Elián González and Semi-arid climate: Difference between pages

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A '''Semi-arid climate''' or '''steppe climate''' generally describes [[climate|climatic]] regions that receive low annual [[rain]]fall (250-500 mm or 10-20 in). A more precise definition is given by the [[Köppen climate classification]] that treats [[steppe]] climates (BS) as intermediates between the [[desert climate]]s (BW) and humid climates in ecological characteristics and agricultural potential. The Köppen climate classification allows adjustments for temperature and for excluding forested regions (such as those in most of Canada and Siberia).
The [[child custody|custody]] and [[immigration]] status of a young [[Cuba]]n boy, '''Elián González''' (born [[December 6]], [[1993]]), was at the center of a heated controversy in 2000 involving the governments of [[Cuba]] and the [[United States]], his father, his [[Miami, Florida|Miami]] and Cuban relatives, and the [[Cuban-American]] community of Miami. However, a district court's ruling that the Miami relative could not petition for asylum on the boy's behalf was upheld by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Circuit Court of Appeals]] in [[Atlanta]], and after the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] refused to hear the case, Elián González returned to Cuba with his father, Juan Miguel González-Quintana, on [[June 28]], [[2000]].


Examples of types of semi-arid [[biome]]s are:
== Background ==
* [[Australia]]: a large portion of the [[Outback]], surrounding the central desert regions, including the following areas:<ref>[http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/cgi_bin_scripts/clim_classification.cgi Bureau of Meteorology - CDlimate classification maps<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
{{see|Cuba-United States relations}}
** [[MacDonnell Ranges]], including [[Alice Springs, Northern Territory|Alice Springs]]. (The ranges are surrounded by arid desert regions.)
Hostility between Cuba and the United States has been persistent since the [[Cuban Revolution]]. Over that period, a considerable number of Cubans have tried to leave for the United States covertly, seeking alternative economic, social or political conditions. This [[emigration]] is illegal under both Cuban and U.S. law; any Cuban found at sea, attempting to reach U.S. shores, will be [[deported]] by the [[United States Coast Guard|U.S. Coast Guard]] or if discovered by Cuban [[police]], [[ostracized]] and prohibited from most Cuban institutions. U.S. policy has evolved into the current [[Wet feet, dry feet policy|"wet feet, dry feet" rule]]: If a Cuban is picked up at sea or walking toward shore, he/she will be [[repatriation|repatriated]] (sent back) by force. If he/she can make it to shore ("dry feet"), he/she is permitted to make a case for [[political asylum]].
** Southern [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]], including [[Broome, Western Australia|Broome]]
** Central part of the [[Goldfields-Esperance|WA Goldfields]], including [[Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Western Australia|Kalgoorlie]]
** Western [[Pilbara]], including [[Karratha, Western Australia|Karratha]]
** Eastern [[Riverland]], northern [[The Mallee|Victorian Mallee]] and [[Sunraysia]], including [[Mildura]]
** Central [[Regions of Queensland#North West|North West Queensland]], including [[Mount Isa, Queensland|Mount Isa]]
** Coastal part of the [[Far North, South Australia|Far North]] region of South Australia, including [[Port Augusta]]
* [[Brazil]]: the North-eastern [[Sertão]] or [[Caatinga]]
* [[Canada]]:
** The southern [[Prairie Provinces]], including southern [[Alberta]], southern [[Saskatchewan]] and extreme southwestern [[Manitoba]];
** Parts of the [[British Columbia]] interior including the [[Cariboo]] plateau and the [[Okanagan Valley]]
* [[Italy]]: the southern zone: [[Sicily]], [[Sardinia]] and [[Apulia]].
* [[Kazakhstan]]: the [[Steppe]]
* [[North Africa]]: The region between the [[Tell Atlas]] and the [[Saharan Atlas]]; and the [[Sahel]] on the southern edge of the [[Sahara]]
* Most of [[Pakistan]]
* [[Southern Africa]]: the [[Karoo]] and [[Kalahari]] regions in the western interior of [[South Africa]] and [[Botswana]], also borders the [[Namib Desert]] to the north and west.
* [[Spain]]: the south-east zone: [[Alicante (province)|province of Alicante]], [[Almería (province)| province of Almeria]] and [[Region of Murcia]]. This climate is called ''arid mediterranean''.
* [[United States]]: the western interior, including the following states (except above the [[tree line]] in the mountain states and in some localized areas):
** Western parts of the [[Dakotas]]
** Western [[Nebraska]]
** Western [[Kansas]]
** Far Western [[Oklahoma]]
** Central and West [[Texas]]
** Most of [[New Mexico]]
** [[Colorado]]
** [[Montana]]
** [[Wyoming]]
** Most of [[Utah]]
** Northeastern [[Arizona]]
** Northern [[Nevada]]
** Most of [[Idaho]]
** Northeastern [[California]]
** Eastern [[Oregon]]
** Eastern [[Washington]]


==Examples==
Under U.S. policy, Cubans who make it to U.S. soil are generally allowed to remain in the country and given an opportunity to assert a claim to [[refugee]] status, usually under the premise that they would face persecution if they were returned to Cuba. This differs from U.S. immigration policy applied to refugees of other Caribbean nations, notably [[Haiti]]ans.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3495910.stm | title=UN fears for Haiti refugee plight | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=[[2004-02-28]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref> To monitor whether the returned Cubans are subjected to persecution, the [[United States Interests Section in Havana|U.S. Interest Section in Havana]], in cooperation with international organizations, maintains follow-up contact with the returned Cubans. The result of this monitoring has been a conclusion that there is no systematic policy of the Cuban government to persecute those Cubans who have been returned.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fairus.org/site/PageServer?pagename=iic_cuba_policy | title=U.S. Cuba Policy Rewards Illegal Immigration | publisher=[[Federation for American Immigration Reform]] | date=[[2006-08-10]] | accessdate=2006-10-10}}</ref>
===Southern hemisphere===
{{climate chart|[[Punta Arenas, Chile]]
|7|14|38
|7|14|23
|5|12|33
|4|10|36
|2|7|33
|1|5|41
|-1|4|28
|1|6|31
|2|8|23
|3|11|28
|4|12|18
|6|14|36
|float=left
|clear=none
|source=[http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT001760]
}}
{{-}}


==References==
== Elián's journey and the beginning of the custody battle ==
{{reflist}}
[[Image:Elian.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Elián's journey from [[Cárdenas, Matanzas, Cuba|Cárdenas]], near [[Matanzas]] to Florida.]]
In November 1999, Elián, his mother, and twelve others left Cuba on a small [[aluminum]] boat with a faulty engine; Elián's mother and ten others died in the crossing. The boat was operated by his mother's boyfriend, who resided in Miami and smuggled Cubans into the U.S. for money. Elián and the other two survivors floated at sea on an [[inner tube]] until they were rescued by two [[fishermen]] who turned him over to the U.S. Coast Guard.


{{Koppen}}
Marisleysis Gonzalez, 21, Elián's cousin, said Elián told her the motor had broken on the boat and its passengers had tried in vain to bail out the water with nylon bags but that a storm doomed their efforts. Elian told her he tried to help get the water out and that his mother's boyfriend placed him in an inner tube for safety. "He said afterwards that he fell asleep and that when he woke up he never saw his mother again. He said I think she drowned too because she didn't know how to swim." <ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y00/mar00/27e4.htm
|title=Cuban boy draws picture of shipwreck drama
|author=Sue Plemming
|date=27 march 2000
|publisher=cubanet.org, quoting a Fox News article
|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref> Nivaldo Fernandez Ferran, one of the three survivors on the boat said, "Elizabet protected her son to the end". According to Ferran, they set out on their trip at 4 a.m., Nov. 21, 1999, dragging inflated rubber floats, or inner tubes, in case they needed them. As they encountered bad weather, the boat's engine failed and the craft began to fill with water. After it went under, the passengers clung to the inner tubes in cold water, with waves reaching heights of three to four meters (10 to 13 feet).<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_6_16/ai_59585370/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1
|title=A Love Supreme
|author=Diana Ray
|date=14 february 2000
|publisher=BNET, quoting insightmag.com
|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>


[[Category:Climate]]
The [[Immigration and Naturalization Service]] (INS) released Elián to his paternal great-uncle, Lázaro González. According to the Washington Post, Elián's father Juan Miguel González-Quintana had telephoned Lázaro from Cuba on November 22, 1999, to advise that Elián and his mother had left Cuba without Juan Miguel's knowledge, and to watch for their arrival.<ref>{{cite news | url = | title=The Politics of Elian | format=Reprint | publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=[[2000-04-06]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref> However, Lázaro González, backed by local Cuban-Americans, soon took the position that the boy should remain in the United States, and not be returned to his father in Cuba. Marisleysis (Lázaro's adult daughter), became the principal caretaker of Elián, and quickly became a well-known television figure. [[Armando Gutierrez]], a local Miami-based Cuban American [[activism|activist]] became the family spokesperson. However, Juan Miguel, with the support of his nation's authorities, demanded that the boy be returned to the care of his father.

For much of early 2000, Elián's plight dominated the news in the United States and in Cuba.
[[Image:Fort Lauderdale Florida aerial1.jpg|thimb|left|250px|thumb|The shoreline of [[Fort Lauderdale]], where Elián was discovered]]

On [[January 21]], 2000, Elián's grandmothers, Mariela Quintana and Raquel Rodríguez, flew from Havana to the United States to seek their grandson's return to Cuba. While they were able to meet with the boy only once (at the [[Miami Beach]] home of [[Barry University]] president Sister [[Jeanne O'Laughlin]]), they journeyed to Washington and met with congressmen and [[Attorney General]] [[Janet Reno]]. After nine days of relentless media coverage (during which Republican lawmakers acknowledged they did not have the votes to pass a bill to give Elián U.S. citizenship), the two women returned to Cuba to "a hero's welcome".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/625102.stm | title=Heroes' welcome for Elian grandmothers | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=[[2000-01-30]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref>

On [[January 28]], Spanish Foreign Minister Abel Matutes called for the boy's return to Cuba, stating that [[international law]] dictated the return. Meanwhile, the Miami Gonzálezes fought off allegations that they had offered Juan Miguel a house and a car if he abandoned the action and joined his son in Miami.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/622690.stm | title=Spain backs Cuba over custody row | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=[[2000-01-18]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref>

Through January and February, Juan Miguel sent a number of open letters to the U.S. Government (they were published in, among other places, the Cuban newspaper [[Granma]]) demanding the return of his son and refusing the Miami relatives' demands.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/644276.stm | title=Elian's father makes new appeal | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=[[2000-02-15]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref>

On [[March 21]], a Federal judge dismissed the relatives' petition for asylum which they had filed on behalf of Elián. Lázaro vowed to appeal.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/685472.stm | title=Elian asylum case dismissed | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=[[2000-03-21]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref> On [[March 29]], Miami-Dade County Mayor [[Alex Penelas]] was joined by 22 other civic leaders in a speech in downtown [[Miami]]. Penelas indicated that the municipality would not cooperate with Federal authorities on any repatriation of the boy, and would not lend police or other assistance in taking the boy.
On [[April 14]], a video was released in which Elián tells Juan Miguel that he wants to stay in the United States. However, many considered that he had been coached, as a male voice was heard off-camera directing the young boy. In a September 2005 interview with ''[[60 Minutes]]'' after being sent back to Cuba, Elián stated that during his stay in the U.S., his family members were "telling me bad things about [my father]," and "were also telling me to tell him that I did not want to go back to Cuba, and I always told them I wanted to."<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4299294.stm
|title=Elian interview sparks Miami row
|date=30 September 2005
|publisher=BBC News
|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>

Elián, under the relentless focus of the cameras, went to [[Walt Disney World]] one day, then met with politicians the next. Despite these efforts, opinion polls showed that around two-thirds of Americans thought Elián should be returned to his father.<ref>{{cite news | last = Newport | first = Frank | title = Americans Continue to Favor the Return of Elian Gonzalez to Cuba | publisher = Gallup News Service | date = [[2000-04-04]] | year = 2000 | url =
http://janda.org/B20/Lectures/Week%202/Elian_Gonzalez/Poll_on_Elian.htm | accessdate = 2007-09-08}}</ref> On [[April 19]], the [[11th Circuit Court of Appeals]] in Atlanta ruled that Elián must stay in the U.S. until the Miami Gonzálezes could appeal for an asylum hearing in May.

In [http://www.newhumanist.com/shipwreck.html an essay] prior to Elián's release, [[Gabriel García Márquez]] suggested that "many Cubans are worried that the [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] administration does not dare to return the child, in spite of its laws and its own convictions, fearing that Democratic candidate [[Al Gore]] will lose the [[United States presidential election in Florida, 2000|Florida vote]]."

== Elián taken by Federal authorities ==
[[Attorney General]] [[Janet Reno]] ordered the return of Elián to his father and set a deadline of [[April 13]], [[2000]], but the Miami relatives defied the order. Negotiations continued for several days as the house was surrounded by protesters as well as police. The relatives insisted on guarantees that they could live with the child for several months and retain custody, and that Elián would not be returned to Cuba. Negotiations carried on throughout the night, but Reno stated that the relatives rejected all workable solutions. A Florida family court judge revoked Lázaro's temporary custody, clearing the way for Elián to be returned to his father's custody. On [[April 20]], Reno made the decision to remove Elián González from the house and instructed law enforcement officials to determine the best time to obtain the boy. After being informed of the decision, Marisleysis said to a Justice Department community relations officer, "You think we just have cameras in the house? If people try to come in, they could be hurt."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/apr2000/raid-a25.shtml | title=Rescue of Elian Gonzalez intensifies political crisis in US | publisher=[[World Socialist Web Site]] | first=Patrick | last=Martin | date=[[2000-04-25]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref> Exile groups discussed plans to form a human chain around Elián's relatives' home to prevent federal agents from repatriating him. Some drivers had even begun to block roads by slowly circling the house.

[[Image:inselian.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Alan Diaz's Pulitzer Prize winning photograph from the affair.]] In the pre-dawn hours of [[April 22]], pursuant to an order issued by a federal magistrate, eight [[SWAT]]-equipped agents of the [[United States Border Patrol|Border Patrol]]'s [http://www.cbp.gov/xp/CustomsToday/2004/May/bortac.xml BORTAC] unit approached the house, knocked, and identified themselves. When no one responded from within, they entered the house. Pepper-spray and mace were employed against those outside the house who attempted to interfere. Nonetheless, a stool, rocks, and bottles were thrown at the agents.<ref name="court0514375">{{cite web | url=http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200514375.pdf | title=D. C. Docket No. 03-20588-CV-KMM | publisher=[[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit]] | format=PDF | date=[[2006-08-16]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref> In the confusion [[Alan Diaz]], of the [[Associated Press]], was able to enter the house and entered a room with Elián, his great uncle's wife Angela Lázaro, her niece, the niece's young son, and Donato Dalrymple (one of the fishermen who had rescued him from the ocean). They waited in the room listening to agents search the house. Once they found the locked door to the room, agents kicked it down and [[Alan Diaz]] took his famous picture (he won the 2001 [[Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography]]) showing a [[BORTAC]] Agent with a [[MP5]] [[submachine gun]] pointed toward Elián and Donato Dalrymple. The Agent had his trigger finger along the frame of the weapon. Dalrymple had taken Elián and had tried to hide himself and the boy in the closet but it was too stuffed with clothes.<ref>[http://www.ap.org/pages/about/pulitzer/diaz.html Associated Press website.]Diaz photograph.</ref><ref name="FamousPictures">{{cite web | url=http://www.famouspictures.org/mag/index.php?title=Elian_Gonzalez | title=Famous Pictures Magazine - Elián González | publisher=Famous Pictures Magazine|last=Lucas, Dean | format=HTML| date=[[2006-08-16]] | accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref>

[[Image:Janet Reno-us-Portrait.jpg|thumb|140px|left|[[Attorney General]] [[Janet Reno]], who ruled that Elián be returned to his father]]
INS also stated in the days after the raid that they had identified as many as two dozen persons who were "prepared to thwart any government operation," some of whom had [[concealed weapon]]s permits while others had [[criminal record]]s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_20000428/ai_n10603512 | title=Officials feared danger in Elian raid | publisher=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] | work=[[The Washington Post]] | first=Karen | last=Deyoung | date=[[2000-04-28]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://judiciary.senate.gov/oldsite/682000_pjl5.htm | title=Statement of Patrick Leahy, Ranking Member, Senate Judiciary Committee, Concerning the Elian Gonzalez Case Subpoena | authorlink=Patrick Leahy | first=Patrick | last=Leahy | publisher=[[United States Senate]] | date=[[2000-06-08]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref> The INS noted reported statements made by members of the Lázaro family that they were prepared to deal with any intrusion on their property by force if authorities attempted to take Elián without their consent.

"Assassins!" yelled some of the approximately 100 protesters{{Fact|date=April 2007}}, some of whom climbed over the barricades in an attempt to stop the agents. Within an hour of the raid, the crowd in Little Havana quickly swelled to about 300. Several tried to rip apart and burn an American flag. Hundreds of outraged protesters poured out into the streets of [[Little Havana]] and demonstrated, burning garbage containers, tires, and trees. Crowds jammed a more than 10-block area of Little Havana. Police in riot gear were deployed and tear gas was used. Shortly afterwards, many [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade County]] businesses closed, as their owners and managers participated in a short [[boycott]].

Public opinion about the INS raid on the Miami Gonzalezes' house was widely polarized. A ''Time'' magazine issue showed a joyful photo of Elián being reunited with his father (the caption says "Papa!"), while ''Newsweek'' ran an issue that focused on the raid, its title stating, "Seizing Elián."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://enews.tufts.edu/stories/042400ElianNeedsPrivacy.htm | title=Tufts Expert Says Privacy, Emotional Support Needed for Elian Gonzalez | publisher=[[Tufts University|Tufts]] E-News | date=[[2000-04-24]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref> There were two major foci in the coverage: the INS raid and the family reunions.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/media/jan-june00/elian_4-24.html | title=Dueling Images | publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]] | first=Terence | last=Smith | authorlink=Terence Smith | date=[[2000-04-24]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref>

== Elián returned to father's custody ==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=February 2008}}
[[Image:Elián_González_and_father_reunion.jpg | 250px | thumb | right | Elián González poses with his father and family members in a photo, taken a few hours after their reunion at [[Andrews Air Force Base]].]]
Four hours after he was taken from the house in Miami, Elián and his father were reunited at [[Andrews Air Force Base]]. The next day, the White House released a photograph showing a smiling Elián reunited with his father, which the Miami relatives disputed by claiming that it was a fake Elián in the photograph. Later, Elián and his family were to be taken to the Aspen Institute [[Wye River, Maryland|Wye River]] Conference Center (formerly known as "Wye Plantation"). The media was barred from access to the family. While the family was still at Andrews, New Hampshire Senator [[Robert C. Smith|Bob Smith]], escorting the Miami Gonzálezes, was turned away from the base by guards. The May 5, 2000, ''[[Miami Herald]]'' reported that Elián was joined by his classmates (without their parents) and his teacher from his hometown, [[Cárdenas, Matanzas, Cuba|Cárdenas]]. ''[[Granma (newspaper)|Granma]]'' released pictures of Elián in the [[Young Pioneer]] uniform of Cuba's [[Communist]] youth league. On May 6, 2000, attorney [[Greg Craig]] took Elián and Juan Miguel to a dinner in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, DC, hosted by Smith and Elizabeth Bagley.

After Elián was returned to his father's custody, he remained in the U.S. while the Miami relatives exhausted their legal options. A three-judge federal panel had ruled that he could not go back to Cuba until he was granted an asylum hearing, but the case turned on the right of the relatives to request that hearing on behalf of the boy. On June 1, 2000, the [[11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals]] ruled that Elián was too young to file for asylum; only his father could speak for him, and the relatives lacked [[standing (law)|legal standing]]. On June 28, 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to review the decision. Later the same day, Elián González and his family returned home to Cuba.

== Return to Cuba ==
[[Image:FidelCastro645.jpg|thumv|250px|thumb|right|Then Cuban president [[Fidel Castro]] (center), whom Elián considered "not only as a friend but as a father" in 2005.<ref name="ElianInterview2005">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4299294.stm | title=Elian interview sparks Miami row | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=[[2005-09-30]] | accessdate=2006-07-18}}</ref>]]
Elián now lives with his family in [[Cárdenas, Cuba|Cárdenas]], where his father, Juan Miguel, is a waiter at an Italian restaurant about 20 km northwest of Cárdenas. The Cuban State Security has set up a monitoring station right next door. Elián's father was interviewed at the restaurant in 2004 by [[Keith Morrison]] of the [[NBC News]] program ''[[Dateline NBC]]'' and ''[[Cover to Cover]]'' on [[CNBC]]. Juan Miguel told Morrison that Elián feared reporters, so Morrison could not interview Elián, but Juan Miguel filmed a home video on which Elián was shown doing his arithmetic homework with Juan Miguel in their dining room, going to bed in his bedroom with his younger half-brother, and attending karate lessons. Elián's family had moved to another home to evade reporters.

Morrison's TV report also showed a 19th-century building in Cárdenas which was previously used as a [[fire station]] and which was renovated and inaugurated on July 14, 2001, as a museum, called [[Museo de la Batalla de Ideas]] ("Museum of the Battle of Ideas"), which includes an Elián exhibition room with a life-size bronze statue of Elián raising a clenched fist. Ironically, the former González home in Miami has similarly been turned into a museum, with the boy's bedroom left unaltered.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1612785.stm | title=Elian's Miami home turned into shrine | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=[[2001-10-22]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref> Juan Miguel is also a member of the [[National Assembly of People’s Power of Cuba|National Assembly]] and has attended events for the [[Communist Party of Cuba]] with Elián, who has been called up to the stage to meet [[Fidel Castro]]. Castro also attended a filmed birthday party of Elián with his schoolmates. On the video of the birthday party, a female clown told Elián to blow out the birthday candles with Fidel to his right and surrounded by Elián's schoolmates.

In September 2005, González was interviewed by ''60 Minutes'' and stated during the interview that Fidel Castro was a friend, and that he considers Castro "not only as a friend but as a father."<ref name="ElianInterview2005"/> In December 2006, an ill Fidel Castro was unable to attend González's 13th birthday celebration, so his brother Raul stood in instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Raul Castro Attends Elian Gonzalez's 13th Birthday Party|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,234960,00.html|work=Fox News|publisher=Associated Press|date=2006-12-06|accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref>

On August 16, 2006, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed the dismissal of an excessive force lawsuit brought by Dalrymple and others against the Federal Government and Reno.<ref name="court0514375"/>

González joined the [[Young Communist League (Cuba)|Young Communist Union of Cuba]] in June 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=Elian Gonzalez joins Cuba's youth Communists|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/15/gonzalez.ap/index.html?eref=rss_topstories|work=CNN.com|publisher=Associated Press|date=2008-06-15|accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7455748.stm BBC NEWS | World | Americas | Elian 'joins Cuba's communists'<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

==Ramifications==
The Elián González saga exposed deep divisions among the residents of Miami-Dade County. While there were protests in favor of Elián staying in the United States, there were similarly demonstrations in favor of sending the boy back to live with his father.

Commentators<ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0011/08/se.01.html CNN Transcript - Special Event: Election 2000: Bush, Gore Locked in Unprecedented Fight for Control of the White House - November 8, 2000<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E1DD153CF933A05750C0A9669C8B63 Boy's Case Could Sway Bush-Gore Contest - New York Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[{{cite news |url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1062 |title=The Hispanic Vote and the U.S. Presidential Election
|date=3 November 2004 |publisher=Knowledge@Wharton Network |accessdate=2008-10-03}} </ref> have suggested that the Elián Gonzalez affair may have been a factor in voters' decisions, which could have affected the close outcome in Florida.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/23alter.html?_r=1&oref=slogin 'The Man Who Invented Fidel,' by Anthony DePalma - The New York Times Book Review - New York Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Al Gore's <ref>[http://mfamedia.com/elian.htm MFAMEDIA.COM : The Saga of Elian Gonzalez: A News Media Riot?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> handling of the matter may have been as great a factor as anger by the predominantly Republican Cuban community over the boy's return to Cuba. Gore initially supported Republican legislation to give the boy and his father permanent residence status, but later supported the Administration position. He was attacked for both pandering and being inconsistent.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clymer|first=Adam|title=While Conservatives and Liberals React, Gore and Bush Hedge on Ruling|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5DC103CF931A35755C0A9669C8B63|work=The New York Times|date=2000-06-02|accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref>

==Critical views==
Throughout the case, elected officials from both political parties were attacked for getting involved in what some people believed was a private matter between two families. On [[April 9]], [[2000]], [[Richard Cohen (journalist)|Richard Cohen]] of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote: "Elián and Juan Miguel González, son and father. The former is an innocent child, the latter a man whose boy was taken from him. Elián has behaved like a typical 6-year-old, Juan Miguel like a typical father. And most of the politicians like typical fools."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/elian.htm | title=The "Elián Gonzalez" Religious Movement | publisher=[[Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance]] | author=B.A. Robinson | date=[[2000-04-13]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portalpar|Cuba|Flag of Cuba.svg}}
*[[Cuban exile]]
*[[Cuba-United States relations]]

==Footnotes==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

== External links ==
* '''[http://www.elian.cu Official Cuban website]''' about the custody battle for Elián
* {{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/yip2000/yip_apr_1.html | title=The Year In Pictures: Elian Gonzalez | year=2000 | publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}
* {{cite news | url=http://www.commondreams.org/views/032900-105.htm | title=Elián: Shipwrecked On Dry Land | authorlink=Gabriel García Márquez | first=Gabriel | last=García Márquez | format=Reprint | work=[[Juventud Rebelde]] | publisher=[[Common Dreams NewsCenter]] | date=[[2000-03-29]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}
* {{cite news | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5540113 | title=Finding Elian | work=[[Dateline NBC]] | publisher=[[MSNBC]] | first=Keith | last=Morrison | authorlink=Keith Morrison | date=[[2004-08-01]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}
* {{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4471099.stm | title=What happened to Elian Gonzalez? | publisher=[[BBC]] | | first=Stephen | last=Gibbs | date=[[2005-04-22]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}
* '''[http://www.cbp.gov/xp/CustomsToday/2004/May/bortac.xml]''' ''CBP Today'' - May 2004 article on U.S. Border Patrol [[BORTAC]] Program.

{{Cuba-United States relations}}


<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME= González, Elián
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[Cuba]]n boy in custody dispute
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[December 6]] [[1993]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Cuba]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}


{{Geo-term-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gonzalez, Elian affair}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Clinton administration controversies]]
[[Category:Cuba–United States relations]]
[[Category:History of Florida]]
[[Category:Immigration incidents]]
[[Category:2000 in the United States]]


[[cs:Polopoušť]]
[[ar:إليان غونزاليس]]
[[de:Elián González]]
[[es:Clima semiárido]]
[[es:Elián González]]
[[fr:Climat semi-aride]]
[[fr:Elián González]]
[[it:Clima steppico]]
[[ko:스텝 기후]]
[[he:אליאן גונזלס]]
[[nl:Elián González]]
[[nl:Steppeklimaat]]
[[ja:ステップ気候]]
[[no:Elián González-saken]]
[[pl:Elián González]]
[[nn:Steppeklima]]
[[pt:Elián González]]
[[pl:Półpustynia]]
[[pt:Clima semi-árido]]
[[ru:Гонсалес, Элиан]]
[[ru:Полупустыня]]
[[sv:Elián González]]
[[sk:Polopúšť]]
[[tr:Yarı kurak iklim]]
[[uk:Напівпустеля]]

Revision as of 08:36, 11 October 2008

A Semi-arid climate or steppe climate generally describes climatic regions that receive low annual rainfall (250-500 mm or 10-20 in). A more precise definition is given by the Köppen climate classification that treats steppe climates (BS) as intermediates between the desert climates (BW) and humid climates in ecological characteristics and agricultural potential. The Köppen climate classification allows adjustments for temperature and for excluding forested regions (such as those in most of Canada and Siberia).

Examples of types of semi-arid biomes are:

Examples

Southern hemisphere

Punta Arenas, Chile
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
38
 
 
14
7
 
 
23
 
 
14
7
 
 
33
 
 
12
5
 
 
36
 
 
10
4
 
 
33
 
 
7
2
 
 
41
 
 
5
1
 
 
28
 
 
4
−1
 
 
31
 
 
6
1
 
 
23
 
 
8
2
 
 
28
 
 
11
3
 
 
18
 
 
12
4
 
 
36
 
 
14
6
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [1]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1.5
 
 
57
45
 
 
0.9
 
 
57
45
 
 
1.3
 
 
54
41
 
 
1.4
 
 
50
39
 
 
1.3
 
 
45
36
 
 
1.6
 
 
41
34
 
 
1.1
 
 
39
30
 
 
1.2
 
 
43
34
 
 
0.9
 
 
46
36
 
 
1.1
 
 
52
37
 
 
0.7
 
 
54
39
 
 
1.4
 
 
57
43
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

References

  1. ^ Bureau of Meteorology - CDlimate classification maps
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