analgesic

Two sustained release capsules morphine sulfate (5 mg and 10 mg)

An analgesic (plural analgesics ; ancient Greek ἄλγος álgos , German 'pain' with alpha privativum ; originally Latin remedium analgeticum ) or pain reliever is a substance that has a pain reliever ( analgesic ) effect. Ideally, it suppresses the sensation of pain without influencing consciousness , sensory perception and other important functions of the central nervous system or without suppressing the conduction of action potentials in afferent nerve fibers . Analgesics are mechanically differentiated from other substances used to eliminate pain, such as anesthetics and local anesthetics . They are a fundamental pillar of pain therapy . They are among the most frequently used drugs, but are also often taken uncontrollably and sometimes improperly . Anodyna is an outdated name for pain relievers .

overview

Analgesics can be classified according to chemistry, site of action, duration of action, strength and spectrum of action, including the affected pain qualities. The division into opioids and non-opioids is usually used:

• Opioid analgesics based on prototypes such as morphine , fentanyl and methadone and oxycodone . Further examples: As agonists pethidine , piritramide , alfentanil , sufentanil and tramadol ; as partial agonists buprenorphine and nalbuphine
• Non-opioid analgesics , these in turn in:
  • Nicotinergic analgesics like
    • Epibatidine (highly effective but highly toxic)
  • Muscarinic analgesics such as
    • Scopolamine (also highly toxic)
  • Acidic anti-inflammatory and antipyretic analgesics ( Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as
    • Salicylic acid derivatives such as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), methyl salicylate , diflunisal
    • Phenylacetic acid derivatives such as diclofenac
    • 2- phenylpropionic acid derivatives such as ibuprofen and naproxen , the (analgesic) in addition to the pain reducing effect and anti-inflammatory ( anti-inflammatory ) and antipyretic ( antipyretic effect)
    • Oxicams such as meloxicam or piroxicam with a strong anti-inflammatory effect
  • Non-acidic analgesics, including
    • 4- aminophenol - derivatives like paracetamol with analgesic and antipyretic effects
    • Pyrazolones such as metamizole or phenazone with analgesic, antipyretic and slightly anti-inflammatory effects
  • Ziconotide for severe chronic pain
  • Other non-opioid analgesics such as ketamine that do not have antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects
• Cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol or cannabidiol , see also cannabis as a medicine

In 1986 , the WHO assigned painkillers to an escalating step-by-step plan for the treatment of persistent pain, which can be followed step by step as the pain increases and is now widely recognized.

Prominent examples of local anesthetics are lidocaine , cocaine, and ropivacaine .

Pharmacoepidemiological studies

Studies on the pharmacoepidemiology of analgesics were presented by the Robert Koch Institute .

Web links

Wiktionary: analgesic  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

• Pain Relief - The Pharmacology of Analgesics. at: Lecturio . September 1, 2016, accessed December 6, 2016.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ S. Fitzal: drug therapy, inhalation therapy. In: J. Kilian, H. Benzer, FW Ahnefeld (ed.): Basic principles of ventilation. Springer, Berlin et al. 1991, ISBN 3-540-53078-9 , 2nd, unaltered edition, ibid 1994, ISBN 3-540-57904-4 , pp. 290-295 ( sedation / analgesia and relaxation ).
2. ↑ G. Sarganas, AK Buttery, W. Zhuang, IK Wolf, D. Grams, AS Rosario, C. Scheidt-Nave, H. Knopf: Prevalence, trends, patterns and associations of analgesic use in Germany. In: BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 16, Oct 1, 2015, p. 28 PMID 26428626
3. ↑ HU Melchert, H. Knopf, E. Pabel, M. Braemer-Hauth, Y. Du: Co- and multimedication in users of ASA and vitamin E drugs in the Federal Republic of Germany. Results of the Federal Health Surveys 1984-1999. In: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 39 (11), Nov 2001, pp. 488-491. PMID 11727969

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