Peace

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Peace is commonly understood to mean the absence of hostilities. Other definitions include freedom from disputes, harmonious relations and the absence of mental stress or anxiety, as the meaning of the word changes with context. However, there are others who would say that the absence of hostilities would refer to only those hostilities which are evident and that true peace only derives from the mind of each individual.

Peace may refer specifically to an agreement concluded to end a war, or to a lack of external warfare, or to a period when a country's armies are not fighting enemies. It can also refer more generally to quietude, such as that common at night or in remote areas, allowing for sleep or meditation. Peace can be an emotion or internal state. And finally, peace can be any combination of these definitions.

In its most apocalyptic meaning, peace denotes a state of complete harmony, ending conflict not only between man and man but between man and the natural world, and among the creatures of the natural world.

A person's conception of "peace" is often the product of culture and upbringing. People of different cultures sometimes disagree about the meaning of the word, and so do people within any given culture.

Nobel Peace Prize

Main article: Nobel Peace Prize

The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually to notable persons, generally peacemakers and visionaries who have overcome notorious cycles in violence, conflict or oppression through their moral leadership, but also controversially former warmongers and former terrorists who it was believed had helped bring the world closer to ending such situations through exceptional concessions in the attempt to achieve peace.

Here is a partial list of Nobel Peace Prize laureates.

Theodore Roosevelt ( 1906 laureate);
Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. ( 1964 laureate);
Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho ( joint 1973 laureates);
Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat and Menachem Begin ( 1978 laureates);
Mother Teresa ( 1979 laureate);
Oscar Arias Sánchez ( 1987 laureate);
Aung San Suu Kyi ( 1991 laureate);
Nelson Mandela and Former President Frederik Willem de Klerk (joint 1993 laureates);
Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin ( 1994 laureates);
John Hume and David Trimble (joint 1998 laureates);
Wangari Maathai ( 2004 laureate).

Theories and Versions of Peace

Peace as an absence of war

Peace dove. A widely used symbol for peace, featuring an olive branch in the dove's beak.

A simple and narrow definition of peace entails the absence of war. (The ancient Romans defined peace, Pax, as Absentia Belli, the absence of war.)

The maintenance of longstanding peace between nations ranks among the few great successes of the United Nations. Peace can be voluntary, where potential agitators choose to abstain from disturbance, or it can be enforced, by suppressing those who might otherwise cause such disturbance. Since 1945 the world has only been 26 days [1] ^[1] without war.

Although prehistory and history are rife with conflict, some peoples, regions and nations have enjoyed periods of peace that have lasted generations. The following are some examples:

Sweden (1814–present). Sweden is the present-day nation state with the longest history of continuous peace. Since its 1814 invasion of Norway, the Swedish kingdom has not engaged in war.
Switzerland (1848–present). A hard stance on neutrality has given Switzerland fame as a country for its long-lasting peace.
Costa Rica (1949–present). Following a 44-day civil war in 1944, in 1949, Costa Rica abolished its army. Since then, its history has been peaceful, especially relative to those of neighboring Central American states. This has earned the country the nickname, "Switzerland of the Americas."
Pennsylvania (1682–1754). The colony of Pennsylvania enjoyed 72 years of peace, maintaining no army or militia and fighting no wars. Under the proprietorship of William Penn (1644–1718), a member of the Religious Society of Friends, the colony earned a reputation for religious and personal freedom, as well as for respectful dealings with Native Americans. Although somewhat a utopian experiment, the colony was not a utopia, marred with slavery, indentureship and class conflict. In addition, William Penn's heirs dealt less fairly with the Native Americans, especially in the Walking Purchase of 1737. Nevertheless, the colonial experience of Pennsylvania bears study as an example of a peaceful society.
Amish (1693–present). A sect of Anabaptists or Mennonites of predominantly Swiss/German descent, the Amish practice a peaceful lifestyle that includes religious devotion, resistance to the pernicious effects of technology, and nonresistance. They rarely defend themselves physically or even in court; in wartime, they take conscientious objector status. Today over 150,000 Amish live in close-knit communities in 47 states in the United States, as well as Canada and Belize.

Peace as a selfless act of love

One less conventional definition of peace is peace as a state of perpetual love (see the second paragraph of Love). It comes from the understanding that any and all violence stems from an attachment, whether it be an attachment to a certain kind of truth (religious, political, economic, or otherwise) or an attachment to survival (out of the fear of death). What is born out of the attachment is then, an imposition of an idea upon the world. To believe that something is true for oneself, and therefore, it must be true for everyone else. In the quest for the realization of this self-spawning universal truth, the exceptions, also known as the Other (See the ethics of Emmanuel Levinas) must be done away with at the cost of their lives. This definition can be used to define almost any conflict.

Peace, then, can also be defined as a condition of universal self-abnegation. To let go of the desire for absolute certainty borne out of the consolation of suffering.

See Simone Weil and her book, Gravity and Grace ISBN 0803298005.

The Peace Collective is a global community of like minded people, companies, organisations that collectively encourage & endorse peace in their lives, works, thoughts and deeds. [2]

Peace as an absence of violence or of evil; presence of justice

Constraining the concept of peace strictly to the absence of international war masks internal genocide, terrorism, and other violence. Few would describe the Congolese genocide of the 1890s as an example of peace, even though it technically occurred within the personal domain of King Léopold of the Belgians. Some, therefore, define "peace" as an absence of violence: not merely the absence of war, but also of evil.

Many believe that peace is more than the absence of certain societal maladies. From this perspective, peace requires not only the absence of violence but also the presence of justice, as articulated by Mahatma Gandhi. In this conception, a society in which one group is oppressed by another lacks peace even in the absence of violence, because the oppression itself constitutes evil.

In the sense of absence of hostilities, peace and justice may be viewed as antitheses in practical terms, as the only way to prevent injustice is to forcibly prevent it, and therefore justice requires hostilities, which preclude peace. The description of the reconciliation of Justice and Peace in the Psalms -- "Justice and Peace shall kiss" -- is therefore describing the apocalyptic inauguration of a Golden Age.

Apocalyptic

Peace, in its most apocalyptic meaning, denotes a state of complete harmony, ending conflict not only between man and man but between man and the natural world, and among the creatures of the natural world. This may be represented by the lion lying down the lamb, an image loosely derived from the apocalyptic vision in Isaiah 11:6: "The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid; and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together; and a little child shall lead them."

Plural peaces

Some "peace thinkers" choose to abandon the idea of one definition of peace; rather, they promote the idea of many peaces. They think that no singular, correct definition of peace can exist; peace, therefore, should be seen as a plurality.^{[citation needed]}

For example, in the Great Lakes region of Africa, the word for peace is kindoki, which refers to a harmonious balance between human beings, the rest of the natural world, and the cosmos.^{[citation needed]} This is a much more broad vision of peace than a mere "absence of war" or even a "presence of justice" standard.

Many of these same thinkers also critique the idea of peace as a hopeful or eventual end. They recognize that peace does not necessarily have to be something the humans might achieve "some day." They contend that peace exists, we can create and expand it in small ways in our everyday lives, and peace changes constantly. This view makes peace permeable and imperfect rather than static and utopian.^{[citation needed]}

Peace and quiet

In some contexts, peace refers more generally to a state of quiet or tranquility — an absence of disturbance or agitation.

Those who travel to remote, rural areas often notice the striking difference in the noise level between the cities and the countryside; hence the term "peace and quiet". Conflict that occurs in nature, however, often produces sounds. When animals fight, the surrounding forest can become even more silent, as the non-engaged animals warily await the outcome. After a conflict, the normal sounds and actions of the inhabitants eventually reappear.

Inner peace

One meaning of peace refers to inner peace; a state of mind, body and soul, which is said to take place within ourselves. People that experience inner peace say that the feeling is not dependent on time, people, place, or any external object or situation, asserting that an individual may experience inner peace even in the midst of war. Elizabeth Harley may have put this well when she talked about the peacechain being for both inner peace and world peace.

Some people believe peace is a way to slip through self consciousness, as with hippies in the 1960's. An affirmative definition for the concept of peace, one that expresses the condition as a state unto itself, rather than as the lack of its antithesis, is, "Peace is the state or condition of restfulness, harmony, balance, equilibrium, longevity, justice, resolution, timelessness, contentment, freedom, and fulfillment, either individually or simultaneously present, in such a way that it overcomes, demolishes, banishes, and/or replaces everything that opposes it." (by Sevi Regis)

Environmental Peace

Many, if not most, environmentalists consider protecting the environment to be a form of peace, if not the main form, as destroying habitats is quite arguably a form of violence and an "evil". [3] However some of the resistance methods used by environmentalists may not be classified as peaceful, as their interests conflict with other people's interests.

Anti-violence and Pacifism

There is a wide spectrum of views about whether, or if so when, violence and war are ever necessary. Followers of Jainism, for example, go to great lengths to avoid harming all living creatures including insects, and pacifists, such as Christian anarchists, see any sort of violence as self-perpetuating. Other groups take a wide variety of stances, with many maintaining a Just War theory.

Historical examples and counter examples

Allied propaganda billed the Great War in Europe as the "war to end all wars." Although the Allies won the war, the resulting "peace" Treaty of Versailles only set the stage for the even bloodier World War II. Before the Allied victory, the Bolsheviks promised the Russian people "peace, land, and bread." Although Vladimir Lenin ended the disastrous war against the Central Powers, the ensuing civil war resulted in a loss of over a million people. These failures illustrate the problems of using war in an effort to attain peace.

Proponents of the democratic peace theory claim that strong empirical evidence exists that democracies rarely make war against each other. An increasing number of nations have become democratic since the industrial revolution, and thus, they claim world peace may thus become possible if this trend continues. However, it can also be argued that this could equally be explained by a number of other factors related to the wealth, power, and stability of nations that tend to become democracies, ranging from becoming reliant on strong global trade connections to Mutually Assured Destruction. Another possible counter-argument would be to point out that there has never been a war between two fascist states, and although there have been some limited conflicts and border clashes, there has never been a major war between two "communist" states.

International Creed for Peace

The International Creed for Peace(see link for creed's text), created by Chika Sylva-Olejeme and the International Peace Institute, sets forth an agenda and moral code for the advancement of peace for all humans and nations. The creed suggests that based on realisation that independence, freedom and justice is inherent to all nations, peace is achieved when a nation fulfills its duty to choose, live and respect others.

Quotes

From Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Letter from Birmingham Jail:

"True peace is not merely the absence of tension: it is the presence of justice."

From Henry Timrod, known as The Poet Laureate of the Confederacy, who wrote passionate poems that caused many young men to enlist in the Confederate Army of the American Civil War. But after seeing for himself the horrors of war, he wrote this poignant prayer for peace:

"Not all the darkness of the land, can hide the lifted eye and hand; Nor need the clanging conflict cease, to make Thee hear our cries for peace."

From Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian statesman and democratic activist, in an address to the Plymouth Church in Brooklyn, December 18, 1851:

"I am told that some who call themselves 'men of peace' cry out for peace at any price. But is the present condition peace? Is the scaffold peace? -- that scaffold, on which in Lombardy during the 'peaceful' years the blood of 3,742 patriots has been shed. When the prisons of Austria are filled with patriots, is that peace? or is the discontent of all the nations peace? I do not believe that the Lord created the world for such a kind of peace as that, to be a prison, to be a volcano, boiling up and ready to break out. No: but with justice and liberty there will be contentment, and with contentment, peace -- lasting peace, consistent peace: while from the tyrants of the world there is oppression, and with oppression the breaking forth of war." .

For more peace quotes, see [4]

References

^ Robert J. Jackson (1997-06-30). "Nato And Peacekeeping" (PDF). p. 9. Retrieved August 31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

Letter from Birmingham Jail by Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr..
"Pennsylvania, A History of the Commonwealth," esp. pg. 109, edited by Randall M. Miller and William Pencak, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002.
Peaceful Societies, Alternatives to Violence and War Short profiles on 25 peaceful societies.

External links

Organizations

A.J. Muste Memorial Institute
American Friends Service Committee
Canadian Centres for Teaching Peace
Conciliation Resources An international conflict transformation service
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Foundation for P.E.A.C.E.
Mesoamerican Peace Project
Nonviolence.org
Pax Christi International - International lay Catholic grassroots peace network.
Peace Action
Peaceworkers UK - UK NGO offering trainings for potential peaceworkers
Seeds of Peace International Youth Organization
United States Institute of Peace
University for Peace (United Nations-mandated university in Costa Rica)
World Peace Day

Campaigns and projects

PeaceDemonstration.com People send pictures with a message of peace.
1,000,000 for Universal Peace Meditation
10,000 Kites - A peace project aimed at Israelis and Palestinians.
Campaign for a US Department of Peace
Canadian Culture of Peace Program
Cry For Peace - Promoting peace through art and music
Indialogue Foundation- Intercultural dialogue and peace foundation in India
International Buddhist Temples Project for World Peace
International People's Initiative for Departments of Peace
Peacebuilding Portal - Promotes collaboration and consultation among organizations working in conflict prevention and peacebuilding

Peace Quilt Project in Boise, Idaho

Peace Tents Project - A peace promotion arts project in Jerusalem (15/25 May 2005)
UNESCO - Culture of Peace
University of Innsbruck: Masters Program in peace, pevelopment, security and international conflict transformation
US Peace Memorial - Planning a peace memorial in Washington, DC

Information, publications, and links

The ACTivist Magazine
Islam and peace
Better World list of links - thousands of links for peace and justice (ad free)
peace activism in Cyprus
aforcemorepowerful , a new kind of game on nonviolence
The Strange War - Stories for a Culture of Peace by Martin Auer
Bury the Spear! A filmic document and analyis of a Peace Ceremony in Ethiopia

[1] Robert J. Jackson (1997-06-30). "Nato And Peacekeeping" (PDF). p. 9. Retrieved August 31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

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