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The Tribute in Light is an art installation created in remembrance of the September 11 attacks.^[1] It consists of 88 vertical searchlights arranged in two columns of light to represent the Twin Towers. It stands six blocks south of the World Trade Center on top of the Battery Parking Garage^[2] in New York City. Tribute in Light began as a temporary commemoration of the attacks in early 2002, but it became an annual event, currently produced on September 11 by the Municipal Art Society of New York.^[3]^[4]^[5] The Tribute in Light was conceived by artists John Bennett, Gustavo Bonevardi, Richard Nash Gould, Julian LaVerdiere, and Paul Myoda, and lighting consultant Paul Marantz.^[6]

On clear nights, the lights can be seen from 60 miles (97 km) away,^[7] visible in all of New York City and most of suburban Northern New Jersey and Long Island. The lights can also be seen in Fairfield County, Connecticut, as well as Westchester, Orange, and Rockland counties in New York.

The 88 xenon spotlights (44 for each tower) each consume 7,000 watts.^[8] As of 2011^[update], the annual cost for the entire project was about $500,000.^[9]

A similar Tribute in Light has also appeared on occasion at the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and at the crash site of United 93 in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, which were also targeted during the 9/11 attacks.^[10]

Background[edit]

After the September 11 attacks, several people independently conceived the idea of using lights for remembrance. These efforts were merged under the umbrella of the Municipal Art Society and Creative Time.^[11]

Tribute in Light initially ran as a temporary installation from March 11 to April 14, 2002, and it ran again on September 11, 2003, to mark the second anniversary of the attack.^[4] Since then, it has been repeated every year on September 11. It was announced that 2008 would be its final year,^[1] but the tribute was continued in 2009.^[12]

On December 17, 2009, it was confirmed that the tribute would continue through the tenth anniversary of the attacks in 2011.^[13] In 2012, plans were underway for the National September 11 Memorial & Museum to assume the lease for the MTA property used during this tribute, and to begin transitioning operation of the tribute from the Municipal Art Society to the memorial foundation.^[14]

The lights are produced by an Italian company named Space Cannon,^[15] which sends a team every year to help with the installation.^[9] A Las Vegas-based company, Light America, was also part of the team who implemented the project.^[16]

Each year, about 30 technicians, electricians, and stagehands work for about ten days to install the lights. During a testing phase of several days, observers in Brooklyn, Staten Island, New Jersey, and uptown Manhattan help make sure that the beams are adjusted accurately.^[9]

The project was originally going to be named Towers of Light, but the victims' families felt that the name emphasized the buildings destroyed instead of the people killed.^[17]

A permanent fixture of the Tribute in Light was at one point intended to be installed on the roof of One World Trade Center,^[18]^[19] but it was not included in the finished design.^[20]

Since 2008, the generators that power Tribute in Light have been fueled with biodiesel made from used cooking oil collected from local restaurants.^[21]

Effects on birds[edit]

The light pollution from Tribute in Light has caused confusion for over a million migrating birds, trapping them in the beams.^[22] Even at an altitude of several miles, birds can be affected by the lights.^[7] As a result of this effect, the beams are switched off for 20-minute periods to allow the birds to escape.^[23] To ensure the lights do not affect migrating birds, the Municipal Art Society works with the New York City Audubon on the illumination.^[24] A 2017 study found that the installation "dramatically altered multiple behaviors of nocturnally migrating birds—but these effects disappeared when lights were extinguished".^[22]^[25]

In popular culture[edit]

Tribute in Light was featured in Boyz II Men's music video for "Color of Love". It made a notable appearance during the opening credits of Spike Lee's 2002 film 25th Hour. The tribute was also shown and referenced in the CBS series Blue Bloods. These lights were featured in the music video of U2's "You're the Best Thing About Me".

The video game adaptation of the film Spider-Man 2 features the lights at the approximate location of the WTC site, while another video game adaptation of the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2, the lights are seen on the construction site of One World Trade Center at night.^{[citation needed]}

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Chan, Sewell (September 11, 2007). "Will Tribute in Light Go Dark After '08?". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ "Tribute in Light". 9/11 Memorial. National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
^ "Tribute in Light". creativetime.org. Creative Time, Inc. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Munson, John (September 10, 2015). "Tribute in Light shines bright every year since 2002". NJ.com. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
^ "Tribute in Light". mas.org. The Municipal Art Society of New York. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ "Tribute in Light | National September 11 Memorial & Museum". www.911memorial.org. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Yong, Ed (June 13, 2022). "How Animals Perceive the World". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023.
^ Chaban, Matt (August 18, 2011). "The End of Tribute in Light: Memorial Goes Dark Forever on 9/12". observer.com. Observer. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Caruso, David B. (September 7, 2011). "9/11 light tribute still dazzles; future cloudy". Stuff.co.nz. Archived from the original on January 28, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
^ "This is why you may see a blue light in the sky at night this weekend". wusa9.com. September 9, 2021. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2023.
^ "Tribute In Light – The Municipal Art Society of New York". Archived from the original on August 25, 2010. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
^ "September 11th Tribute Lights Up Again". NY1.com. Archived from " the original on September 14, 2009.
^ Dunlap, David W. (September 10, 2010). "'Tribute in Light' Will Keep Shining, This Year and the Next". New York Times. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
^ Mann, Ted (July 23, 2012). "'Tribute' Handover". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
^ "Home - Spacecannon SNe - Excellence in the lighting field". spacecannon SNe. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
^ "World Trade Center Memorial Has Local Connection". LASVEGASNOW. March 12, 2002. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
^ "Tribute in light to New York victims". BBC News. March 6, 2002. Archived from the original on January 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ "Freedom Tower rendering Time-lapse". Silverstein Properties Inc. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
^ "SOM Freedom Tower Fact Sheet" (PDF). Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 3, 2005. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
^ "Design changes to base, spire of 1 World Trade Center". Fox New York. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
^ Bevill, Kris (September 15, 2008). "Tri-State Biodiesel fuels Sept. 11 memorial". Biodiesel Magazine. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Van Doren, Benjamin M.; Horton, Kyle G.; Dokter, Adriaan M.; Klinck, Holger; Elbin, Susan B.; Farnsworth, Andrew (October 2, 2017). "High-intensity urban light installation dramatically alters nocturnal bird migration". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (42): 11175–11180. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11411175V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1708574114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5651764. PMID 28973942.
^ Allen, Nick (September 15, 2010). "10000 birds trapped in Twin Towers memorial light". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
^ Laermer, Emily (August 18, 2011). "Tribute in Light seeks funders". Crain's. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
^ Quenqua, Douglas (October 2, 2017). "Yearly 9/11 Tribute Shows Light Pollution's Effects on Birds". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2017.

External links[edit]

40°42′27″N 74°00′54″W / 40.70750°N 74.01500°W / 40.70750; -74.01500

[godark-1] Chan, Sewell (September 11, 2007). "Will Tribute in Light Go Dark After '08?". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2017.

[2] "Tribute in Light". 9/11 Memorial. National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2018.

[3] "Tribute in Light". creativetime.org. Creative Time, Inc. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2018.

[auto-4] Munson, John (September 10, 2015). "Tribute in Light shines bright every year since 2002". NJ.com. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2018.

[5] "Tribute in Light". mas.org. The Municipal Art Society of New York. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.

[6] "Tribute in Light | National September 11 Memorial & Museum". www.911memorial.org. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.

[perceive-7] Yong, Ed (June 13, 2022). "How Animals Perceive the World". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023.

[8] Chaban, Matt (August 18, 2011). "The End of Tribute in Light: Memorial Goes Dark Forever on 9/12". observer.com. Observer. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.

[:1-9] Caruso, David B. (September 7, 2011). "9/11 light tribute still dazzles; future cloudy". Stuff.co.nz. Archived from the original on January 28, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2019.

[10] "This is why you may see a blue light in the sky at night this weekend". wusa9.com. September 9, 2021. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2023.

[11] "Tribute In Light – The Municipal Art Society of New York". Archived from the original on August 25, 2010. Retrieved November 4, 2014.

[12] "September 11th Tribute Lights Up Again". NY1.com. Archived from " the original on September 14, 2009.

[13] Dunlap, David W. (September 10, 2010). "'Tribute in Light' Will Keep Shining, This Year and the Next". New York Times. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2010.

[14] Mann, Ted (July 23, 2012). "'Tribute' Handover". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2012.

[15] "Home - Spacecannon SNe - Excellence in the lighting field". spacecannon SNe. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2019.

[16] "World Trade Center Memorial Has Local Connection". LASVEGASNOW. March 12, 2002. Retrieved January 27, 2019.

[17] "Tribute in light to New York victims". BBC News. March 6, 2002. Archived from the original on January 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2008.

[18] "Freedom Tower rendering Time-lapse". Silverstein Properties Inc. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.

[19] "SOM Freedom Tower Fact Sheet" (PDF). Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 3, 2005. Retrieved March 22, 2015.

[20] "Design changes to base, spire of 1 World Trade Center". Fox New York. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.

[21] Bevill, Kris (September 15, 2008). "Tri-State Biodiesel fuels Sept. 11 memorial". Biodiesel Magazine. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.

[:0-22] Van Doren, Benjamin M.; Horton, Kyle G.; Dokter, Adriaan M.; Klinck, Holger; Elbin, Susan B.; Farnsworth, Andrew (October 2, 2017). "High-intensity urban light installation dramatically alters nocturnal bird migration". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (42): 11175–11180. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11411175V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1708574114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5651764. PMID 28973942.

[23] Allen, Nick (September 15, 2010). "10000 birds trapped in Twin Towers memorial light". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2010.

[24] Laermer, Emily (August 18, 2011). "Tribute in Light seeks funders". Crain's. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2011.

[25] Quenqua, Douglas (October 2, 2017). "Yearly 9/11 Tribute Shows Light Pollution's Effects on Birds". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2017.

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+{{Short description|Annual tribute to 9/11 victims}}
-The '''Tribute in Light''' was a temporary art installation of 88 searchlights placed next to the site of the [[World Trade Center]] from [[March 11]] to [[April 14]], [[2002]] to create two vertical columns of light in [[September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/Memorials and Services|remembrance]] of the [[September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack]]. The tribute was launched again on [[September 11]], [[2003]], to mark the second anniversary of the attack, and since then, it is done every year on September 11, to mark the anniversary.
+{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}}
+{{italic title}}
+[[File:Lower Manhattan from Jersey City September 2020 HDR panorama.jpg|thumb|''Tribute in Light'' as seen from [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]] in 2020]]
+[[File:P20210911KR-0060 (51707387945).jpg|thumb|[[The Pentagon]]'s ''Tribute in Light'' seen from the [[White House]] in 2021]]
+[[File:September 11th Memorial Tribute In Light 2014.jpg|thumb|''Tribute in Light'' as seen from [[Brooklyn]] in 2014]]
+The '''''Tribute in Light''''' is an [[art installation]] created in remembrance of the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name=godark>{{cite news |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/09/11/will-the-tribute-in-light-go-dark-after-08/ |newspaper=New York Times |title=Will ''Tribute in Light'' Go Dark After '08? |date=September 11, 2007 |first=Sewell |last=Chan |access-date=September 12, 2017 |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107015733/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/09/11/will-the-tribute-in-light-go-dark-after-08/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It consists of 88 vertical [[searchlight]]s arranged in two columns of light to represent the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|Twin Towers]]. It stands six blocks south of the [[World Trade Center site|World Trade Center]] on top of the Battery Parking Garage<ref>{{cite web |title=Tribute in Light |url=https://www.911memorial.org/tribute-light |website=9/11 Memorial |publisher=National September 11 Memorial & Museum |access-date=June 7, 2018 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144009/https://www.911memorial.org/tribute-light |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[New York City]]. ''Tribute in Light'' began as a temporary commemoration of the attacks in early 2002, but it became an annual event, currently produced on September 11 by the [[Municipal Art Society]] of New York.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tribute in Light |url=http://creativetime.org/programs/archive/2002/tribute/main.html |website=creativetime.org |publisher=Creative Time, Inc. |access-date=June 7, 2018 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142129/http://creativetime.org/programs/archive/2002/tribute/main.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2015/09/tribute_in_light_shines_bright_every_year_since_20.html |work=NJ.com |first=John |last=Munson |title=Tribute in Light shines bright every year since 2002 |date=September 10, 2015 |access-date=June 7, 2018 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612150711/http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2015/09/tribute_in_light_shines_bright_every_year_since_20.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tribute in Light |url=https://www.mas.org/programs/tribute-in-light/ |website=mas.org |publisher=The Municipal Art Society of New York |access-date=September 12, 2017 |archive-date=September 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234423/https://www.mas.org/programs/tribute-in-light/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Tribute in Light'' was conceived by artists John Bennett, Gustavo Bonevardi, Richard Nash Gould, Julian LaVerdiere, and Paul Myoda, and lighting consultant [[Paul Marantz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribute in Light {{!}} National September 11 Memorial & Museum |url=https://www.911memorial.org/visit/memorial/tribute-light |access-date=2020-08-14 |website=www.911memorial.org |archive-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814174800/https://www.911memorial.org/visit/memorial/tribute-light |url-status=live }}</ref>
+On clear nights, the lights can be seen from {{Convert|60|mi}} away,<ref name="perceive">{{cite web |title=How Animals Perceive the World |last=Yong |first=Ed |date=2022-06-13 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603170150/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/07/light-noise-pollution-animal-sensory-impact/638446/ |archive-date=2023-06-03 |url-status=live |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/07/light-noise-pollution-animal-sensory-impact/638446/}}</ref> visible in all of [[New York City]] and most of suburban [[North Jersey|Northern New Jersey]] and [[Long Island]]. The lights can also be seen in [[Fairfield County, Connecticut]], as well as [[Westchester County|Westchester]], [[Orange County, New York|Orange]], and [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland]] counties in [[New York State|New York]].
-The various people who ended up working together on the project simultaneously came up with the idea in the week following the attack.
+The 88 xenon spotlights (44 for each tower) each consume 7,000 [[watt]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chaban |first1=Matt |title=The End of Tribute in Light: Memorial Goes Dark Forever on 9/12 |url=http://observer.com/2011/08/the-end-of-tribute-in-light-memorial-goes-dark-forever-on-912/ |website=observer.com |date=August 18, 2011 |publisher=Observer |access-date=September 12, 2017 |archive-date=September 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913043728/http://observer.com/2011/08/the-end-of-tribute-in-light-memorial-goes-dark-forever-on-912/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2011}}, the annual cost for the entire project was about $500,000.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/americas/9-11-10-years-on/5572219/9-11-light-tribute-still-dazzles-future-cloudy |title=9/11 light tribute still dazzles; future cloudy |last=Caruso |first=David B. |date=2011-09-07 |work=Stuff.co.nz |access-date=2019-01-27 |language=en |archive-date=January 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128030322/http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/americas/9-11-10-years-on/5572219/9-11-light-tribute-still-dazzles-future-cloudy |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Architects John Bennett and Gustavo Bonevardi of [[PROUN Space Studio]] distributed their "Project for the Immediate Reconstruction of Manhattan's Skyline".
+A similar ''Tribute in Light'' has also appeared on occasion at [[the Pentagon]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia]] and at the crash site of [[United 93]] in [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], which were also targeted during the 9/11 attacks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/history/remembering-911/pentagon-september-11-light-tribute/65-45f7c166-b1d8-4280-8621-cd10cede152f|title=This is why you may see a blue light in the sky at night this weekend|date=September 9, 2021|website=wusa9.com|access-date=September 11, 2023|archive-date=July 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702164742/https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/history/remembering-911/pentagon-september-11-light-tribute/65-45f7c166-b1d8-4280-8621-cd10cede152f|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Artists Julian LaVerdiere and Paul Myoda, who before September 11 were working on the 91st floor of the World Trade Center north tower on a proposed light scupture on the giant radio antenna with [[Creative Time]], conceived the project "Phantom Towers", and were commissioned by [[The New York Times Magazine]] an image of the project for its September 23 cover.
+==Background==
-Richard Nash Gould, a New York architect, went to the [[Municipal Art Society]] with the concept. Gould, a March 1972 graduate of [[Yale University|Yale]], was part of a firm whose [[SoHo]] office looked on the World Trade Center. Other projects by Gould include [[Howard, Darby & Levin]] in [[New York City]] and Polo Sport, [[Ralph Lauren]] in New York City.
+{{Further|September 11 attacks}}
+[[File:Tribute in Light, 2018 (10092).jpg|thumb|''Tribute in Light'' as seen from atop a parking garage in [[The Battery (Manhattan)|Battery Park]] in 2018]]
+[[File:Tribute in Light in 2010.jpg|thumb|''Tribute in Light'' as seen from [[Brooklyn]] in 2010]]
+[[File:Tribute in Light September 11 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|''Tribute in Light'' as seen from the [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]] in 2011]]
+[[File:P20210910ES-0022 (51707170434).jpg|thumb|As seen from [[30 Rockefeller Plaza]] in 2021]]
+After the [[September 11 attacks]], several people independently conceived the idea of using lights for remembrance. These efforts were merged under the umbrella of the [[Municipal Art Society]] and [[Creative Time]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mas.org/programs/tributeinlight/ |title=Tribute In Light – The Municipal Art Society of New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825172813/http://mas.org/programs/tributeinlight/ |archive-date=August 25, 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=November 4, 2014}}</ref>
+''Tribute in Light'' initially ran as a temporary installation from March 11 to April 14, 2002, and it ran again on September 11, 2003, to mark the second anniversary of the attack.<ref name="auto"/> Since then, it has been repeated every year on September 11. It was announced that 2008 would be its final year,<ref name="godark" /> but the tribute was continued in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=NY1.com |title=September 11th Tribute Lights Up Again |url=http://ny1.com/content/top_stories/105290/september-11th-tribute-lights-up-again/Default.aspx" |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914135857/http://ny1.com/content/top_stories/105290/september-11th-tribute-lights-up-again/Default.aspx |archive-date=September 14, 2009 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
-On [[September 19]], chairman [[Philip K. Howard]] wrote to Mayor [[Rudy Giuliani]], asking him "to consider placing two large searchlights near the disaster site, projecting their light straight up into the sky."
+On December 17, 2009, it was confirmed that the tribute would continue through the tenth anniversary of the attacks in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/10/tribute-in-light-will-keep-shining-this-year-and-the-next// |newspaper=New York Times |title='Tribute in Light' Will Keep Shining, This Year and the Next |date=September 10, 2010 |first=David W. |last=Dunlap |access-date=September 11, 2010 |archive-date=July 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726232605/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/10/tribute-in-light-will-keep-shining-this-year-and-the-next/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, plans were underway for the [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum]] to assume the lease for the MTA property used during this tribute, and to begin transitioning operation of the tribute from the Municipal Art Society to the memorial foundation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mann |first=Ted |title='Tribute' Handover |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443437504577545520666491842 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=July 23, 2012 |access-date=July 24, 2012 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303121742/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443437504577545520666491842 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The project was originally going to be named ''Towers of Light'' until some people complained that emphasized the building destroyed instead of the people killed.
+The lights are produced by an Italian company named Space Cannon,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spacecannonsne.it/ |title=Home - Spacecannon SNe - Excellence in the lighting field |website=spacecannon SNe |language=en-US |access-date=2019-05-05 |archive-date=May 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506225826/http://www.spacecannonsne.it/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which sends a team every year to help with the installation.<ref name=":1" /> A [[Las Vegas]]-based company, Light America, was also part of the team who implemented the project.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lasvegasnow.com/news/world-trade-center-memorial-has-local-connection/79318001 |title=World Trade Center Memorial Has Local Connection |date=2002-03-12 |website=LASVEGASNOW |language=en-US |access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref>
-== External links ==
-* [http://www.jgrussell.com/g2_3.htm Photographs of the tribute]
-* [http://www.creativetime.org/towers/monument.html For, Now, How About A Monument of Light?], ''New York Post'', September 20, 2001
-* [http://www.creativetime.org/towers/main.html Tribute in Light]
-* [http://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/04/nyregion/04LIGH.html From 88 Searchlights, an Ethereal Tribute], ''The New York Times'', March 4, 2002
-* [http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/23/magazine/23MYODA.html Filling the Void], ''The New York Times Magazine'', September 23, 2001
-* [http://www.rngarchitects.com/ Richard Nash Gould's company site]
+Each year, about 30 technicians, electricians, and stagehands work for about ten days to install the lights. During a testing phase of several days, observers in Brooklyn, Staten Island, New Jersey, and uptown Manhattan help make sure that the beams are adjusted accurately.<ref name=":1" />
-[[Category:Memorials]]
+The project was originally going to be named ''Towers of Light'', but the victims' families felt that the name emphasized the buildings destroyed instead of the people killed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1857699.stm |title=Tribute in light to New York victims |access-date=April 27, 2008 |work=BBC News |date=March 6, 2002 |archive-date=January 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129170013/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1857699.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
+A permanent fixture of the ''Tribute in Light'' was at one point intended to be installed on the roof of [[One World Trade Center]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom Tower rendering Time-lapse |url=http://www.wtc.com/media/videos |publisher=Silverstein Properties Inc. |access-date=March 22, 2015 |archive-date=February 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220192633/http://www.wtc.com/media/videos/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SOM Freedom Tower Fact Sheet |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/content/pdfs/freedom_tower_fact_sheet.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103104549/http://www.renewnyc.com/content/pdfs/freedom_tower_fact_sheet.pdf |archive-date=2005-11-03 |url-status=live |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation |access-date=March 22, 2015}}</ref> but it was not included in the finished design.<ref>{{cite web |title=Design changes to base, spire of 1 World Trade Center |url=http://www.myfoxny.com/story/19229185/new-renderings-of-1-wtc-show-design-changes |publisher=Fox New York |access-date=March 22, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317171748/http://www.myfoxny.com/story/19229185/new-renderings-of-1-wtc-show-design-changes |archive-date=March 17, 2015 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+Since 2008, the generators that power ''Tribute in Light'' have been fueled with biodiesel made from used cooking oil collected from local restaurants.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bevill |first1=Kris |title=Tri-State Biodiesel fuels Sept. 11 memorial |url=http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/2726/tri-state-biodiesel-fuels-sept.-11-memorial/ |publisher=Biodiesel Magazine |access-date=September 12, 2017 |date=September 15, 2008 |archive-date=September 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913043926/http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/2726/tri-state-biodiesel-fuels-sept.-11-memorial/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+==Effects on birds==
+The [[light pollution]] from ''Tribute in Light'' has caused confusion for over a million migrating birds, trapping them in the beams.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Van Doren |first1=Benjamin M. |last2=Horton |first2=Kyle G. |last3=Dokter |first3=Adriaan M. |last4=Klinck |first4=Holger |last5=Elbin |first5=Susan B. |last6=Farnsworth |first6=Andrew |date=2017-10-02 |title=High-intensity urban light installation dramatically alters nocturnal bird migration |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=114 |issue=42 |language=en |pages=11175–11180 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1708574114 |pmid=28973942 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5651764 |bibcode=2017PNAS..11411175V |doi-access=free}}</ref> Even at an altitude of several miles, birds can be affected by the lights.<ref name="perceive"/> As a result of this effect, the beams are switched off for 20-minute periods to allow the birds to escape.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8005051/10000-birds-trapped-in-Twin-Towers-memorial-light.html |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |title=10000 birds trapped in Twin Towers memorial light |date=September 15, 2010 |access-date=Sep 15, 2010 |location=London |first=Nick |last=Allen |archive-date=September 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913074718/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8005051/10000-birds-trapped-in-Twin-Towers-memorial-light.html |url-status=live }}</ref> To ensure the lights do not affect migrating birds, the Municipal Art Society works with the [[New York City Audubon]] on the illumination.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20110818/FREE/110819880 |publisher=Crain's |title=Tribute in Light seeks funders |date=August 18, 2011 |first=Emily |last=Laermer |access-date=August 22, 2011 |archive-date=April 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403195807/http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20110818/FREE/110819880 |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2017 study found that the installation "dramatically altered multiple behaviors of nocturnally migrating birds—but these effects disappeared when lights were extinguished".<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/02/science/september-11-tribute-lights-birds.html |title=Yearly 9/11 Tribute Shows Light Pollution's Effects on Birds |last=Quenqua |first=Douglas |date=2017-10-02 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2017-10-03 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003175351/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/02/science/september-11-tribute-lights-birds.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+==In popular culture==
+''Tribute in Light'' was featured in [[Boyz II Men]]'s music video for "Color of Love". It made a notable appearance during the opening credits of [[Spike Lee]]'s 2002 film ''[[25th Hour]]''. The tribute was also shown and referenced in the [[CBS]] series ''[[Blue Bloods (TV series)|Blue Bloods]]''. These lights were featured in the music video of [[U2]]'s "[[You're the Best Thing About Me]]".
+The [[Spider-Man 2 (2004 video game)|video game adaptation]] of the film ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' features the lights at the approximate location of the WTC site, while [[The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014 video game)|another video game adaptation]] of the film ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man 2]]'', the lights are seen on the construction site of [[One World Trade Center]] at night.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
+==See also==
+*[[Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks]]
+**[[National September 11 Memorial & Museum]]
+**[[Pentagon Memorial]]
+**[[Flight 93 National Memorial]]
+*Other beams
+**[[20th Century Fox#Logo and fanfare|20th Century Fox logo]] (designed {{circa|1935}}) famous non-military use of [[searchlights]].
+**[[Cathedral of light]], a 1937 Nazi propaganda display with massed searchlights pointing skyward.
+**''[[spectra (installation)|spectra]]'', an installation series of light and sound artworks featuring searchlights
+**[[A Symphony of Lights]], a contemporary light display in Hong Kong
+**[[Luxor Hotel#Luxor Sky Beam|Luxor Hotel and Casino skybeam]] since the mid-1990s, the world's brightest searchlight-style display.
+**[[Dale Eldred]], ''Steeple of Light'', Community Christian Church, Kansas City, MO. Completed in 1994.
+**{{annotated link|Imagine Peace Tower}}
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+==External links==
+{{Commons category|Tribute in Light}}
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100825172813/http://mas.org/programs/tributeinlight/ The Municipal Art Society of New York, annual producers of the ''Tribute in Light'']
+*[http://www.911memorial.org/tribute-light ''Tribute in Light'', presented by the National September 11 Memorial & Museum]
+{{Coord|40|42|27|N|74|00|54|W|type:event_region:US-NY|display=title}}
+{{World Trade Center}}
+{{Authority control}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Tribute In Light}}
+[[Category:2002 establishments in New York City]]
+[[Category:Memorials for the September 11 attacks]]
+[[Category:Annual events in New York City]]
+[[Category:Light art]]
+[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Manhattan]]
+[[Category:Searchlights]]