Anisophylleaceae

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Anisophylleaceae
Anisophyllea cinnamomoides, illustration

Anisophyllea cinnamomoides , illustration

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Pumpkin-like (Cucurbitales)
Family : Anisophylleaceae
Scientific name
Anisophylleaceae
( Chimp ) Ridl.

Anisophylleaceae are a family of plants within the order of the pumpkin-like (Cucurbitales). The family has a pantropical distribution and the species thrive in damp forests and swamps.

description

They are trees or bushes . The alternate and helical or two or four rows (with some Anisophyllea species) arranged leaves are simple and usually leathery. The leaves are often asymmetrical at the base, from which the botanical name is derived: aniso for unequal and phyllon for leaf. The sheets are partly dimorphic in front. The leaf margin is whole. The leaves often turn yellow as they dry. Stipules are tiny or absent.

There are hermaphroditic (only with Combretocarpus ) or (functionally) unisexual flowers . In most taxa, the flowers are unisexual and then the plants are single-sexed ( monoecious ). In the axils of leafless twigs stand panicle , racemose or zymous inflorescences . The small, radial symmetry flowers have a double perianth . The flowers (two to five) usually three or four-fold. There are usually four (three to 16) free sepals and petals each. There are two circles with four free stamens each; either all are fertile or some sterile staminodes . The anthers are small. A lobed disc surrounds the tip of the ovary at the base of the stamens. Three to four carpels are fused into a subordinate, three- to four- chamber ovary. There are three to four free pens available. In each ovary chamber there are only one or two hanging, anatropic, ovules . It comes Viviparie ago.

Mostly stone fruits are formed, rarely also capsule fruits and in Combretocarpus wingnuts (Samara). The fruits usually contain only one, poga three to four seeds. The seeds are winged or wingless. The seeds contain no endosperm and only small cotyledons.

Systematics and distribution

It is a tropical family with noticeable disjunctions also at the genus level. There are two species in South America, five to nine species on the African continent, one species in Madagascar and 15 to 19 species in Malesia .

Anisophylleaceae is the most isolated plant family within the order of the gourd-like (Cucurbitales). There used to be a separate order Anisophylleales. The taxa were already classified in the Rhizophoraceae .

The family Anisophylleaceae was set up in 1922 under the name "Anisophylleae" by Henry Nicholas Ridley in The Flora of the Malay Peninsula , 1, p. 700. Type genus is Anisophyllea R.Br. ex Sabine . A synonym for Anisophylleaceae (Schimp.) Ridl. is Polygonanthaceae Croizat .

In the family of the Anisophylleaceae there are four genera with about 25 to 34 species:

use

Only a few species are used by humans.

Important wood-producing species are Combretocarpus rotundatus and Poga oleosa .

Cooking oil is made from the seeds of Poga oleosa .

Anisophyllea laurina forms an edible fruit; The fruit, known as the "Monkey Apple", is sold in Sierra Leone markets from April to May.

swell

  • The family of anisophylleaceae in APWebsite. (Sections Description and Systematics)
  • The Anisophylleaceae family at DELTA. (Section description)
  • Li-Bing Zhang, Mark P. Simmons, Susanne S. Renner: A phylogeny of Anisophylleaceae based on six nuclear and plastid loci: Ancient disjunctions and recent dispersal between South America, Africa, and Asia. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , 44, 2007, pp. 1057-1067: PDF-Online. (Section use, dissemination and systematics)
  • Ghillean T. Prance: Flora da Reserva Ducke, Amazonas, Brazil: anisophylleaceae , In: Rodriguésia , Volume 58, Issue 3, 2007, pp 485-486: FLORA DA RESERVA duck, AMAZONAS, BRASIL: ANISOPHYLLACEAE ( Memento of 26 March 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (section description)
  • Andrea E. Schwarzbach, Robert E. Ricklefs: Systematic affinities of Rhizophoraceae and Anisophylleaceae, and intergeneric relationships within Rhizophoraceae, based on chloroplast DNA, nuclear ribosomal DNA, and morphology. In: American Journal of Botany , 87, 2000, pp. 547-564. On-line.
  • Merran L. Matthews, Peter K. Endress Jörg Schönenberger, Else Marie Friis: A Comparison of Floral Structures of Anisophylleaceae and Cunoniaceae and the Problem of their Systematic Position. In: Annals of Botany 88, 2001, pp. 439-455. On-line. (PDF; 10.0 MB)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Anisophylleaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  2. ↑ Information on Combretocarpus rotundatus . (engl.)
  3. ↑ Information on Poga oleosa . ( Memento of the original from October 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (engl.)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www2.fpl.fs.fed.us
  4. ^ UP Hedrick: Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World , 1919.

Web links

Commons : Anisophylleaceae  - collection of images, videos, and audio files