Andreas Dominikus Zaupser

Andreas Dominikus Zaupser

Andreas Dominikus Zaupser (born December 20, 1746 in Munich ; † July 1, 1795 ibid), was a Bavarian lawyer, philosopher, writer and member of the Illuminati who worked in the interests of the Enlightenment . He is best known today for his book, Trial of a Baierischen and Oberpfälzischen Idiotikons , published in 1789 .

Life

After graduating from high school in 1763 at the Jesuit grammar school in Munich (today: Wilhelmsgymnasium Munich ), the person destined for the spiritual status entered the Benedictine monastery in Oberaltaich, but left the novitiate for health reasons. In Munich he completed a law degree and became a fighter for the Enlightenment . Professionally, he rose from registrar to court war council secretary (1773). In that year he published a legal paper “Thoughts on some points of criminal law”. In 1774 he became an expeditor and court judge. In 1781 he entered the Order of Malta . In 1784 he switched to teaching and became professor of philosophy, logic and metaphysics, first at the ducal-Marian state academy , then at the military academy. From 1779 he was a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences .

Andreas Zaupser was a follower of the Enlightenment and practicing Freemason . In his writings, he primarily fought against the power and influence of the church. After the death of Elector Maximilian III. Joseph changed the situation for the enlightenment he had sponsored until then. A pamphlet against the Inquisition written by Zaupser brought him into a bitter dispute with the Jesuit Franz Xaver Gruber in 1780. He had his writings confiscated and summoned him to the plenary session of the Bavarian Higher Regional Government. But after he publicly made the Catholic creed there, this incident does not seem to have harmed his career any further.

During this time he wrote his most important work for linguistics "Baierisches und Oberpfälzisches Idiotikon" on the Bavarian language. It later served Johann Andreas Schmeller as a template for his four-volume dictionary.

Zaupser's work Letters from a Bavarian to his friend, on the power of the Church and the Pope , published in Nuremberg in 1760, was added to the index of forbidden books by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in the year of publication .

He was friends with Lorenz von Westenrieder .

At the age of 49 he succumbed to a serious lung disease.

Bavarian idioticon

Temptation of a Baieriſchen and Upper Palatinate Idiotic, 1789

His most important work for German studies and dialectology is his Idiotikon, i.e. dictionary, of Bavarian in Upper and Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate. At that time, idioticon was a common term for a dictionary, i.e. the description of an idiom that had no negative connotations and is still common in Switzerland, for example. This book, published in 1789, is not only a Bavarian High German dictionary, but also provides a longer legitimation in the foreword why this book was written at all, which is to be understood against the background of the late Baroque language dispute (see Upper German written language ), as well as a short one Treatise on grammar and pronunciation of Bavarian.

The book consists of two volumes that appeared one after the other in 1789, with the second volume being a supplement, including a statement by the author on the public reception of the first volume. The first volume (125 pages) consists of the following parts:

• Title page: see picture on the right
• Dedication: Your devoted admirer Zaupſer dedicates this attempt to the two great German language researchers, Messrs. Adelung and Fulda
• Preface: general linguistic explanations on Bavarian, Upper Palatinate and the neighboring dialects in Switzerland, Tyrol and Austria. Furthermore, a legitimation of the author, which is why he is writing this work.
• Grammatical remarks on the Baieriſche and Upper Palatinate dialect (105 pages numbered consecutively)
  • From the articles (pages 7–8)
  • Of the verbs (pages 8–9)
  • Word list A – Z (page 12–85)
  • Addendum (pages 85–88)
  • Baieriſche and Upper Palatinate proverbs (page 89–104)
  • Erratum (Typographical Error, page 105)
• Later books are also published in the Lentneriſchen bookstore and to be available at current prices

The second volume is entitled Nachleſe zum baieriſchen und Oberpfälziſchen Idiotikon , has 66 pages and is structured as follows:

• First division. Living dialect. By Andreas Zaupſer
  • Auf Fulda's grave (a poem in High German for Friedrich Carl Fulda , who died a year earlier , to whom old Germanic gods are invoked, 2 pages)
• Preliminary report which would like to be read (here the author comments on the partly critical reception of the first volume and defends himself against their objections, 10 pages)
• Errata in the Idiotikon (here he suggests an even more dialectal spelling for individual words from the first volume)
• A few more grammatical remarks (numbered 51 pages)
  • General linguistic remarks (pages 2–8)
  • Word list A – Z (page 8–44)
  • Appendix (pages 45–48)
  • Some more common proverbs in Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate (page 48–51)

It is interesting that the language form he documented largely corresponds to today's Bavarian, i.e. the dialect, but not the colloquial language adapted to Standard German , although the work was published more than 200 years ago. In the preliminary report of the second volume, in which the author defends his work, the most important arguments against the codification of Bavarian and against its status as an independent and full-fledged language are already mentioned and taken up.

Historical context

Andreas Zaupser began to deal with linguistic topics when the late Baroque language dispute had been decided in favor of the East Central German writing standard according to Johann Christoph Gottsched . This variant had thus established itself as the sole basis for the New High German standard language. The generation of scholars interested in linguistics who began to write after the end of the late baroque language dispute either had the intention of helping this new writing standard to gain general recognition as quickly as possible, or they were in silent opposition to the decision that had just been made. Andreas Zaupser belonged to the second group.

After the new German written language based on the Upper Saxon dialect could no longer be shaken, any occupation with Upper German language forms from this point on could only be done on the basis of the newly emerging dialectology or folklore . However, this was only just emerging and so Zaupser did not use the word "Baierisch" in today's linguistic sense. He was referring to the dialects in Upper and Lower Bavaria, which is why he also explicitly mentions North Bavarian from the Upper Palatinate separately. His own analysis in the preface is interesting:

“ The Baieri dialect is according to the judgment of the writers among all Germans, the rough dialect is according to the Swiss. Weren't you allowed to add after the Tyrolean? The Tyrolean filled both cheeks when he began to speak. His mouth seems full of a hundred words, as he tries to t out with one time, qua data porta. The language of the Bavarians is no less harsh, but not too full and chubby like that of one of our southern neighbors. Rather, one notices something leisurely and careless in the pronunciation of the common man in Bavaria, which contributes not a little to the inaudibility of his pronunciation in Low German ears. "

One notices in this statement a clear distinction between the Upper German dialects and the northern dialects, which Zaupser, interestingly enough, calls "Low German"; a term that is more narrowly defined today (see Low German ).

Regarding the language in Austria, and by that Zaupser means the archduchy of Austria at the time without Salzburg and the Innviertel, he says in the foreword of his idiot:

“ The Baier language is closely related to the Austrian language. Herr Adelung even calls her the daughter of the baieriſchen. She eats really softer, finer and more agile than her mother, and in her accente the foreigners notice something creeping, which is not the case with the Baierische. Taken together, they are called the Danube language. "

In these statements all the important linguistic knowledge of the later dialectology, as well as some topoi and clichés, which are repeated in the same form to this day, are already present. However, he emphasizes that the Bavarian language, together with Austrian, is quite rich in vocabulary and is in no way inferior to the others:

“ They have a lot of common words that are unknown to Low Germans, and they have no lack of the expression dened what they denote. "

It is also noteworthy that Zaupser dedicates his book to the two prominent linguists of his time, Friedrich Carl Fulda (1724–1788) and Johann Christoph Adelung (1732–1806), the former being his counterpart from the Swabian-Wuerttemberg area, while Adelung was one of the most energetic advocates of the new writing standard and partly responsible for the negative clichés against the Upper German dialects.

After the death of Andreas Zaupser, some of his work was forgotten, especially in the later historical assessment by German studies. On the one hand, this was due to the turbulent times after the publication of the Idiotikon, the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. On the other hand, it was only through these political events and the end of the Holy Roman Empire that a political German nationalism emerged, which was borne primarily by the newly emerging German studies and tended to be anti-dialect.

Better known to posterity is Johann Andreas Schmeller (1785–1852), who is considered the founder of dialect research in Germany today.

Works

• Andreas Zaupser's all poems. Munich 1818.
• Letters from a Bavarian to his friend about the power of the Church and the Pope. Munich 1770.
• The last evening in 1776 and the new year 1777. 2 odes. Munich 1777.
• Thoughts on some points of criminal law. Munich 1781.
• A few more words about false religious zeal. The VI. Opposite points of an unnamed. Munich 1780.
• Ode to the Inquisition. Munich 1777/1780.
• About the false zeal for religion at the instigation of the news of this year's London riot. Munich 1780. ( digitized version )
• Attempt of a Bavarian and Upper Palatinate idiot . Munich: Joseph Lentner, 1789. (Bibliotheca Bodleiana, University of Oxford - download via Google Book Search )

literature

• Thomas Bremer: “So remarkable, as if the Kayser had become Lutheran.” Lichtenberg and the Bavarian enlightener Zaupser. In: Lichtenberg-Jahrbuch (1992), 91-92.
• Wilhelm Haefs: State machine and temple of the Muses. From the efforts of literary and journalistic enlightenment in Kurbayern under Max III. Joseph (1759-77). In: Wolfgang Frühwald (ed.): Between Enlightenment and Restoration. Social change in German literature (1700–1848). Festschrift for Wolfgang Martens on his 65th birthday. Tübingen 1989, 85 - 129.
• v. Reinhardstoettner .:  Zaupser, Andreas Dominikus . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 44, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1898, pp. 731-733.
• Karl von Reinhardstöttner: Andreas Zaupser. In: Research on the cultural and literary history of Bavaria. Volume 1. Munich 1891, 121-226.
• Bernhard Setzwein : Andreas Dominikus Zaupser and his "Baierisches and Oberpfälzisches Idiotikon." Munich 1992. (from the series "Land und Menschen")
• Bernhard Setzwein: Andreas Dominikus Zaupser and his "Baierisches and Oberpfälzisches Idiotikon." In: Heard, read 40 (2/1993), 27 - 31.
• Bernhard Setzwein: Enlightenment and dialect researcher. Andreas Dominikus Zaupser died 200 years ago. In: Unser Bayern 44 (7/1995), 54 - 55.

Web links

Commons : Andreas Dominikus Zaupser  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikisource: Andreas Dominikus Zaupser  - Sources and full texts

• Literature by and about Andreas Dominikus Zaupser in the catalog of the German National Library
• Works by and about Andreas Dominikus Zaupser  in the German Digital Library

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Andreas Dominikus Zaupfer (sic!), Bibliographic entry on Google Books
2. ↑ Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung 1827 supplementary sheets to the ALZ , page 475, quotation: Andr. According to his son's own statement, Zaupser was born on December 20, 1746, and he also published: "Historical notes on the abolition of the Feyertage in Baiern" (Munich 1773) in print
3. ^ Leitschuh, Max: The matriculations of the upper classes of the Wilhelmsgymnasium in Munich , 4 vols., Munich 1970–1976; Vol. 3, p. 97
4. ↑ Köbler Gerhard, Criminal Law , www.koeblergerhard.de - ZAUPFER, Andreas (sic!)
5. ^ Bernhard Beyer: History of Munich Freemasonry of the 18th Century. A contribution to the cultural history of Old Bavaria. Bauhütten Verlag, Hamburg 1973, p. 130.
6. ↑ Johann Samuelersch: Repertory on the general German journals and other periodical collections for earth description, history and related sciences , Lemgo, Verlag der Meyerschen Buchhandlung 1790, Gruber (Franz Xaver) , quote: Exjesuit: preaches against Zaupser
7. ↑ August Ludwig von Schlözer: Stats = show , twelfth volume, Göttingen 1788, entry: 1780, Zapfer , chapter: Illuminati in Baiern , page 267
8. ^ Zaupser, Andreas. In: Jesús Martínez de Bujanda , Marcella Richter: Index des livres interdits: Index librorum prohibitorum 1600–1966. Médiaspaul, Montréal 2002, ISBN 2-89420-522-8 , p. 955 (French, digitized ).

Note : The sources cited from Google Books consistently show the incorrect spelling of his name as "Zaup f er", which is due to an error in the character recognition software used for digitization. ( Fraktur : Zaupſer = modern antiqua font : Zaupser)