António Jose de Sousa Manoel de Menezes Severim de Noronha
António José de Sousa Manoel de Menezes Severim de Noronha , 6th Count and 1st Marquis (Marquês) of Vila Flor and 1st Duke of Terceira (born March 18, 1792 in Lisbon , † April 26, 1860 ibid) was a liberal Portuguese Statesman and general, hero of the Miguelistenkrieg , Cartist (conservative) politician and leader of the Regeneration Party . He was four times (1836, 1842 to 1846, briefly 1851 and 1859-1860) Prime Minister of Portugal .
Life and Political Work
In 1826 Peter IV. , Who had been Emperor of Brazil under the name Pedro I since 1822 , after the death of his father Johann VI. in addition to the Brazilian also ascended the Portuguese throne. He gave the country a new constitution (the Charter ) and then abdicated in favor of his underage daughter Maria II , since it was impossible for him to rule both of his empires at the same time. His younger brother Prince Michael , who had been in exile in Vienna since 1824 (since he unsuccessfully carried out an uprising against his father John VI in order to reintroduce absolutism in Portugal ), he appointed as regent for Maria II. Later Maria should be and marry Michael and rule Portugal together. Michael had other plans, however, called a traditional meeting of the estates (Cortes) and was proclaimed king on June 25, 1828, thus dethroning his niece and promised bride. As the last king of the country, Michael ruled absolutistically.
Terceira, who as a liberal was an opponent of absolutism, was at the time in the Azores . There he organized the resistance against the absolutist government on the mainland. He succeeded on August 11, 1829 in front of Vila da Praia on the Azores island of Terceira to beat a Miguelite fleet. The island remained the only part of Portugal outside the Miguelite sphere of influence. Terceira later succeeded in conquering the other islands of the archipelago from there, so that the entire Azores no longer belonged to Michael's territory.
Peter IV was not prepared to accept his brother's breach of trust without a fight. He abdicated as Emperor of Brazil in 1831, assumed the title of Duke of Braganza and went to Europe to take up the fight against his brother. The Miguelista War began. After a first stay in Paris, he went to the Azores, where he met Terceira. Together with this he set up an invading army, brought the future Duke of Saldanha back from his exile in London and embarked with his army to Portugal, which he entered on June 8, 1832 in Pampelido near Porto . Terceira went to Lisbon and was able to conquer the city from the Miguelists with the support of British naval forces.
The two largest cities in the country were no longer under Michael’s rule. Terceira and Saldanha win the decisive battle against Michael at Évoramonte (1834). This had to go into exile again, Maria II was reinstated as queen. Peter died a short time later, Maria was declared of legal age by the Cortes and began to rule independently.
The reign of Queen Maria II was marked by the contrast between Cartists and Setembrists , two currents into which the Liberals had split after their victory in the Miguelistenkrieg. The main question was what the country's constitution should look like. The Cartists, the more conservative part of the Liberals, wanted to adhere to the Charter of Peter IV, while the Setembrists, who were the more radical part of the Liberals, wanted to return to the constitution of 1821 Liberal Revolution in Portugal , which was adopted as a result of the Liberal Revolution in Portugal .
Terceira was a supporter of the Cartists, as was Maria II. In a first phase from 1834 to 1836 Maria therefore appointed Cartist governments in quick succession, but all of them failed due to internal disputes and the opposition of the Setembrists. Terceira also became Prime Minister of his country for the first time in 1836.
He dissolved the Cortes and called out new elections. The elections were won by the Cartists, with the exception of Porto and Viseu, where the Setembrists won. The election result, however, probably did not reflect the true mood of the people, because when the Setembrist MPs from Porto, headed by the Setembrist leader Manuel da Silva Passos, arrived in Lisbon on September 9, 1836 (the new Cortes should open on September 11 They were enthusiastically received by the population there. The National Guard then put on a coup against the Terceira government, submitted to the Setembrists and proclaimed the reintroduction of the constitution of 1821. Terceira sent troops against the insurgents, but these fraternized with the National Guard. When the Queen saw that it was not possible to suppress the uprising, she decided with a heavy heart to dismiss Terceira and to include the Passos, which she personally disliked, into the government. These events later went down in Portuguese history as the September Revolution. The Setembrists ruled the country from 1836 to 1842. During this time Terceira was in steadfast opposition to the new government. There were several uprisings of the Cartists, so in July 1837 the so-called uprising of the marshals , in which Terceira and Saldanha were significantly involved. The uprising failed and Terceira had to leave the country at short notice.
In 1838 a new liberal constitution was passed; To celebrate this event, the government announced a far-reaching amnesty, including Terceira, so that he could return to Portugal.
In 1842 the Setembrist period was ended by a coup by António Bernardo da Costa Cabral , later Margrave of Tomar . Costa Cabral ruled the country as a cartist dictator. He was overthrown in the 1846 uprising of Maria da Fonte .
After the fall of Costa Cabral, the Queen, terrified by the extent of the uprising, appointed a Setembrist government for a short time, but as soon as she believed she had the upper hand again, she appointed a Carti government again, this time under the Duke of Saldanha (coup d'état of 6 October). Terceira was appointed the queen's governor for the north of the country with the task of militarily defeating the rebels. Portugal sank into civil war. The civil war lasted until 1847 and could only be won by the Queen and the Cartists with foreign (Spanish and British) help.
After the end of the civil war, a stable two-party system developed in Portugal. On one side stood the conservatives, who had formed from the Cartists, with their party of regeneration. On the more liberal side of the political spectrum stood the Historical Party , the heirs of the Setembrists. Queen Maria II preferred the Regeneration Party, but since her death in 1853 the two parties alternated in government responsibility. Terceira became leader of the Regeneration Party. The new King Peter V appointed the Duke of Loulé for the first time in 1856 , a government led by the Historical Party. When it fell in 1859, Terceira became Prime Minister for the second time. He died in office, and Joaquim António de Aguiar took over the leadership of the Regeneration Party and succeeded him as Prime Minister .
Terceira was married twice and had a son.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Noronha, António José de Sousa Manoel de Menezes Severim de |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Portuguese general and politician |
| DATE OF BIRTH | March 18, 1792 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Lisbon |
| DATE OF DEATH | April 26, 1860 |
| Place of death | Lisbon |