Rhizophora plants

Rhizophora plants
	Cassipourea guianensis Aubl.
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Rosids
	Eurosiden I
Order :	Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family :	Rhizophora plants
Scientific name
	Rhizophoraceae
	Pers.

The Rhizophoraceae are a family of plants within the order of the Malpighian-like (Malpighiales). Their distribution area includes the tropics and subtropics . The species of four of the fifteen genera are mangrove trees . A distinction is made between about 120 to 140 species , the largest number of which is assigned to the genus Cassipourea .

description

Vegetative characteristics

The species in the Rhizophoraceae family are evergreen trees or shrubs .

The mostly opposite or twofold (bijugate), in some Cassipourea species in threes in whorls on the branches, stalked leaves have a leathery blade; this is entire or has indented, serrated or sawn edges. Characteristic are the often large, interpetiolaren (= growing between the petioles, connecting them) In addition to leaves , which on the side facing the branches at the bottom of page glandular attachments ( Kolle Teren ) have.

Generative characteristics

The flowers stand individually in the leaf axils or are formed on lateral, zymous , racemose or clustered inflorescences .

The radial symmetry and mostly hermaphroditic flowers with double perianth are usually four to sixfold (in exceptional cases three to twenty). The mostly fleshy or leathery, valve-shaped sepals enclose the flower bud without overlapping. The petals are usually hairy, often have eyelash-like extensions and can be nailed (strongly narrowed at the base). Each petal encloses one or more stamens . The 8 to 40 stamens are not fused with the petals; the stamens can be grown together at their base. Usually two to five (rarely up to 20) carpels are one above to below permanent ovary grown. Usually there are two ovules per ovary chamber . The style ends in a cephalic or bilobed scar.

Mostly firm-fleshy berries or capsule fruits are formed; Viviparia occurs in the mangrove species . The seeds can have wings. The embryo containing chlorophyll is straight.

Tribe Gynotrocheae: Carallia brachiata

Tribe Macarisieae: inflorescence and leaves of Sterigmapetalum tachirense

Tribe Rhizophoreae: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza

Tribus Rhizophoreae: Rhizophora mangle

Systematics

The assignment of the Rhizophoraceae to the order of the Malpighiales is mainly supported by molecular genetic findings. Allocation based on morphological features is difficult. In the past, Rhizophoraceae u. a. attributed to the order of the myrtle-like ( Myrtales ) and also listed as a separate order Rhizophorales. Sister group of the Rhizophoraceae are probably the Erythroxylaceae . The Anisophylleaceae traditionally assigned to the Rhizophoraceae are now managed as an independent family within the order of the pumpkin-like (Cucurbitales).

The family was listed in 1806 by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in Synopsis Plantarum 2 (1), p. 2. The type genus and thus its eponymous genus is Rhizophora . Synonyms for Rhizophoraceae Pers. are: Cassipoureaceae J.Agardh , Legnotidaceae Endl. , Macarisiaceae J.Agardh , Paletuvieraceae Lam. ex T. Post & Kuntze .

The family of Rhizophoraceae is divided into three tribes with a total of about 16 genera:

Tribe Gynotrocheae : With four genera and about 40 species. Terrestrial. Madagascar and Asia :
- Carallia Roxb. : With about ten species.
  - Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. : Madagascar to India, South China, Southeast Asia to Australia and New Guinea.
- Crossostylis J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. : With about 12 species
- Gyno flower : With probably only one species:
  - Gynotroches axillary flower ; it occurs in Southeast Asia
- Pellacalyx Korth. : With seven or eight kinds.
Tribe Macarisieae : With seven genera and about 87 to 94 species. Terrestrial. Africa , Indian subcontinent and Neotropic :
- Anopyxis (Pierre) Engl .: With only one species:
  - Anopyxis klaineana (Pierre) Engl .; it occurs in tropical Africa
- Anstrutheria Gardner : With only one species (which is also placed with Cassipourea ):
  - Anstrutheria africana Benth. ; it occurs in Africa
- Blepharistemma Wall. ex Benth. : With only one type:
  - Blepharistemma serratum (Dennst.) Suresh ; it occurs in South Asia
- Cassipourea Aubl. : With about 76 species
- Comiphyton Floret : With only one species:
  - Comiphyton gabonense floret ; it occurs in Gabon
- Dactylopetalum Benth. (perhaps in Cassipourea Aubl. )
- Macarisia Thouars : With two types
- Paradrypetes Kuhlm. : With two types
- Sterigmapetalum Kuhlm. : With about seven species
Tribus Rhizophoreae : With four genera and about 16 species. Mangroves. Pantropical:
- Bruguiera Savigny : With about six species.
- Ceriops Arn. : With about five species.
- Kandelia, DC. Wight & Arn. : With only two allopatric species .
- Rhizophora L .: With eight or nine species.

The monophyly of Gynotrocheae and Macarisiae has been questioned, but is confirmed by molecular genetic studies ( rbcL ); accordingly, Macarisiae are compared to the other two taxa as a sister group. The Brazilian genus Paradrypetes, which is usually part of the Euphorbiaceae family and has only two species, appears to belong to the Rhizophoraceae according to molecular genetic findings.

The oldest reliable fossil records of this family come from the Londonton ( Eocene ). In addition, there are only a few individual finds of the same age or younger, u. a. from Egypt and Trinidad, known

swell

The Rhizophoraceae family on the AP website of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (Systematics and Description section).
The family of Rhizophoraceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz (section description).
Haining Qin & David E. Boufford: Rhizophoraceae in der Flora of China , Volume 13, 2007, p. 295: online (section description).

literature

WSJudd, CS Campbell, EA Kellog, PF Stevens, MJ Donoghue: Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer, Sunderland, USA, 2002, 576 pages, ISBN 0-87893-403-0 .
PB Tomlinson: The Botany of Mangroves. Cambridge University Press, 1986, 1994, 419 pages, ISBN 0-521-46675-X .
A. Graham: Paleobotanical evidence and molecular data in reconstructing the historical phytogeography of Rhizophoraceae. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 93, Issue 2, 2006, pp. 325-334.

Individual evidence

↑ Adian M. Juncosa, P. Barry Tomlinson: A historical and taxonomic synopsis of Rhizophoraceae. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Vol. 75, no. 4, 1988, pp. 1278-1295, doi: 10.2307 / 2399286 .
↑ RMT Dahlgren: Rhizophoraceae and Anisophylleaceae: Summary statement, Relationships. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 75, 1988, pp. 1259-1277.
↑ AM Juncosa, PB Tomlinson: A historical and taxonomic synopsis of Rhizophoraceae and Anisophylleaceae. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 75, 1988, pp. 1278-1295.
^ AE Schwarzbach & E. Ricklefs: Systematic affinities of Rhizophoraceae and Anisophylleaceae, and intergeneric relationships within Rhizophoraceae, based on chloroplast DNA, nuclear ribosomal DNA, and morphology. In: American Journal of Botany. 2000, 87 (4), pp. 547-564.
↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org.
^ ^A ^b Rhizophoraceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
↑ C.-R. Sheue, H.-Y. Liu, C.-C. Tsai, Y.-P. Yang: Comparison of Ceriops pseudodecanda sp. nov. (Rhizophoraceae), a new mangrove species in Australasia, with related species. In: Botanical Studies. Volume 51, 2010, pp. 237-248, doi : 10.3767 / 000651909X476193 .
^ Sven Gisle Larsson: Baltic Amber - a Palaeobiological Study. Klampenborg 1978.
↑ A. Takhtajan : Flowering plants. Origin and dispersal. Edinburgh 1969.
^ W. Gothan , H. Weyland : Textbook of Paläobotanik. Berlin 1954.
↑ CCDavis, CO Webb, KJ Wurdack, CA Jaramillo & MJ Donoghue: Explosive radiation of Malpighiales supports a Mid-Cretaceous origin of modern tropical rain forests. In: American Naturalist. 2005, 165 (3): E36-E65.

Web links

Commons : Rhizophoragewächse (Rhizophoraceae) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Entry in the Western Australian flora .

[1] Adian M. Juncosa, P. Barry Tomlinson: A historical and taxonomic synopsis of Rhizophoraceae. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Vol. 75, no. 4, 1988, pp. 1278-1295, doi: 10.2307 / 2399286 .

[2] RMT Dahlgren: Rhizophoraceae and Anisophylleaceae: Summary statement, Relationships. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 75, 1988, pp. 1259-1277.

[3] AM Juncosa, PB Tomlinson: A historical and taxonomic synopsis of Rhizophoraceae and Anisophylleaceae. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 75, 1988, pp. 1278-1295.

[4] AE Schwarzbach & E. Ricklefs: Systematic affinities of Rhizophoraceae and Anisophylleaceae, and intergeneric relationships within Rhizophoraceae, based on chloroplast DNA, nuclear ribosomal DNA, and morphology. In: American Journal of Botany. 2000, 87 (4), pp. 547-564.

[5] First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org.

[GRIN-6] A ^b Rhizophoraceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[7] C.-R. Sheue, H.-Y. Liu, C.-C. Tsai, Y.-P. Yang: Comparison of Ceriops pseudodecanda sp. nov. (Rhizophoraceae), a new mangrove species in Australasia, with related species. In: Botanical Studies. Volume 51, 2010, pp. 237-248, doi : 10.3767 / 000651909X476193 .

[8] Sven Gisle Larsson: Baltic Amber - a Palaeobiological Study. Klampenborg 1978.

[9] A. Takhtajan : Flowering plants. Origin and dispersal. Edinburgh 1969.

[10] W. Gothan , H. Weyland : Textbook of Paläobotanik. Berlin 1954.

[11] CCDavis, CO Webb, KJ Wurdack, CA Jaramillo & MJ Donoghue: Explosive radiation of Malpighiales supports a Mid-Cretaceous origin of modern tropical rain forests. In: American Naturalist. 2005, 165 (3): E36-E65.