aviation
The aviation , even flying , aviation , aeronautics or rare flying skills , the transport of persons or goods through the Earth's atmosphere without connection to the earth's surface (except for ground effect vehicles ). The term encompasses all persons, companies, activities and sub-areas (including on the ground) that affect the operation of aircraft .
The term aviation is used legally (see Aviation Act ). For the engineering area, see aerospace technology .
history
See also:
Origin of the designations
The term “aviation” was coined in the 19th century based on seafaring . This relationship has persisted to this day in the fact that the verb “drive” is used for airships . The largely outdated term aeronautics ( ancient Greek ἀήρ aēr "air" and nautical ; French aéronautique , English aeronautics ) also comes from the time of the airships (for example balloons or zeppelins ).
Aviation is derived from the Latin avis "bird". The word aviation , which also means "aviation", has the same origin in French and English .
Occasionally the word Aviation (with English pronunciation) is used as a foreign word in German; For example, Lufthansa referred to itself as an "aviation group", but now as an aviation group.
Distinctions according to use
A distinction is made between two areas or types of aviation:
Civil aviation
Civil aviation can be divided into:
- Commercial aviation
- This is regular, public and commercial air traffic or charter and occasional traffic .
- This includes private air sports , commercial business flights but also flights with a sovereign mandate , for example those of the police or air rescue .
Military aviation
This applies to all flight operations with military aircraft or for military purposes.
Differentiation according to principle
Aviation is also divided into two types according to the type of lift:
- Heavier than air ( dynamic lift ): Airplanes, helicopters, ground effect vehicles
- Lighter than air ( static buoyancy ): balloons, airships ( Zeppelin as the most famous representative)
There are also so-called hybrid airships , which make use of both types of lift. Finally, there are aircraft without lift that fly by recoil . However, these have not yet established themselves in aviation.
International aviation
Numerous agreements have been concluded for coordination in international aviation, for example the Chicago Convention in December 1944 , with which the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was founded. The ICAO alphabet was defined as the uniform alphabet for aviation . Times are always given in UTC .
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is the umbrella organization of 250 airlines worldwide , which operate around 94% of all international flights.
Aviation and the greenhouse effect
→ Main article: Environmental impact of aviation
Greenhouse gas emissions
According to the IPCC in 1999, the share of air traffic in global CO 2 emissions from traffic was around 12%. The share of all global CO 2 emissions is around 2.4%.
According to the 1999 IPCC study, the share of aviation in the global human-made contribution to the greenhouse effect is around 3.5%. In Switzerland , the proportion is as WWF Switzerland 18.8% with a global average of 5%.
According to research results from 2019, the contrails resulting from water vapor and soot from the exhaust gases of the aircraft play a more important role than initially assumed . In particular, the ice clouds that form at a height of around eight kilometers would prevent heat from being radiated from the earth into space and contribute more to global warming than the CO 2 emitted during flight .
activities
With the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), which came into force across Europe on January 1, 2005, the European Union is attempting to control the emission of greenhouse gases. In December 2006, the EU Commission proposed that air traffic be included in the EU emissions trading system. As of 2012, airlines will have to provide evidence of emissions rights on routes that touch EU airports.
In addition, passengers can offset their CO 2 emissions through donations to organizations such as Atmosfair , myclimate and Klima-Kollekte .
Statutory Regulations
Statutory provisions are contained in aviation law.
See also
literature
- Herbert Groß: Aviation knowledge. From the basics to the pilot license. 2nd Edition. Motorbuch, Stuttgart 2005. ISBN 3-613-02378-4 ( table of contents ).
- Helmuth Trischler , Kai-Uwe Schrogl (ed.): A century in flight. Aerospace research in Germany 1907–2007. Campus, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 2007, ISBN 978-3-593-38330-9 .
- Niels Klußmann, Arnim Malik: Aviation Lexicon. Springer, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-49095-1 .
- Bharat Kumar et al .: An illustrated dictionary of aviation. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY 2005, ISBN 0-07-139606-3 (English).
- Ahmed K. Noor: Future aeronautical and space systems. American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Reston 1997, ISBN 1-56347-188-4 (English).
- E. Charles Vivian: A History of Aeronautics. 1920, ISBN 978-1-4142-1702-4 ( online (English)).
Web links
Wikinews: Aviation - In The News
- European Aviation Safety Agency
- Federal Aviation Office
- Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communication : Aviation
Individual evidence
- ^ Lufthansa homepage (January 2011) ( Memento from May 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ).
- ^ Lufthansa Group AG: Company. Retrieved May 29, 2019 .
- ^ Joyce E Penner: IPCC special report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1999. ISBN 92-9169-111-9 .
- ↑ Gregory Remez: Trend from Sweden: How the phenomenon of flight shame conquered Switzerland. In: aargauerzeitung.ch . May 2, 2019, accessed May 13, 2019 .
- ↑ Julia Merlot: Effect of contrails: Air traffic harms the climate more than expected. In: Spiegel online. July 26, 2019, accessed August 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Umweltbundesamt.de: "The European Emissions Trading Scheme"