Acinetobacter

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Acinetobacter
Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobacter baumannii

Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Proteobacteria
Class : Gammaproteobacteria
Order : Pseudomonadales
Family : Moraxellaceae
Genre : Acinetobacter
Scientific name
Acinetobacter
Brisou & Prévot 1954

The bacteria of the genus Acinetobacter are common species that belong to the group of gamma proteobacteria .

features

Acinetobacter cells are rod-shaped and not flagellated. In the late stages of growth, they form cocci. The cells appear as pairs or chains of different lengths. The colonies are not pigmented. Spores are not formed. Most Acinetobacter strains grow at temperatures between 20 and 37 ° C, with the optimum between 33 and 35 ° C. The oxidase test is negative, the catalase test is positive.

The Gram test is negative. The species are usually resistant to penicillin and chloramphenicol .

ecology

Many types of Acinetobacter decompose organic substances ( saprophytic ) and occur in soil, water and sewage. They can also be found in foods such as raw vegetables. They can also occur on the human skin or in the respiratory tract and do no harm to humans in the process. Some species can cause illness (known as nosocomial infections ) in debilitated patients .

The species can use a large number of organic substances to grow. These include B. benzoic acid , para-hydroxybenzoic acid , mandelic acid , quinic acid and tryptophan . The ability to break down substances that are toxic to other organisms makes them interesting for use in bioremediations . These include, for example, salicylic acid , halogenated aromatics and phenol . Long-chain hydrocarbons, such as those found in crude oil, can also be broken down by some species of Acinetobacter ; they were often found in areas contaminated with petroleum .

Acinetobacter as a pathogen

Classification according to ICD-10
B96.5 Pseudomonas (aeruginosa) as the cause of diseases classified in other chapters
U83.7 Resistance to multiple antibiotics
ICD-10 online (WHO version 2019)

A. baumannii is observed most frequently in everyday clinical practice, which is often nosocomially transmitted and can cause wound infections, pneumonia and meningitis . However, A. lwoffii is usually the cause of meningitis . Infections with A. junii , A. haemolyticus and A. johnsonii are also more common. A total of about 20 species are known. Multiple resistances are to be expected, especially with A. baumannii . Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii are classified as priority 1 (critical) on the WHO list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

In January 2008, a multi-resistant Acinetobacter strain brought the intensive care unit at the Enschede Clinic (Netherlands) to an almost complete standstill. The military ensured continued operation with two mobile intensive care units.

In January 2015, 31 patients at Kiel University Hospital were infected with A. baumannii (4- MRGN ), 12 of whom died. In nine of the deceased, the clinic had previously ruled out that the pathogen had led to death.

In December 2015, a baby at the Linz Women's and Children's Clinic (part of the Kepler University Hospital since 2016) was infected with a germ of a type of Acinetobacter , and three other babies were also infected. The other three were quarantined. The baby from Sarajevo died. In the end a total of 5 were infected and 2 of them died.

The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics is now believed to be the main reason for the general increase in the occurrence of the bacterium. According to the Robert Koch Institute (RKI), the proportion of A. baumannii strains in the 4-MRGN bacteria increased from 5.0% to 10.7% in the period from 2009 to 2011 alone .

Medical coding:

  • U81.11! Acinetobacter baumannii group with multi-resistance 2MRGN NeoPäd
  • U81.31! Acinetobacter baumannii group with multi-resistance 3MRGN
  • U81.51! Acinetobacter baumannii group with multi-resistance 4MRGN

species

Currently (as of 2018) over 50 species are listed in the genus, A. calcoaceticus is the type species. A list of selected species (as of 2018):

Reporting requirement

In Germany (for laboratories etc.) the detection of Acinetobacter spp. Specifically notifiable in accordance with Section 7 of the Infection Protection Act (IfSG), if there is evidence of a carbapenemase determinant or with reduced sensitivity to carbapenems, except in the case of natural resistance. The reporting obligation only applies in the event of infection or colonization. This reporting requirement has existed since 2016.

In addition, in Germany (for diagnosing doctors, etc.) the occurrence of two or more nosocomial infections for which an epidemic connection is likely or suspected is not to be reported by name. ( § 6 Paragraph 3 IfSG).

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Introduction To Clinical Microbiology ( Memento from February 9, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ Alphabetical directory for the ICD-10-WHO version 2019, volume 3. German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information (DIMDI), Cologne, 2019, p. 25
  3. ^ Westfälische Nachrichten
  4. ↑ Another dead person infected with clinic germ - NDR.de, accessed on January 26, 2015
  5. ↑ http://ooe.orf.at/news/stories/2752625/ Keim discovered in baby in Linz University Hospital, orf.at, January 15, 2016, accessed January 16, 2016.
  6. ↑ Hans Siegerist: Infektionsepidemiologisches Jahrbuch 2013. Robert Koch Institute , accessed on July 15, 2014 (excerpt; PDF; 212 KB).
  7. ↑ ICD-10-GM on dimdi.de
  8. ^ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Acinetobacter. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature, Systematics of Bacteria (LPSN) . Retrieved April 4, 2018 .
  9. ↑ IfSG reporting obligation adjustment regulation: To implement the new reporting obligations . April 25, 2016, doi : 10.17886 / epibull-2016-026 .