St. Paul's School (New Hampshire)

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St. Paul's School
Address
Map
325 Pleasant St.

Concord
,
New Hampshire
03301

United States
Information
TypePrivate, Boarding
MottoEa discamus in terris quorum scientia perseveret in coelis
(Let us learn those things on Earth the knowledge of which continues in Heaven)
Religious affiliation(s)Episcopal
Established1856; 168 years ago (1856)
FounderGeorge C. Shattuck
CEEB code300110
RectorKathleen Carroll Giles
Faculty108 total[1]
Grades9 to 12
GenderCoeducational
Enrollment540
International students17%[1]
Average class size11 students
Student to teacher ratio5:1
Campus size2,000 acres (809 ha)
Campus typeSuburban
Houses19 (9 boys', 9 girls', 1 all-gender)
Student councilStudCo (founded 1918)[9]
Color(s)   Red & White
Song"Love Divine"[2]
Athletics51 Interscholastic teams
17 Interscholastic sports
8 Intramural
Athletics conferenceLakes Region League
SSL
MascotPelican
NicknameBig Red
AccreditationNEASC
NewspaperThe Pelican
Annual tuition$65,410 (2023-24)
AffiliationsESA
NAES[4]
NAIS[5]
TABS[6]
TSAO[7]
Nobel laureatesJohn Franklin Enders
Acceptance rate15.7% (2022)[8]
Faculty with advanced degrees76%[3]
Students receiving financial aid39%[1][10]
Websitewww.sps.edu
File:St Pauls School NH Logo.png

St. Paul's School (also known as St. Paul's or SPS) is a college-preparatory, coeducational boarding school in Concord, New Hampshire, affiliated with the Episcopal Church. The school's 2,000-acre (8.1 km2), or 3.125 square mile, campus serves 540 students, who come from 37 states and 28 countries.

Established in 1856 to educate boys from upper-class families, St. Paul's later became one of the first boys' boarding schools to admit girls and is now home to a diverse student body from all backgrounds. It is one of the only remaining boarding-only high schools in the United States. Although the school no longer publicizes the size of its financial endowment, on a per-student basis, St. Paul's was the wealthiest boarding school in New England as of January 2019. Because of its extensive financial resources, students with annual household incomes of $125,000 or below "generally qualify for full tuition support." 38% of students are on financial aid.

The school's list of notable alumni includes U.S. ambassadors, congressmen, senators, Pulitzer Prize winners, a Secretary of State, and a Nobel laureate, among others.

History

Early history

James P. Conover, a St. Paul's School graduate (Form of 1876) and master (1882–1915), is credited with bringing ice hockey and squash to the school and the United States.

In 1856, Boston physician George Cheyenne Shattuck, the future dean of Harvard Medical School,[11] converted his summer home in Millville, New Hampshire (a satellite town of Concord) into a boarding school for boys.[12]: 8, 9  Inspired by the educational theories of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, who believed that classroom learning should be balanced with the "direct experience of the senses," Shattuck wanted his two sons educated in the austere, bucolic countryside.[13] He hoped that eventually, the school would "educate the sons of [other] wealthy inhabitants of large cities."[14]

For the first fifty years of St. Paul's history, it was run by two brothers, Henry (r. 1856-95) and Joseph Coit (r. 1895-1906).[15] An Anglophile, Henry Coit endeavored to make St. Paul's an American equivalent of an English public school, importing Anglicisms such as "forms," "removes," "evensong," and "matins."[16] The school's religious services were Anglo-Catholic,[17] and enrollment was initially limited to Episcopalians.[18] In the 1890s, Coit also attempted to ban baseball in favor of cricket;[12]: 126  the SPS cricket team toured New England and Canada.[19][20]

SPS almost immediately attracted an upper-class clientele. Shattuck had attended Round Hill School,[21] a short-lived experimental school that was "the most famous American school of its time."[22] Founded in 1823, Round Hill was one of Harvard College's top feeder schools, and "offered an excellent but very expensive education" with "an elegant lifestyle," including "servants, stables, and tours of the estates of prominent Bostonians."[22] Although it shut down in 1834, it left a strong impression on Shattuck, who believed that in the isolation of a boarding school, attentive teachers could better foster "physical and moral culture" in their students.[23]

The school started with just three students,[24] but grew quickly. By the mid-1860s, it was already filled to capacity, leading an SPS parent to establish St. Mark's School.[25] Enrollment reached 204 students by 1878[12]: 90  and 345 students by 1895.[26] Unusually, SPS achieved this reputation even though it was not a college-preparatory school: of the first 70 graduates, only five went directly to college.[12]: 57 

College feeder

The Coits' immediate successor, Henry Ferguson (r. 1906-11), left after just five years.[15] In 1910, Samuel Drury (r. 1911-38) assumed control of the school.[15] Drury presided over the school throughout the 1920s and 1930s during what the school historian called its "Augustan age."[12]: 215  Drury stayed at St. Paul's for twenty-seven years. Along the way, he declined the rectorship of Manhattan's Trinity Church—at the time the nation's wealthiest congregation—and the bishopric of Pennsylvania.[27][28]

Drury shared some of Coit's skepticism about higher education; he once wrote in his annual report that a quarter of every St. Paul's class should be encouraged to forego college.[29] Nonetheless, he significantly improved St. Paul's academic reputation. As the Coits had aged, they had not kept up with evolving standards for academic excellence, and student discipline had declined.[12]: 134–37  Ferguson had recognized that the school's future lay in its ability to send students to elite colleges, but had not stayed long enough to see his vision through.[12]: 148–49  Drury moved to hire better teachers, tighten academic standards, and reestablish student discipline.[12]: 166, 170–73  Although St. Paul's was heavily oversubscribed—in 1920 it received over 1,600 applications for just over 100 openings[30]—Drury set aside 10 slots a year for the winners of a competitive examination,[16] dryly explaining that "[w]e try to admit every son of an alumnus," but also "wish to admit every boy with high marks."[12]: 247 

Drury also sought to democratize the student body and curtail snobbery among the richer students.[31] A capable fundraiser, Drury raised the school's financial endowment from $1.1 million in 1920 to $3.6 million in 1930, including a $1.6 million fundraising campaign for (primarily) student financial aid.[12]: 199, 224  From 1920 to 1938, the share of SPS students on scholarship nearly tripled, from roughly 6% to 17%.[16][12]: 264  Starting in 1922, Drury and his successors froze tuition at $1,400 for 22 consecutive years.[12]: 300 

Turbulence and reform

Norman Nash (r. 1939-47) guided the school through World War II before leaving to become the Bishop of Massachusetts.[12]: 277  He was succeeded by Henry Kittredge (r. 1947-54), the first SPS rector who was not an Episcopal minister.[15] Although Kittredge questioned colleges' increasing reliance on standardized tests in college admissions,[12]: 281  he was able to sustain SPS' enviable college placement record. In 1953, SPS sent 78% of its students to Harvard, Yale, or Princeton, second among New England boarding schools.[32]

Under Matthew Warren (r. 1954-70), the school underwent significant changes. Tuition was increased to $1,800;[12]: 303  the campus was substantially renovated;[12]: 303–05  and applications increased significantly, as the improving economy drove demand for boarding schools.[12]: 310  As competition for spots at SPS increased, Warren conciliated the alumni, many of whom wanted to send their own sons to SPS. He announced that under his watch, SPS would not "use[] scholarship funds to entice the unusually able boy to our school."[12]: 311  It was an ill-timed concession, as colleges were receiving the same flood of applications as boarding schools and tightened academic standards accordingly. By 1967 the proportion of SPS graduates going on to Harvard, Yale, or Princeton had nearly halved from 1953.[32] Warren personally visited Yale president Kingman Brewster to ask him to reverse course. Brewster replied that Yale would accept students from the top 40% of the SPS class, but was no longer interested in bottom-half SPS students.[33]

The school gradually opened its doors to a broader cross-section of America. The school scrapped its Episcopalians-only rule, although not without some hiccups. In 1939, Rose Kennedy withdrew Robert F. Kennedy from the school after just one month because she believed its culture was still anti-Catholic; in the late 1950s the school allowed John Kerry to attend Mass off campus; and by the end of the 1960s, Catholics were no longer required to attend the school's Episcopalian chapel services.[34][12]: 337  SPS' first black faculty member and student arrived in 1957 and 1959, respectively.[35] Warren's last major achievement was coeducation: in May 1970, shortly before he stepped down, the board of trustees agreed to begin admitting girls in 1971.[36]

Nonetheless, the tail end of Warren's tenure marked the start of a turbulent period for St. Paul's. In 1968, students wrote an acerbic manifesto describing the school administration as an oppressive regime.[12]: 334  As a result, seated meals were reduced from three times a day to four times a week, courses were shortened to be terms (rather than years) long, mandatory chapel attendance was reduced to four times a week, and the school's grading system was changed to ease student competition.[12]: 337 [37][38] The arts program was also expanded in the early seventies.[35]

St. Paul's rode out the storm under Warren's successor William Oates (r. 1970-82), who conciliated the students by offering them the opportunity to participate in disciplinary decisions[39]: 152–53  He applied "the prevailing educational and developmental thinking of the day, that schools should not be repressive and that adolescents should be free to experiment and try out different identities."[13] Oates doubled the size of the school's endowment with an ambitious $30 million fundraising campaign,[12]: 358–59  which left SPS the wealthiest boarding school in the United States (per capita) by a comfortable margin.[40]

Contemporary SPS

By the 1980s and 1990s, the board of trustees wanted the administration to exercise a firmer hand over the school. They confronted St. Paul's emerging image (warranted or not) as a "party school"—a poll found that 80% of the students were using drugs[13]—and wanted to restore faculty discipline over the students.[39]: 172–73  In 1992, the board appointed David Hicks (r. 1992-96) as rector and ordered him to improve the school's academic reputation, as "[n]obody had gone to Harvard in five years, except for legacies."[13] Hicks introduced an interdisciplinary humanities curriculum which the school still employs today.[35] Although the faculty forced him to resign,[13] the school eventually rebounded academically. In 2001, SPS ranked fourth among boarding schools and fifteenth in the nation in a study of which schools sent the most students to Harvard, Yale, and Princeton.[41]

The succeeding rectors ushered in a relative period of calm, and the trustees and rectors have continued to modernize the campus. A new library, designed by Robert A. M. Stern and Carroll Cline, opened in 1991.[42] A 95,000-square-foot athletic center opened in 2004.[43][44] The new science and math building—the Lindsay Center—opened in fall 2011.[45] The former visual arts center, the Hargate Building, was renovated in 2017 to become the new Friedman Community Center.[46] A replacement arts building was opened in 2017.[47] However, the school has endured a series of controversies in the 21st century.

The modern-day St. Paul's serves a diverse body of students from all backgrounds while still educating students drawn from the highest levels of American society and international elites. According to sociologist Shamus Khan (an alumnus), the school's unparalleled financial resources allow it to cultivate "an intentional diversity that few communities share or can afford."[48] Financial aid students admitted to SPS receive, on average, an 87% discount on frontline tuition.[49]

  • The Upper School c. 1905
    The Upper School c. 1905
  • Chapel of St. Peter and St. Paul c. early 20th century
    Chapel of St. Peter and St. Paul c. early 20th century
  • Students on the ice of Lower School Pond, 1890
    Students on the ice of Lower School Pond, 1890
  • Students playing leap frog outside the Big Study, 1890
    Students playing leap frog outside the Big Study, 1890
  • "The Lower School"
    "The Lower School"
  • "The [Old] Chapel"
    "The [Old] Chapel"
  • "Dining Room at the School"
    "Dining Room at the School"

Facilities

The school's rural campus is familiarly known as "Millville," after a now-abandoned mill whose relic still stands in the woods near the Lower School Pond. When St. Paul's was founded, its campus covered 50 acres.[50]: 14  Today, the campus stretches over 2,000 acres,[51] the overwhelming majority of which is undeveloped wildland and woodland. The campus itself includes four ponds and the upper third of the Turkey River.[47] In 2018, Architectural Digest named St. Paul's the most beautiful private high school campus in New Hampshire.[52]

The centerpiece of the campus is the Chapel of St. Peter and St. Paul (informally the "New Chapel"), constructed between 1886 and 1888.[53] It was designed by Henry Vaughan, and was one of the first American chapels to employ Perpendicular Gothic.[54] Although Vaughan was the architect of Washington National Cathedral, an architecture critic at Princeton University called the New Chapel Vaughan's masterpiece, as Vaughan died before the cathedral was completed.[54] SPS did not demolish the smaller Old Chapel, which is now used for ceremonial events.[55]

Overlooking the Lower School Pond, the Ohrstrom Library was remodeled in 2016 and is now home to 75,000 print books and almost half a million e-books in its digital archive. According to the alumni magazine, this "put[s] the school archives on par with some of the country’s major universities."[46] Lindsay Center, the science and math building, contains a greenhouse and an observatory.[56] The school is currently building a 16,000-square-foot admissions center, scheduled to open in early 2025.[57]

There are 19 dorms, nine boys', nine girls', and one all-gender. Each houses between 20 and 40 students, and every dorm has members of all four forms. The architecture of the dormitories varies from the Collegiate Gothic style of the "Quad" dorms (built in 1927) to the spare, modern style of the Kittredge building (built in the early 1970s).[58]

Finances

Tuition and financial aid

In the 2023-24 school year, St. Paul's charged students $65,410 plus fees, of which financial aid covered, on average, $57,000.[49]

St. Paul's offers need-based financial aid, and commits to meet 100% of demonstrated financial need for every admitted student. The school states that families with annual household incomes of $125,000 or below "generally qualify for full tuition support." Approximately 38% of SPS students are on financial aid, and the school's financial aid budget is approximately $10 million.[49]

Although most financial aid at St. Paul's is administered strictly on the basis of financial need, the school offers a limited number of regional scholarships for students from Alabama, California, New Jersey, New Mexico, Montana, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Wyoming, as well as Mexico.[59]

Endowment and expenses

St. Paul's no longer publicizes the exact size of its financial endowment. However, in its Internal Revenue Service filings for the 2021-22 school year, SPS reported total assets of $953.8 million, net assets of $854.6 million, investment holdings of $724.4 million, and cash holdings of $14.9 million. SPS also reported $64.7 million in program service expenses and $10.9 million in grants (primarily student financial aid).[60]

St. Paul's has historically been one of the wealthiest boarding schools in the United States. In 1978, Time magazine reported that St. Paul's had an endowment per student of $92,555, nearly two-thirds more than second-placed Groton.[40] A January 2019 analysis found that on an endowment-per-student basis, St. Paul's was still the wealthiest boarding school in New England, although the gap has narrowed.[61]

Athletics

Notable sports

The 1962 SPS boys' ice hockey team. Robert Mueller (#12) and John Kerry (#18) are in the front row, second and third from the left.

George Shattuck supported outdoors education, and St. Paul's was "perhaps the first school in which the deed of gift accented physical development."[16]

St. Paul's has a long tradition of ice hockey. St. Paul's, and the city of Concord more broadly, were early cradles for ice hockey in America.[62][63] By some accounts, the first hockey game in the United States was played on the St. Paul's Lower School Pond on November 17, 1883.[63][64][65][66][67] In addition, SPS alumni may have founded the hockey programs at Harvard and Yale.[68] The school was an established leader in the sport in the early 20th century, playing and beating collegiate teams, including Harvard[69] and Princeton.[70] Both ice hockey and squash were introduced to the school by James Potter Conover, one of the most celebrated American athletes of his time, who had also competed for Columbia University.[71] For much of this time, the SPS hockey team was coached by Malcolm Gordon, a member of the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame. In addition, college hockey's award for the most outstanding male player is named after SPS alumnus Hobey Baker.

The first squash courts in the United States were built at St. Paul's in 1884.[71][72][73]

The St. Paul's boys' and girls' crews have each won multiple titles in international competition. The boys' crew won the Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1980, 1994, and 2004.[74][75][76] The girls' crew team won the Peabody Cup at the Henley Women's Regatta in 1996, 1998, 2001, and 2019.[77]

Conference affiliation

St. Paul's is a member of both the Six Schools League (a small group of schools spread across New England) and the Lakes Region League (a larger group of schools concentrated in New Hampshire and Vermont).[78][79] In addition, the athletic directors of St. Paul's and the other members of the Eight Schools Association comprise the Eight Schools Athletic Council, which organizes sports events and tournaments among ESA schools.[80][81][82]

Until 2017, St. Paul's was a member of the Independent School League (ISL). The school announced that it withdrew from the ISL due to league bylaws surrounding merit scholarships.[78]

Daily life

Students throw a disc around on the Chapel lawn on a warm spring day.

St. Paul's conducts its Humanities classes using the Harkness method, which encourages discussion between students and the teacher, and between students.[83]

Socialization

According to Shamus Khan, author of Privilege: The Making of an Adolescent Elite at St. Paul's School (2010) and a sociologist who is a St. Paul's alumnus, students are socialized to function as privileged holders of power and status in an open society. Privilege in meritocracy is acquired through talent, hard work, and a wide variety of cultural and social experiences.[50]: 15, 16  Economic inequality and social inequality are explained by the lack of talent, hard work, and limited cultural and social experience of the less privileged.[needs update] Thus high status is earned, not based on entitlement.[84] According to Khan, "Today what is distinct among the elite is not their exclusivity but their ease within and broad acceptance of a more open world."[85]

The Coit building, housing dining halls and the Coit dormitories

Hierarchy is embedded in the rituals and traditions of the school from the first day.[citation needed] According to Khan, the student advances up the ladder of the hierarchy embedded in the culture of the school.[86][needs update]

Traditions

The 2005 Alumni Parade (see below) from all the way in the back

The annual Inter-House Inter-Club Race, known among students as the "Dorm Run," but now officially named the "Charles B. Morgan Run", takes place late in Fall Term, usually in early to mid-November. Students are invited to earn points for their dorm and club by running in a 2-mile (3.2 km) cross country race. The current student record is 9:48, set in 2006 by Peter Harrison '07.[87]

In the Spring Term, St. Paul's holds a school-wide public speaking contest called the Hugh Camp Cup. The finalists' speeches are delivered before the entire school, and the student body votes on a winner, whose name is engraved on the prize. Alumnus John Kerry achieved this distinction during his sixth form year.[64]

St. Paul's students once had a close relationship with jam bands like the Grateful Dead. Some of the slang peculiar to St. Paul's originated as the "Pyramid Dialect" among St. Paul's students and alumni who followed the Grateful Dead's 1978 shows in Egypt.[88] Phish played in the Upper Dining Hall on May 19, 1990.[89] American electro house artist Steve Aoki performed in the school's Athletic & Fitness Center on April 9, 2015.[90][91]

Advanced Studies Program

The Chapel of St. Peter and St. Paul (also known as the New Chapel)

St. Paul's School founded the summer Advanced Studies Program in 1957 to provide juniors from public and parochial New Hampshire high schools with challenging educational opportunities. The students live and study at the St. Paul's campus for five and a half weeks and are immersed in their subject of choice. Recent offerings have included astronomy and Shakespeare. In addition to the course load, students choose a daily extracurricular activity or sport to participate in four afternoons per week. The program had a 37% admission rate in 2010. In 2014, 267 students from 78 high schools participated in the Advanced Studies Program.[92]

Controversies

Historical sexual misconduct

In May 2017, the school issued a report, led by former Massachusetts Attorney General Scott Harshbarger, detailing sexual misconduct by 13 former faculty and staff members (including Gerry Studds) that occurred between 1948 and 1988. The report did not focus on any allegations that occurred after 1988.[93] Sexual misconduct documented in the report covered assaults, harassments, and rape. One student who contacted The Boston Globe, but not the people conducting the report said, "It's not a complete accounting. It's nowhere close."[93] Any further historical allegations are reported by an independent overseer.[94][95]

In July 2020, author Lacy Crawford published her memoir of being raped as a 15-year-old student on campus, and the school's subsequent cover-up.[96][97]

Claims of financial misappropriation

Craig B. Anderson, the Episcopal bishop who was St. Paul's rector for eight years, retired under pressure in May 2005 after a campaign by parents and alumni that criticized his management of school finances and investments.[44] Anderson had severely cut back on school expenses while simultaneously being quite liberal with his own compensation and perks.[98] The New Hampshire Attorney General investigated the issue, resulting in a settlement agreement and an Internal Revenue Service audit.[99][100]

"Senior Salute" rape allegations and trial

The "Senior Salute", a supposed[101] ceremony in which seniors would proposition younger classmates for sexual encounters before graduation, was brought light in the news in 2015, when a former student, Owen Labrie, was charged with the rape of a 15-year-old freshman, Chessy Prout.[102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111] Labrie was found guilty on three counts of statutory rape, one count of endangering the welfare of a child[111][112] and one felony count of using a computer to lure a minor.[111][112] On October 29, 2015,[112] he was sentenced to a year in jail and five years of probation and was required to register as a sex offender.[113][114][115] Labrie's appeals were denied in 2018 and 2019.[116][117] In June 2019, Labrie was released early from a 12-month sentence due to good behavior and the New Hampshire Supreme Court unanimously denied his appeal for a new trial.[118]

In 2018, SPS confidentially settled a civil suit filed by Prout's parents.[119] Later that year, Prout published her memoir of the incident, titled I Have the Right To: A High School Survivor's Story of Sexual Assault, Justice, and Hope.[102]

Criminal investigation into sexual abuse response

In July 2017, the New Hampshire Attorney General, with assistance from Concord police and the New Hampshire State Police, started a criminal investigation into the school to determine whether administrators engaged in conduct that endangered the welfare of students.[120] In 2018, the state AG reached a settlement agreement,[121] which allowed the school to avoid criminal prosecution and required it to pay for an external compliance monitor.[122] In 2020, the monitor resigned, claiming that the school was obstructing his investigations and that an administrator had verbally abused him.[123] After renewed pressure from the AG, the school agreed to certain concessions, including budget increases to hire an assistant and to pay the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network to conduct a study of the school's anti-abuse policies.[124] The school was not required to re-hire the original monitor.[124] A replacement monitor released a report in 2021, noting that the school had hired an on-campus advocate to provide support for sexual assault survivors on a confidential basis.[125][126] RAINN issued a report and recommendations in September 2022, noting that "St. Paul's leadership has made a number of process improvements in recent years."[127]

Notable alumni

Main article: List of St. Paul's School alumni

Notable faculty

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Paul's School (New Hampshire).

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c "Quick Facts". St. Paul's School. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  2. ^ "Alumni Resources - School Hymn" (PDF). www.sps.edu. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  3. ^ a b "SPS at a glance 2018-19" (PDF). SPS.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  4. ^ "St. Paul's School Profile". Private School Review. Archived from the original on 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
  5. ^ "School Directory". NAIS. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
  6. ^ "St. Paul's School". TABS. Archived from the original on 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
  7. ^ "Ten Schools: St. Paul's School". www.tenschools.org. Archived from the original on 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
  8. ^ Jana, Brown (2022-08-18). "Virtual Admissions Season Results". St. Paul's School. Archived from the original on 2022-08-18. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
  9. ^ "St. Paul's School Student Council". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-16. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  10. ^ "Financial Aid - St. Paul's School". www.sps.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-05-03. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  11. ^ "Past Deans of the Faculty of Medicine | Harvard Medical School". hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Heckscher, August (1980). St. Paul's: The Life of a New England School (1st ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
  13. ^ a b c d e Shoumatoff, Alex (2009-06-08). "A Private-School Affair". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  14. ^ Hicks, David V. (1996). "The Strange Fate of the American Boarding School". The American Scholar. 65 (4): 527. ISSN 0003-0937.
  15. ^ a b c d "Ohrstrom Library Digital Archives » The Rectors of St. Paul's School". Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  16. ^ a b c d Sargent, Porter (1915). The Handbook of Private Schools. Boston, MA: Porter Sargent (published 1920). pp. 133–35.
  17. ^ "Education: Jack for Peabo". Time. 1939-06-26. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
  18. ^ Kolowrat, Ernest (1992). Hotchkiss: A Chronicle of an American School. Hotchkiss School. p. 73.
  19. ^ "A NEW ENGLAND TEACHER.; Mr. Conover's Remembrances of Dr. Coit, of St. Paul's School at Concord, N.H." The New York Times. 1906-05-19. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  20. ^ "Ohrstrom Library Digital Archives » In Celebration of Cricket". Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  21. ^ "St Paul's School, Concord, New Hampshire". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  22. ^ a b Story, Ronald (1975). "Harvard Students, the Boston Elite, and the New England Preparatory System, 1800-1876". History of Education Quarterly. 15 (3): 287. doi:10.2307/367846. ISSN 0018-2680.
  23. ^ "Ohrstrom Library Digital Archives » Blog Archive » Dr. George Cheyne Shattuck, Jr., Founder: 1855". Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  24. ^ Khan, Shamus Rahman (2010-12-28). Privilege: The Making of an Adolescent Elite at St. Paul's School: The Making of an Adolescent Elite at St. Paul's School (Princeton Studies in Cultural Sociology) (p. 11). Princeton University Press. Kindle Edition. "Coit died in 1895, firmly at the helm until his final days. By the end of his forty-year tenure, St. Paul's had a faculty of 35 and a student body of 345."
  25. ^ Benson, Albert Emerson (1925). History of Saint Mark's School. St. Mark's School. p. 11.
  26. ^ Khan, Shamus Rahman (2011). Privilege: The Making of an Adolescent Elite at St. Paul's School. Princeton University Press. p. 11.
  27. ^ "DR. S. S. DRURY DIES; ST. PAUL SCHOOL HEAD". The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  28. ^ "Religion: Fifth Choice". Time. 1929-05-20. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  29. ^ "Education: Dr. Drury's Society". Time. 1930-12-01. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  30. ^ Levine, Steven B. (1980). "The Rise of American Boarding Schools and the Development of a National Upper Class". Social Problems. 28 (1): 74. doi:10.2307/800381. ISSN 0037-7791.
  31. ^ "Milestones, Feb. 28, 1938". Time. 1938-02-28. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  32. ^ a b Gordon, Michael (1969). "Changing Patterns of Upper-Class Prep School College Placements". The Pacific Sociological Review. 12 (1): 24. doi:10.2307/1388210. ISSN 0030-8919.
  33. ^ Karabel, Jerome (2006). The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton (Revised ed.). New York: Mariner Books. p. 357.
  34. ^ Foer, Franklin (2004-04-06). "John Kerry, Teen Outcast - CBS News". The New Republic (via CBS News). Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  35. ^ a b c "NEASC Visiting Committee Report" (PDF). 2018-04-12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-19.
  36. ^ "ST. PAUL'S PREP TO ADMIT COEDS". The New York Times. 1970-05-10. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  37. ^ "SPS Sesquicentennial Exhibit". Ohrstrom Library. St. Paul's School. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
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Further reading

  • Cookson, Peter W., Jr., and Caroline Hodges Persell. Preparing for Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools (Basic Books, 1985) online
  • McLachlan, James. American Boarding Schools: A Historical Study (1970) online

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Paul's School (New Hampshire).
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