquist (1934–).

Literature in pop music lyrics

This literary period began in Sweden in the 1960s, influenced by artists from England and the U.S. At first, the literary quality in Swedish pop music was little more than an imitation of foreign models, and it took until the 1970s for an independent movement to emerge. In that decade, youth grassroots music reached unprecedented popularity, and opened the possibility for unestablished artists to have their music published. Because of the common political message these bands often presented, they are classified as Progg (short for "progressive"). While few Progg-artists actually produced anything worthwhile, there were some acts who stood out. Nationalteatern were significant because they were not only a musical group, but also theatre performers; and in the talented leftist artist Mikael Wiehe (1946–) of Hoola Bandoola Band, there was a renewal of Swedish ballad writing, in the direction of high quality proletarian lyrics.

One of the rebels of the 1970s was Ulf Lundell (1949–) who abandonded the grass root movement for rock 'n roll. In 1976, he broke through in literature with his debut novel Jack, a beatnik novel that came to represent a whole generation. While critics were not impressed, the novel sold in great numbers and is still appreciated by many.

Nobel laureates

Swedish writers awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, and the year it was awarded to them:

• Selma Lagerlöf, 1909 — "In appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"
• Verner von Heidenstam, 1916 — "In recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"
• Erik Axel Karlfeldt, 1931 — "For the poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt". The acceptance speech elaborates: " The Swede would say that we celebrate this poet because he represents our character with a style and a genuineness that we should like to be ours, and because he has sung with singular power and exquisite charm of the tradition of our people, of all the precious features which are the basis for our feeling for home and country in the shadow of the pine-covered mountains.".
• Pär Lagerkvist, 1951 — "For the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"
• Eyvind Johnson, 1974 (joint) — "For a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"
• Harry Martinson, 1974 (joint) — "For writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"

Lists of important Swedish books

In 1997 Biblioteket i fokus, a magazine aimed at libraries, organized a poll to determine the Swedish books of the century. 27,000 people voted to produce a list of 100 books. The top 20 books were: Vilhelm Moberg, Emigrants series, 1949-59 Astrid Lindgren, Pippi Longstocking, 1945 Astrid Lindgren, The Brothers Lionheart, 1973 Per Anders Fogelström, City (Stad) series, 1960-1968 Selma Lagerlöf, The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige), 1906-07 Astrid Lindgren, Emil of Maple Hills (Emil i Lönneberberga), 1963 Frans G. Bengtsson, The Long Ships (Röde Orm), 1941-45 Astrid Lindgren, Mio, my Mio (Mio, min Mio), 1954 Astrid Lindgren, Ronia the Robber's Daughter (Ronja Röverdotter), 1981 Göran Tunström, Juloratoriet, 1983 Selma Lagerlöf, Jerusalem, 1901-02 Harry Martinson, Aniara, 1956 Marianne Fredriksson, Simon and the Oaks (Simon och ekarna), 1985 Kerstin Ekman, Händelser vid vatten, 1993 Jan Guillou, Ondskan, 1981 Ulf Lundell, Jack, 1976 Hjalmar Söderberg, Den allvarsamma leken, 1912 Moa Martinson, Mor gifter sig, 1936 Jonas Gardell, En komikers uppväxt, 1992 Anders Jacobsson, Sören Olsson, Bert-diaries, 1987-

In 1998, a poll to determine the most important Swedish books was conducted on the show Röda rummet on the public televion Sveriges television. 17,000 people voted to produce a list of 100 books. The top 20 books were: Vilhelm Moberg, Emigrants series Harry Martinson, Aniara Frans G. Bengtsson, The Long Ships Astrid Lindgren, Pippi Longstocking Per Anders Fogelström, City series Selma Lagerlöf, The Wonderful Adventures of Nils Selma Lagerlöf, Kejsaren av Portugallien Hjalmar Söderberg, Den allvarsamma leken Selma Lagerlöf, Jerusalem Eyvind Johnson, Hans nådes tid, 1960 Vilhelm Moberg, Din stund på jorden Göran Tunström, Juloratoriet Astrid Lindgren, The Brothers Lionheart Eyvind Johnson, Return to Ithaca (Strändernas svall), 1946 Harry Martinson, Flowering Nettles (Nässlorna blomma), 1935 Hjalmar Söderberg, Doctor Glas (Doktor Glas), 1905 Anders Jacobsson, Sören Olsson, Bert-diaries Harry Martinson, Vägen till Klockrike, 1948 Astrid Lindgren, Emil of Maple Hills Vilhelm Moberg, Ride This Night! (Rid i natt), 1941

See also

• List of Swedish language writers

Notes and references

Please note that all page number references to "Gustafson" are made to the Swedish language edition of his book.

• Algulin, Ingemar, A History of Swedish Literature, published by the Swedish Institute, 1989. ISBN 915200239
• Gustafson, Alrik, Svenska litteraturens historia, 2 volums (Stockholm, 1963). First published as A History of Swedish Literature (American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1961).
• Högg, Göran, Den svenska litteraturhistorian (Centraltryckeriet AB, Borås, 1996)
• Lönnroth, L., Delblanc S., Göransson, S. Den svenska litteraturen (ed.), 3 volumes (1999)
• Warburg, Karl, Svensk Litteraturhistoria i Sammandrag (1904), p.57 (Online link, provided by Project Runeberg). This book is rather old, but it was written for schools and is probably factually correct. However, its focal point differs from current-day books.
• Nationalencyklopedin, article svenska
• Swedish Institute, Modern Literature, accessed October 17, 2006
• Tigerstedt, E.N., Svensk litteraturhistoria (Tryckindustri AB, Solna, 1971)