Peter I (Brazil)

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Emperor Peter I of Brazil, King Peter IV of Portugal (oil painting by Simplício Rodrigues de Sá , around 1830, Museu Imperial )

Peter I ( Portuguese Dom Pedro I ; with full name Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim de Bragança e Bourbon ; * October 12, 1798 in Queluz ; † September 24, 1834 ibid) was Emperor of Brazil from 1822 to 1831 and, under the name of Peter IV, King of Portugal in 1826 . He came from the Braganza house .

Life

The early years

birth

Peter I at the age of 2, 1800

Peter I was born on October 12, 1798 at 8:00 a.m. in the Royal Palace of Queluz near Lisbon . He was named after Peter of Alcantara , and his full name was Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim . From his birth he bore the honorary title " Dom " (Lord).

Through his father, Prince Johann (later King John VI. ), Peter was a member of the House of Braganza (Portuguese: Bragança ) and a grandson of King Peter III. and Queen Maria I . of Portugal, who were both uncle and niece and husband and wife. His mother, Charlotte Joachime , was the daughter of King Charles IV of Spain .

His parents had a very unhappy marriage. Charlotte Joachime was an ambitious woman who always tried to promote Spanish interests, even if they were to the detriment of Portugal. She was allegedly unfaithful to her husband, going so far as to plan her husband's overthrow with the help of disaffected Portuguese nobles.

As the second oldest son and fourth child, Peter was declared heir to his father and Prince of Beira due to the death of his older brother Francisco António in 1801. After Queen Maria I was declared terminally insane in 1793, her son Prince Johann took over the government as regent on behalf of his mother. By 1802, Peter's parents became increasingly estranged, so that Johann lived in the Mafra National Palace and Charlotte Joachime in the Ramalhão Palace. Peter and his siblings, on the other hand, resided with their grandmother Maria I in the Queluz Palace, far from their parents, whom they only saw in Queluz on state occasions.

Escape to Brazil

At the end of November 1807, the royal family fled to Brazil with the nine-year-old Peter , as a French invasion army sent by Napoleon was on the way to Lisbon. Napoleon wanted to punish the country for its refusal to participate in the continental blockade against England .

During the long and arduous voyage, Peter Virgils read the Aeneid and chatted with the ship's crew to acquire navigation skills. Peter and his family arrived in March 1808 in Rio de Janeiro , the capital of the largest and richest colony in Portugal, which was named the new residential city. Johann was not supposed to re-enter Portugal until 1832, after a 24-year absence.

In Brazil, Peter, his younger brother Michael and his father settled in the Paço Real (royal palace) or Paço de São Cristóvão (St. Christopher's palace) after a short stay . Although Peter was never very close to his father, he loved him and disapproved of the constant humiliation Johann had suffered from Charlotte Joachime's extramarital affairs. In adulthood, Peter publicly dubbed his mother, for whom he harbored only feelings of contempt, a “bitch”. These early experiences of betrayal, coldness, and neglect greatly influenced the formation of Peter's character.

education

Peter I at the age of 11, 1809

Some degree of stability in his childhood was provided by his Aia (governess), Maria Genoveva do Rêgo e Matos, whom he loved like a mother, and his Aio (supervisor) brother, António de Arrábida, who became his mentor. Both were responsible for upbringing Peter and trying to provide him with adequate training. His education spanned a wide range of subjects such as math, political economy, logic, history and geography. He learned both Portuguese and Latin and French. He could translate from English and understood German. Even as emperor, Peter devoted at least two hours a day to studying and reading.

Despite the wide range of topics relating to Peter's training, it only turned out to be inadequate. The historian Otávio Tarquínio de Sousa said that Pedro "was, without a shadow of a doubt, intelligent, quick-witted and astute". However, historian Roderick J. Barman reports that he is inherently "too exuberant, too unpredictable and too emotional". He remained impulsive and never learned to exercise self-control or to assess the consequences of his decisions or to adapt his views to the changed situations. Yet his father did not allow anyone to discipline him. While Peter's training required two hours of classes a day, he sometimes circumvented this by sending his instructors away in favor of activities he found more interesting.

Brazilian independence

In 1815, Brazil was made its own kingdom by a resolution of the Congress of Vienna , linked to Portugal by a personal union ( United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve ). This ended Brazil's colonial status. Peter's grandmother, Queen Maria I , was given the title of Queen of Brazil in addition to her Portuguese titles. Maria I died in 1816, and her son Johann VI. ascended the Portuguese and Brazilian thrones. Peter then became heir to the throne in both realms.

First marriage

Peter I at the age of 18, 1816

The prince found his fulfillment primarily in activities that required his physical ability rather than studying in the classroom. On his father's farm in Santa Cruz, Peter trained horses and became an excellent rider and farrier. He and his brother Michael enjoyed riding hunts on unfamiliar ground, through forests and even at night or in bad weather. He showed talent in drawing and handicrafts and turned to wood carving and furniture making. He also had a penchant for music and became a skilled composer under the direction of Marcos Portugal . He had a good singing voice and mastered several musical instruments (including piano, flute, and guitar) and played popular songs and dances. Peter was a simple person, both in his habits and in dealing with other people. Exceptions were solemn occasions when he put on court clothes. Usually his daily clothing consisted of white cotton pants, striped cotton jackets and a wide-brimmed straw hat, or a frock coat and top hat in more formal situations. He often took time to chat with people on the street and to take note of their concerns.

Forensic facial reconstruction by Peter I, 2018

Peter had an energetic drive that bordered on hyperactivity. He was impetuous and tended to be domineering and quick-tempered. He got bored easily or was easily distracted. In his private life, in addition to his hunting and riding activities, he was mainly concerned with women. His restless mind forced him to seek adventure. He sometimes disguised himself as a traveler and stayed in taverns in the most disreputable areas of Rio de Janeiro. He rarely drank alcohol, but was an incorrigible womanizer. His earliest known lasting affair was with a French dancer named Noémi Thierry, who gave birth to a dead child by him. Pedro's father, who as Johann VI. ascended the throne, sent Thierry away from the court in order not to endanger the engagement of the prince to Archduchess Maria Leopoldina , the daughter of Emperor Franz I of Austria (formerly Franz II, Roman-German Emperor ).

On May 13, 1817, Peter married Maria Leopoldina. When she arrived in Rio de Janeiro on November 5th, she immediately fell in love with Peter, who was much more charming and attractive than she had expected: "After years under the tropical sun, his complexion was still light, his cheeks rosy." 19-year-old Prince was handsome and a little above average, with light dark eyes and dark brown hair. The following day the wedding mass came about with the confirmation of the vows that had previously been taken by a representative. This marriage produced seven children: Maria (later Queen Maria II of Portugal ), Miguel, Johann, Januária , Paula, Franziska and Peter (later Emperor Peter II of Brazil ).

Brazilian independence

Coronation of Emperor Peter I in 1822 (watercolor by Jean-Baptiste Debret )

Liberal Revolution 1820

In Portugal, British troops had ended the French occupation. Since the king initially did not want to return to Portugal, the country was ruled by the British Commander-in-Chief William Carr Beresford as a military dictator. On October 17, 1820, the news came that the military garrisons in Portugal mutinied, which led to the so-called Liberal Revolution of 1820. The military formed a provisional government, which that of John VI. Replaced the established reign and convened the Cortes - the centuries-old Portuguese parliament. This was elected democratically and had the goal of creating a national constitution. Peter was surprised when his father not only asked for his advice, but also decided to send him to Portugal to rule as regent and appease the revolutionaries. The problem was that Peter was never raised to rule and was never allowed to participate in government affairs before. The role that was assigned to him from birth was instead performed by his older sister Maria Teresa: John VI. had relied on her, and it was she who became a member of the State Council.

Peter was viewed with suspicion by his father and the king's closest advisers, all of whom adhered to the principles of absolute monarchy. In contrast, the prince was a well-known, staunch supporter of liberalism and the constitutional representative monarchy. He had read the works of Voltaire , Benjamin Constant , Gaetano Filangieri and Edmund Burke . Even his wife Maria Leopoldina remarked: "My husband, God help us, loves new ideas." Johann VI. postponed Peter's departure as long as possible, fearing that as soon as he arrived in Portugal he would be proclaimed king by the revolutionaries.

On February 26, 1821, Portuguese troops mutinied in Rio de Janeiro. Neither John VI. nor did his government take steps against the mutinous units. Peter decided to act independently and met with the rebels. He negotiated with them and convinced his father to accept their demands. This included the appointment of a new cabinet and obedience to the upcoming Portuguese constitution. On April 21st, the princes of Rio de Janeiro met in the trading exchange to elect their representatives for the Cortes . A small group of troublemakers hijacked the meeting and formed a revolutionary government. Again, John VI stayed. and his ministers were passive, and the monarch was ready to accept the demands of the revolutionaries until Peter took the initiative and sent army troops to restore order. Under pressure from the Cortes , John VI traveled. and his family with a heavy heart went to Portugal on April 26th, leaving Peter and Maria Leopoldina behind. Peter's mother, Queen Charlotte Joachime, and his younger brother Prince Michael also left Brazil. Peter, however, stayed in Rio de Janeiro and was appointed regent of Brazil by his father.

Independence or death

Peter I at the age of 23 and the city of São Paulo in the background, August 1822

At the beginning of his reign, Peter announced that he would guarantee personal and property rights. He continued to cut government spending and taxes. Even the revolutionaries who were arrested in the incident at the trading exchange have been released. On June 5, 1821, army troops mutinied under the Portuguese Lieutenant General Jorge Avilez (later Count of Avilez) and demanded that Peter take an oath to support the Portuguese constitution. The prince rode out alone to intervene with the mutineers. Negotiating calmly and resourcefully, he won the respect of the troops and succeeded in lowering the more unacceptable demands. The mutiny was a military coup designed to turn Peter into a mere figurehead and transfer power to Avilez. The prince accepted the unsatisfactory result, but noted that this would be the last time he would give in under pressure.

The ongoing crisis reached a point of no going back when the Cortes dissolved the central government in Rio de Janeiro and ordered Peter's return. This was perceived by the Brazilians as an attempt to subjugate their country again to Portugal - Brazil had not been a colony since 1815 and had the status of a kingdom. On January 9, 1822, a petition with 8,000 signatures was presented to Peter begging him not to return to Portugal. He replied, "As it is for the good of all and the general happiness of the nation, I am ready for it. Tell the people that I will stay." Avilez mutinied again and tried to force Peter's return to Portugal. This time the prince struck back and rallied Brazilian troops (who had not joined the Portuguese in previous mutinies), militia units and armed civilians. Outnumbered, Avilez capitulated and was driven from Brazil along with his troops.

During the next few months Peter tried to maintain the appearance of unity with Portugal, but the ultimate break threatened. With the help of a capable minister, José Bonifácio de Andrada , he sought support outside of Rio de Janeiro. The prince traveled to Minas Gerais in April and to São Paulo in August. He received a warm welcome in both Brazilian provinces. These visits strengthened his authority. On September 7th, when he returned from São Paulo, he received news that the Cortes would not accept self-government in Brazil and would punish anyone who did not obey orders. Peter mounted his brown mare and said in front of his entourage and his guard of honor: "Friends, the Portuguese Cortes wanted to enslave and persecute us. As of today our ties are over. With my blood, by my honor, by my God, I swear independence Brazil. Brazilians, let our slogan be independence or death from this day on! "

Thus, on September 7, 1822, near the river Riacho do Ipiranga , Peter called the Brazilian with a dramatic "Independence or death" (Indepêndencia ou morte!), Which went down in history as the "Call from Ipiranga" (Grito do Ipiranga) Independence. Crown Prince Peter of Portugal was proclaimed Emperor Peter I of Brazil on October 12 of the same year and was crowned on December 1, 1822.

However, there are some indications that this step was previously discussed with his father, the Portuguese king. A dramatic revolutionary movement was going through Latin America at this point; the Spanish colonies neighboring Brazil declared their independence in rows and became republics (cf. Simón Bolívar ). The King of Portugal was right to fear that if the Cortes got their way and declared Brazil a colony again, the result would be a similar development in Brazil. In independence, a possibility was seen to preserve Brazil, the richest Portuguese colony, the House of Braganza . Independence was also the most elegant way to completely remove the country from the influence of the Portuguese parliament. Although the Portuguese king could not immediately recognize the country's independence - this did not happen until 1825 - he did not punish his son either, in particular he did not withdraw his right to the throne in Portugal.

Dramatic developments occurred there in 1824. Conservative forces, led by the Queen and Prince Michael, tried to reverse the outcome of the liberal revolution and reintroduce absolutism . Since the king was opposed to these efforts, he was practically held as a prisoner by his wife and son. However, he eventually escaped and, with British help, took over the government again. Peter's brother Michael was forced into exile in Vienna .

Constitutional emperor

Peter I at the age of 25, 1823

The prince was appointed Emperor Dom Pedro I on his 24th birthday, which coincided with the establishment of the Brazilian Empire on October 12th, and was crowned on December 1st in today's cathedral in Rio de Janeiro. His position as emperor was not immediately recognized by all Brazilian territories and he had to force the submission of several provinces in the northern, northeastern and southern regions. The last Portuguese resistance fighters surrendered in early 1824.

Meanwhile, Peter I's relationship with Bonifácio deteriorated. The situation came to a head when Peter I. dismissed Bonifácio for inappropriate behavior. Bonifácio had used his position to harass, prosecute, arrest and even banish his political enemies. The crisis between the monarch and his former minister was directly felt in the constituent and legislative general assemblies that had been elected to draft a constitution. As a member of the Constituent Assembly, Bonifácio resorted to demagoguery and asserted that there was a significant Portuguese conspiracy against Brazilian interests - with the suggestion that Portuguese-born Peter I was involved. The emperor was outraged by this statement. On November 12, 1823, Peter I ordered the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly and called for new elections. The next day he instructed the newly formed State Council to draw up a draft constitution. Copies of the draft were sent to all city councils and the vast majority voted for immediate adoption of the new constitution of the empire.

As a result of the highly centralized state created by the constitution, rebels in Ceará , Paraíba and Pernambuco tried to separate these areas from Brazil and to join the association known as the secessionist Equator Confederation ( Confederação do Equador ). Peter I tried unsuccessfully to avoid bloodshed by offering to appease the rebels. In anger, he said: "What is required for the insults of Pernambuco? Certainly a punishment and a punishment such that it will serve as an example for the future." The rebels could never secure control of their provinces and could easily be subdued. At the end of 1824 the rebellion was over. 16 rebels were tried and executed, while all the others were pardoned by the emperor.

Internal and external crises

Portuguese dynasty

Peter I at the age of 27 during his trip to Salvador, Bahia , March 1826

After long negotiations, Portugal signed a treaty with Brazil on August 29, 1825, in which Brazil's independence was recognized. With the exception of the recognition of independence, the provisions of the treaty were at the expense of Brazil, including the demand for compensation to be paid to Portugal. All Portuguese citizens living in Brazil should be compensated for the losses they suffered, for example for property confiscated. Johann VI. but still had the right to appoint himself as Emperor of Brazil. More humiliating, however, was that the treaty stipulated that independence as a charitable act of John VI. rather than being enforced at gunpoint by Brazilians. Worse still, Britain was rewarded for its role in promoting the negotiations with the signing of a separate treaty renewing favorable trade rights and the signing of an agreement Brazil agreeing to end the slave trade with Africa within four Years to abolish. Both agreements were extremely detrimental to Brazilian economic interests.

A few months later the emperor received the news that his father had died on March 10, 1826 and that he was to succeed him on the Portuguese throne as King Peter IV.

Since the uprising of 1824 Portugal no longer had a constitution, since the liberal constitution of 1821 was still from John VI. has been revoked. In 1826 Peter gave the country a new constitution, the so-called Charter . The Portuguese regent and the politicians around her were, however, absolutist and thought that the country could do very well without a constitution. They therefore tried to prevent the Charter from coming into force. It was not until the courageous intervention of the future Duke of Saldanha that the charter could come into effect in Portugal.

The imperial Brazilian coat of arms

Peter IV did not succeed in reuniting his two kingdoms. It failed after a short time due to the impossibility of ruling Brazil and Portugal at the same time. Portugal was no longer willing to endure a king who did not reside in the country again. In Brazil, on the other hand, the criticism that the emperor spent more and more energy in solving the Portuguese problems grew louder. The monarch eventually had to choose between Brazil and Portugal, and he chose Brazil. So he abdicated in May 1826 after only two months in government in Portugal.

Before that, however, he arranged the succession in his sense: In Portugal his eldest daughter Maria II was to succeed him on the throne, in Brazil, however, after his death one of his sons. Since it was obvious that his sister Isabella Maria was unable to cope with the reign of Portugal, he made his brother Michael, who had been in exile in Vienna since 1824, regent for his daughter, who was still underage. He planned that later, when Maria was older, his brother would marry her so that they could rule Portugal together. The aim was to bring the two warring lines of the House of Braganza back together.

A proxy wedding has even been held in Vienna . Maria, who until then had stayed at her father's court in Rio de Janeiro, traveled to Vienna, where she was supposed to finish her education at the imperial court. Michael, on the other hand, after swearing allegiance to his brother and niece as queen and to the constitutional charter, traveled to Lisbon, where he took over the reign from Isabella Maria.

Regardless of the abdication, Peter I continued to act as the king of absence in Portugal and interfered in diplomatic and internal affairs, for example when making appointments. At least he found it difficult to separate his position as Brazilian emperor from his obligations to protect his daughter's interests in Portugal.

War of the two brothers

However, Peter did the math without his brother: As soon as Michael arrived in Lisbon, he revoked the agreements made. He allied himself with the reactionary circles around Isabella Maria, dissolved the new bicameral parliament, convened traditional Cortes (Council of the Three Estates, Conselho dos três Estados ), and was proclaimed King Michael I by them (1828). The rightful queen, his underage niece and bride Maria II, for whom he should have led the government, were deposed. The legalistic reason for this coup was that Peter IV, when he was proclaimed Emperor of Brazil in 1822, had become a foreign monarch (John VI had finally recognized Brazilian independence in the year before his death) and therefore for himself and his descendants had forfeited all claims to the Portuguese throne.

Peter was unwilling to accept his younger brother's breach of trust and wanted his daughter to be given the Portuguese throne. This is how the “War of the Two Brothers” or Miguelistenkrieg (1832–1834) began.

War and widowhood

Celebration on the occasion of the return of Peter I from Bahia on April 4, 1826 in the São Francisco de Paula square in Rio de Janeiro

Supported by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (modern-day Argentina ), a small group declared Brazil's southernmost province, Cisplatina , independent in April 1825 . The Brazilian government initially saw the attempt at secession as a minor uprising. It took months before a major threat from the involvement of the United Provinces, which was supposed to annex Cisplatina, aroused serious concern. In retaliation, the German Empire declared war on the United Provinces in December, triggering the Argentine-Brazilian War . The emperor traveled to Bahia (in northeastern Brazil) with his wife and daughter Maria in February 1826 and was warmly welcomed by the residents there. The trip served to raise funds for the war effort.

The imperial entourage included Domitila de Castro (then Viscountess and later Marchioness of Santos), whom Peter I had loved since their first meeting in 1822. Although he had never been loyal to Maria Leopoldina, he had previously taken care to hide his antics with other women. However, his love for his new lover had become "both open and limitless", which got his wife into trouble and she then became the subject of gossip. Peter I became more and more impolite and mean towards Maria Leopoldina, left her little money, forbade her to leave the palace and forced her to endure Domitila's presence as her waiting lady. In the meantime, his beloved took the opportunity to advance her interests as well as those of her family and friends. Those seeking favors or promoting projects increasingly sought their help, bypassing the normal legal channels.

On November 24, 1826, Peter I sailed from Rio de Janeiro to São José in the province of Santa Catarina . From there he rode to Porto Alegre , the capital of the province of Rio Grande do Sul , where the main army was stationed. Upon his arrival on December 7th, the emperor found that the military conditions were far worse than he had expected from previous reports. He "reacted with his usual energy: he issued a deluge of orders, fired alleged grafts and trespassers, fraternized with the troops, and generally shook up the military and civil administration." He was already on his way back to Rio de Janeiro when he was told that Maria Leopoldina had died after a miscarriage. Unsubstantiated rumors soon spread, claiming she died after being physically assaulted by Peter I. In the meantime the war continued with no conclusion in sight. Peter I gave up Cisplatina in August 1828 and the province became the independent nation of Uruguay .

Second marriage

Peter I married Amélie von Leuchtenberg. Next to him are his children with Maria Leopoldina: Peter, Januária, Paula and Francisca

After the death of his wife, Peter I realized how miserably he had treated her, and his relationship with Domitila began to crumble. In contrast to his beloved, Maria Leopoldina was popular, honest and loved him without expecting anything in return. The emperor missed her very much and even his obsession with Domitila could not overcome his sense of loss and regret. One day Domitila found him crying on the floor when he was hugging a portrait of his late wife, whose sad-looking ghost Peter I is said to have seen. Later the emperor left the bed he shared with Domitila and shouted: “Get away from me! I know I am living an unworthy ruler's life. The thought of the Empress never leaves me. ”He did not forget his children who lost their mother, and the Emperor was seen more than once holding his son, young Peter, in his arms and saying:“ Poor boy "You are the most unhappy prince in the world."

At the urging of Peter I, Domitila left Rio de Janeiro on June 27, 1828. He had decided to remarry and become a better person. He even tried to convince his father-in-law of his sincerity by stating in a letter: "All my wickedness is over, I will not fall again into the mistakes that I have got into, that I regret and that I God for forgiveness asked ". Because of the bad reputation of Peter I due to his previous behavior, princesses from different nations in Europe rejected his marriage proposals one after the other. His pride was so hurt that he allowed his lover to return, which she did on April 29, 1829 after she had been gone for almost a year.

However, when he learned that an engagement had finally been arranged, the emperor ended his relationship with Domitila. On August 27, she returned to her home province of São Paulo and stayed there. Days earlier, on August 2nd, the Kaiser had been married to Amélie von Leuchtenberg by a deputy . He was stunned by her beauty after meeting her in person. The vows previously made by the proxy were confirmed at a wedding mass on October 17th. Amélie was kind and loving to his children and provided a much-needed sense of normalcy to both his family and the public. After Domitila's banishment from court, the emperor's vow to change his behavior proved sincere. He had no more affairs and remained loyal to his wife. In an attempt to mitigate and overcome the misdeeds of the past, he made peace with José Bonifácio, his former minister and mentor.

Between Portugal and Brazil

Endless crises

Peter I at the age of 32, 1830

Since the days of the Constituent Assembly in 1823, and with renewed determination of the opening of the General Assembly (Brazilian Parliament) in 1826, there has been an ideological struggle over the balance of power between the emperor and the legislature. On one side were those who shared Peter's views. Politicians who believed that the monarch should be free to dictate ministers, national politics and the direction of government. In opposition were those who were then known as the Liberal Party, who believed that cabinets should have the power to determine the direction of government and should consist of MPs from the majority party who were accountable to parliament. Strictly speaking, both the party that supported Peter's government and the Liberal Party advocated liberalism and thus the constitutional monarchy .

Despite Peter's failure as ruler, he respected the constitution: he did not rig the elections, refused to sign government-ratified laws or restrict freedom of expression. Although it was within his powers, he did not dissolve the Chamber of Deputies and then called for new elections if this was not compatible with his goals. Liberal newspapers and brochures were full of accusations. Some of these were both legitimate (e.g. that much of his energies were directed towards matters relating to Portugal) and false and fictitious (e.g. that he was involved in conspiracies to suppress the Constitution for Brazil and Portugal to reunite). For the liberals, the emperor's Portuguese-born friends who were part of the imperial court, including Francisco Gomes da Silva , nicknamed "the buffoon", were part of these conspiracies and formed a " secret cabinet ". None of these figures showed any interest in such subjects, and whatever they may have shared, there were no plans by the palace cabals to repeal the constitution or bring Brazil back under Portuguese control.

Another source of criticism from the Liberals concerned the abolitionist views of Peter I. The Emperor had indeed planned a gradual process to eradicate slavery. However, the constitutional power to legislate was in the hands of the congregation, which was dominated by slave-owning landowners who could thwart any attempt at abolition. The emperor decided, using his own moral example, to convince the congregation by granting land to his freed slaves in Santa Cruz. Peter I also confessed to other advanced ideas: When he declared his intention to stay in Brazil on January 9, 1822 and the population wanted to grant him the honor of hanging the horses and pulling his carriage himself, the then Prince Regent refused . His answer was a simultaneous condemnation of divine right , the supposedly superior blood of the nobility, and racism: "It pains me to see that my fellow men pay homage to a man who is worthy of divinity. I know that my blood is the same color as theirs Negro. "

abdication

On April 7, 1831, Peter I delivered his letter of abdication

The emperor's efforts to appease the Liberal Party resulted in very serious changes. He supported a law of 1827 that established ministerial responsibility . On March 19, 1831, he appointed a cabinet made up of opposition politicians, which gave parliament a greater role in government. Most recently, he offered positions in Europe to Francisco Gomes and another Portuguese-born friend to quell rumors of a "secret cabinet". To his dismay, his palliative measures did not stop the ongoing liberal attacks on his government and his birth abroad. Disappointed by her intransigence, he was no longer willing to deal with his deteriorating political situation.

Meanwhile, Portuguese exiles struggled to convince him to give up Brazil and instead devote his energies to fighting for his daughter's claim to the Portuguese crown.

The idea of ​​abdicating and returning to Portugal crossed his mind, and from early 1829 he talked about it frequently. Soon the opportunity arose to act on this thought. Radicals within the Liberal Party gathered street gangs to harass the Portuguese community in Rio de Janeiro. On March 11, 1831, in the so-called noite das garrafadas (Night of the Broken Bottles), the Portuguese retaliated and seized the streets of the state capital. On April 5, Peter I dismissed the Liberal Cabinet (only in power since March 19) because of his incompetence in restoring order. A large crowd gathered in downtown Rio de Janeiro on the afternoon of April 6, demanding the immediate restoration of the disbanded cabinet. The Emperor's response was, “I will do anything for the people and nothing that is forced by the people.” Sometime after dark, his army troops, including his guards, left him and joined the protests. Only then did he realize how isolated and detached he had become from Brazilian affairs and, to everyone's surprise, abdicated on April 7 at around 3:00 am. When he handed the letter of abdication to a messenger, he said: "Here you have my abdication, I am returning to Europe and leaving a country that I have loved and still love." His successor in Brazil was his son Peter II ; now Peter I could devote himself entirely to the Portuguese problems.

Return to Europe

Restoration war

Pedro, Duke of Braganza, aged 35, 1833. After invading Portugal, he and his soldiers swore not to shave their beards until Maria II was in power.

On the morning of April 7th, Pedro, his wife and others, including his daughter Maria II and sister Ana de Jesus, were taken aboard the British warship HMS Warspite . The ship stayed at anchor off Rio de Janeiro and on April 13 the former emperor traveled to Europe on board the HMS Volage .

He arrived in Cherbourg-Octeville , France , on June 10th . Over the next few months he commuted between France and Great Britain. He was warmly welcomed by both governments but received no real support. He found himself in a difficult situation as he had no official status either in the Brazilian imperial family or in the Portuguese royal family. He accepted the title of Duke of Braganza on June 15, and although the title belonged only to the heirs of Maria II, it was widely recognized. On December 1st, his only daughter of Amélie, Maria Amélia , was born in Paris.

He has not forgotten his children who were left behind in Brazil. He wrote poignant letters to each of them saying how much he missed them and repeatedly asked them to take serious care of their upbringing. Shortly before his abdication, Peter had said to his son and successor: "I intend that my brother Michael and I will be the last ill-educated members of the Braganza family." His letters to Peter II were often written in a language that was beyond the boy's reading ability. Historians believe that such passages were primarily intended as advice for the young monarch to pursue when he reached adulthood.

During his stay in Paris, the Duke of Braganza met Gilbert du Motier , the Marquis of Lafayette, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War who became one of his most loyal followers. Peter said goodbye to his family, Lafayette and about two hundred well-wishers on January 25, 1832. He knelt in front of Maria II and said: "My lady, here is a Portuguese general who will protect your rights and restore your crown." His daughter hugged him tearfully. Peter sailed to the Atlantic archipelago of the Azores , the only Portuguese territory that remained loyal to his daughter. In the meantime, the future Duke of Terceira had defeated a fleet of Michael in the Azores , so that this part of Portugal remained outside Michael's sphere of influence. Peter landed in the Azores on March 3, 1832, stepping back on Portuguese soil for the first time since 1807, when he and his father fled to Brazil from Napoleon's troops at the age of nine. There he assembled his own army, with which he entered mainland Portugal in the same year. With the help of the loyal liberal military leaders, the Dukes of Terceira and Saldanha , he managed relatively quickly to get the two most important cities of the country, Lisbon and Porto, under control and so put Michael on the defensive. After the battle of Évoramonte , Michael's troops were completely defeated and he had to go back into exile in Austria. Queen Maria II had already returned to Lisbon in 1833, where she was enthusiastically received.

death

Peter in his death bed, 1834

Pedro's army besieged Porto for more than a year. There he received news from Brazil in early 1833 about the impending death of his daughter Paula. Months later, in September, he met Antônio Carlos de Andrada , a brother of Bonifácio, who had come from Brazil. As a representative of the Party of Restorers, Antônio Carlos asked the Duke of Braganza to return to Brazil and rule his former empire as regent during his son's minority. Peter realized that the restorers wanted to use him as a tool in their own ascension to power. He made almost impossible demands to determine whether the Brazilian people, and not just one faction, really want him back. He insisted that any request to return as regent be constitutionally valid. The will of the people would have to be conveyed through their local representatives and their appointment approved by the General Assembly. Only then and "after a petition has been presented in Portugal by an official delegation from the Brazilian parliament" would he consider the reign.

During the war, the Duke of Braganza assembled cannons, dug trenches, tended to the wounded, ate in the crowd and fought under heavy fire in which his men were shot or shot to pieces next to him. His cause was almost lost until he took the risky step of splitting up his forces and dispatching a group to launch an amphibious assault on southern Portugal. The Algarve fell victim to the armed forces, which then marched directly north to Lisbon and won the surrender of Lisbon on July 24th. Peter subdued the rest of the country, but just as the conflict seemed to be ending, his Spanish uncle Don Carlos intervened, trying to bequeath the crown to his niece Isabel II . In this larger conflict that ravaged the entire Iberian Peninsula , the First Carlist War, the Duke of Braganza allied himself with the liberal Spanish armies loyal to Isabel II and defeated both Michael I and Carlos. A peace agreement was reached on May 26, 1834.

Peter was again regent of Portugal, Maria II again queen. Over attempts by Peters to come to an agreement with his brother and to keep him the title of royal infante of Portugal and to pay an appropriate allowance abroad, however, it came to a falling out with the newly convened Cortes, who remembered the atrocities, committed by Michael during his reign in Portugal, were unwilling to accommodate the ex-king.

With the exception of epilepsy, which manifested itself in seizures every few years, Pedro had always remained healthy. However, the war worsened his health considerably. Peter was already terminally ill and resignedly withdrew from Portuguese politics. His daughter was declared of legal age by the Cortes, so that his reign officially ended. Pedro dictated an open letter to the Brazilians demanding the gradual abolition of slavery. He warned them, "Slavery is an evil and an assault on the rights and dignity of the human species, but its consequences are less harmful to those who suffer in captivity than to the nation whose laws permit slavery. It is a cancer devouring his morals. " After a long and painful illness, Pedro died of tuberculosis on September 24, 1834 at 2:30 p.m. At his request, his heart was placed in the Lapa Church in Porto and his body was buried in the royal pantheon of the House of Braganza. News of his death reached Rio de Janeiro on November 20th, but his children were not informed until after December 2nd. Bonifácio, who had been dismissed as their guardian, wrote to Peter II and his sisters: "Dom Pedro did not die. Only ordinary men die, not heroes."

medal

family

First marriage

On November 6, 1817 he married Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria (born January 22, 1797, † December 11, 1826), a daughter of Emperor Franz I of Austria and Maria Theresa of both Sicilies, in Rio de Janeiro . The marriage was not a happy one for the Archduchess, as Peter openly preferred his lover to his wife. It is also believed that the mistreatment of Pedro and the resulting miscarriage wiped out the life of Leopoldine, who was not yet 30 years old.

The following children were born out of the marriage:

  • Maria da Gloria (April 4, 1819 - November 15, 1853), Queen of Portugal
  • Miguel (* / † 1820)
  • Johann Karl (March 6, 1821 - February 4, 1822)
  • Januária Maria (March 11, 1822 - March 13, 1901) ⚭ Ludwig von Bourbon (1824–1897), Prince of the Two Sicilies (identical to Luigi Carlo, Count of Aquila)
  • Paula Mariana (February 17, 1823 - January 16, 1833)
  • Franziska (August 2, 1824 - March 27, 1898), ⚭ 1843 Franz von Orléans, Prince of Joinville , a son of King Ludwig Philip of France
  • Peter II (December 2, 1825 - December 5, 1891), Emperor of Brazil

Second marriage

His second marriage was on October 17, 1829, with Princess Amélie von Leuchtenberg (* July 31, 1812; † January 26, 1873), daughter of Eugène de Beauharnais , Napoleon's stepson , and Auguste von Bayern , daughter of King Maximilian I. of Bavaria .

From this marriage a daughter was born:

Illegitimate descendants

He was also the father of the following illegitimate children with Domitília de Castro Canto e Melo :

  • Isabel Maria (23 May 1824 - 13 November 1898)
  • Pedro (7 December 1825 - 27 December 1825)
  • Maria Isabel (born August 13, 1827 - † October 25, 1828)
  • Maria Isabel II (February 28, 1830 - September 13, 1896)

literature

  • Walther L. Bernecker , Horst Pietschmann, Rüdiger Zoller: A Brief History of Brazil (= Edition Suhrkamp 2150). Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 2000, ISBN 3-518-12150-2 .
  • Pedro Calmon: Historia do Brasil. Olympio, Rio de Janeiro 1959;
    • Volume 4: Século XVIII: riquezas e vicissitudes (conclusao). Século XIX: o império ea ordem liberal. OCLC 495415126
    • Volume 5: Século XIX: o império ea ordem liberal (conclusao). OCLC 495415676
  • Delgado de Carvalho: Historia diplomatica do Brasil (= Biblioteca do espírito moderno. Series 3: História e biografia 65, ZDB -ID 2475643-X ). Companhia Editora Nacional, Sao Paulo 1959.
  • George Edmundson: Brazil and Portugal. In: The Cambridge Modern History. Volume 10: The Restoration. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1907. OCLC 22666836 (reprinted 1969)
  • Heinrich Handelmann : History of Brazil. Julius Springer, Berlin 1860. ( digital version )
  • Florian Kienzl: Emperor of Brazil. Rule and overthrow of Pedro I and Pedro II. Propylaea publishing house, Berlin 1942. OCLC 2465050
  • Manuel de Oliveira Lima: Dom Pedro e Dom Miguel. A querela da successão (1826-1828). Cayeiras, São Paulo 1927. OCLC 2011788
  • João Ribeiro : Historia do Brasil. 18th edição revista e completada. F. Alves, Rio 1964. OCLC 3692231
  • Manfred Wöhlcke: 500 years of Brazil. The creation of a nation. Vier-Viertel-Verlag, Strasshof 2000, ISBN 3-9500908-6-X .

Web links

Commons : Peter I.  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 36 .
  2. ↑ João Carlos Feo Cardoso de Castello Branco: Resenha das familias titulares do reino de Portugal: Acompanhada das notícias biográphicas de alguns indivíduos da mesmas famílias . Imprensa Nacional, Lisbon 1838, p. XXXVI .
  3. ↑ Pedro Calmon: História de D. Pedro II . José Olímpio, Rio de Janeiro 1975, p. 3 .
  4. ↑ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Citizen emperor: Pedro II and the making of Brazil, 1825-91 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1999, ISBN 0-8047-3510-7 , pp. 424 .
  5. ↑ Pedro Calmon: O Rei Cavaleiro . 6th edition. Edição Saraiva, São Paulo 1950, p. 5, 9, 11 .
  6. ↑ Otávio Tarquinio de Sousa: A vida de D. Pedro I . tape 1 . José Olímpio, Rio de Janeiro 1972, p. 5, 9-10 .
  7. ↑ Otávio Tarquinio de Sousa: A vida de D. Pedro I . tape 1 . José Olímpio, Rio de Janeiro 1972, p. 4, 8, 10, 28 .
  8. ↑ Otávio Tarquinio de Sousa: A vida de D. Pedro I . tape 1 . José Olímpio, Rio de Janeiro 1972, p. 4, 8, 10, 28 .
  9. ↑ Pedro Calmon: O Rei Cavaleiro . 6th edition. Edição Saraiva, São Paulo 1950, p. 12 f .
  10. ^ Neill Macaulay: Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina 1986, ISBN 978-0-8223-0681-8 , pp. 6 .
  11. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 3 .
  12. ↑ Otávio Tarquinio de Sousa: A vida de D. Pedro I . tape 1 . José Olímpio, Rio de Janeiro 1972, p. 9 .
  13. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 7 .
  14. ↑ Otávio Tarquinio de Sousa: A vida de D. Pedro I . tape 1 . José Olímpio, Rio de Janeiro 1972, p. 12 .
  15. ↑ Otávio Tarquinio de Sousa: A vida de D. Pedro I . tape 1 . José Olímpio, Rio de Janeiro 1972, p. 39, 41 .
  16. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 22 .
  17. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 43 .
  18. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 29 .
  19. ↑ Sousa, Otávio de Tarquinio: A vida de D. Pedro I . tape 1 . José Olímpio, Rio de Janeiro 1972, p. 125, 128 .
  20. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 7 .
  21. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 189 .
  22. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 7 .
  23. ↑ Calmon, Pedro: O Rei Cavaleiro . 6th edition. Edição Saraiva, São Paulo 1950, p. 33 .
  24. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798–1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 22, 33 .
  25. ^ A b c Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 32 .
  26. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 70 .
  27. ↑ a b Costa, Sergio Corrêa da ,: As quatro coroas de D. Pedro I . [New ed.]. São Paulo, SP 1996, ISBN 85-219-0129-1 , pp. 101 .
  28. ↑ Sousa, Otávio de Tarquinio: A vida de D. Pedro I . tape 1 . José Olímpio, Rio de Janeiro 1972, p. 121 .
  29. ↑ Sousa, Otávio de Tarquinio: A vida de D. Pedro I . tape 2 . José Olímpio., Rio de Janeiro 1972, p. 101 .
  30. ↑ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Citizen emperor: Pedro II and the making of Brazil, 1825-91 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1999, ISBN 0-8047-3510-7 , pp. 17 .
  31. ^ A b Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 978-0-8223-0681-8 , pp. 46 .
  32. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 58 .
  33. ^ A b Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 36 .
  34. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 37 .
  35. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 175, 255 .
  36. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 177 .
  37. ↑ See How an Artist Reconstructed the Face of Brazil's First Emperor. Retrieved May 3, 2018 .
  38. ↑ Brazil's first emperor brought to life with 3D face reconstruct - Storytrender . In: Storytrender . April 27, 2018 ( storytrender.com [accessed May 3, 2018]).
  39. ^ Edison Veiga: Reconstituição mostra verdadeiro rosto de D. Pedro 1º com fratura no nariz . In: BBC Brasil . April 22, 2018 ( bbc.com [accessed May 3, 2018]).
  40. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 134 .
  41. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 51 .
  42. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 71 .
  43. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 53 .
  44. ^ Costa, Sergio Corrêa da .: Every inch a king: a biography of Dom Pedro I, first Emperor of Brazil; . [New] ed. Hale, London 1972, ISBN 0-7091-2974-2 , pp. 42 .
  45. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 46 .
  46. ↑ Sousa, Otávio de Tarquinio: A vida de D. Pedro I . tape 1 . José Olímpio, Rio de Janeiro 1972, p. 96 .
  47. ↑ Calmon, Pedro: O Rei Cavaleiro . 6th edition. Edição Saraiva, São Paulo 1950, p. 49 .
  48. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 64 .
  49. ↑ a b Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 68 .
  50. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 47 f .
  51. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 70 .
  52. ↑ Costa, Sergio Corrêa da ,: As quatro coroas de D. Pedro I . [New ed.]. São Paulo, SP 1996, ISBN 85-219-0129-1 , pp. 101 .
  53. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 93 .
  54. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 88 .
  55. ^ Donato, Hernâni, 1922-: História do Brasil . 15a. ed. rev. e atualizada até o governo de Fernando Collor. Melhoramentos, São Paulo, SP 1994, ISBN 85-06-01999-0 , pp. 395 .
  56. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 72 .
  57. ^ Donato, Hernâni, 1922-: História do Brasil . 15a. ed. rev. e atualizada até o governo de Fernando Collor. Melhoramentos, São Paulo, SP 1994, ISBN 85-06-01999-0 , pp. 396 .
  58. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 72 .
  59. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 93 .
  60. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 96 .
  61. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 114 .
  62. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 113 f .
  63. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 114 .
  64. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 81 .
  65. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 82 .
  66. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 83 .
  67. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 84 .
  68. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 84 .
  69. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 116 .
  70. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 90, 91-96 .
  71. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 124 .
  72. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 125 .
  73. ^ Donato, Hernâni, 1922-: História do Brasil . 15a. ed. rev. e atualizada até o governo de Fernando Collor. Melhoramentos, São Paulo, SP 1994, ISBN 85-06-01999-0 , pp. 420-422 .
  74. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 104-106 .
  75. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 139 .
  76. ^ Donato, Hernâni, 1922-: História do Brasil . 15a. ed. rev. e atualizada até o governo de Fernando Collor. Melhoramentos, São Paulo, SP 1994, ISBN 85-06-01999-0 , pp. 420-422 .
  77. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 101 .
  78. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 120 .
  79. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 153-154 .
  80. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 116 .
  81. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 117 .
  82. ^ Donato, Hernâni, 1922-: História do Brasil . 15a. ed. rev. e atualizada até o governo de Fernando Collor. Melhoramentos, São Paulo, SP 1994, ISBN 85-06-01999-0 , pp. 429 .
  83. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 174 .
  84. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 165 .
  85. ↑ a b Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 122 .
  86. ^ A b Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 165 .
  87. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 121 .
  88. ^ A b Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 166 .
  89. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 278 .
  90. ^ Donato, Hernâni, 1922-: História do Brasil . 15a. ed. rev. e atualizada até o governo de Fernando Collor. Melhoramentos, São Paulo, SP 1994, ISBN 85-06-01999-0 , pp. 435 .
  91. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 128 .
  92. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 140 f .
  93. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 140 .
  94. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 141 .
  95. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 186 .
  96. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 142 .
  97. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 148 .
  98. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 148 .
  99. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 125 .
  100. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 128 .
  101. ↑ Sousa, Otávio de Tarquinio: A vida de D. Pedro I . tape 2 . José Olímpio, Rio de Janeira 1972, p. 206 (Portuguese).
  102. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 146 .
  103. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 192, 231, 236 .
  104. ↑ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Citizen emperor: Pedro II and the making of Brazil, 1825-91 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1999, ISBN 0-8047-3510-7 , pp. 16 .
  105. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 136 .
  106. ^ A b Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 202 .
  107. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 211 .
  108. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 151 .
  109. ↑ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Citizen emperor: Pedro II and the making of Brazil, 1825-91 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1999, ISBN 0-8047-3510-7 , pp. 24 .
  110. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 250 .
  111. ↑ Costa, Sergio Corrêa da ,: As quatro coroas de D. Pedro I . [New ed.]. São Paulo, SP 1996, ISBN 85-219-0129-1 , pp. 88 .
  112. ^ Rangel, Alberto: Dom Pedro Primeiro ea Marquesa de Santos (in Portuguese) . 2nd Edition. Arrault, Tours, Indre-et-Loire 1928, pp. 195 .
  113. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 250 .
  114. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 262 .
  115. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 252 .
  116. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 226 .
  117. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 252 .
  118. ^ Sousa, Otávio Tarquínio de: A vida de D. Pedro I (in Portuguese) . tape 2 . José Olímpio, Rio de Janeiro 1972, p. 326 .
  119. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 285 .
  120. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 235 .
  121. ↑ a b c Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 156 .
  122. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 283 .
  123. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 236 .
  124. ↑ Needell, Jeffrey D .: The party of order: the conservatives, the state, and slavery in the Brazilian monarchy, 1831-1871 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 2006, ISBN 978-1-4294-5689-0 , pp. 34 f., 39 .
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  133. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 216 f., 246 .
  134. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 215 .
  135. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 129, 131 .
  136. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 214 .
  137. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 131 .
  138. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 108 .
  139. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 128 f .
  140. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 195 .
  141. ↑ a b Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 159 .
  142. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 157 .
  143. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 154 .
  144. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 246 f .
  145. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 158 .
  146. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 250 .
  147. ^ A b Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 251 .
  148. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 252 .
  149. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 232 .
  150. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 254-257 .
  151. ^ A b Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 257 .
  152. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 257-260, 262 .
  153. ^ A b Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 259 .
  154. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 267 .
  155. ^ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1437-1 , pp. 281 .
  156. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 306 .
  157. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 320 .
  158. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 293 .
  159. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 290 .
  160. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 295, 297 f .
  161. ↑ Lustosa, Isabel .: D. Pedro I . Companhia Das Letras, São Paulo, SP 2006, ISBN 85-359-0807-2 , pp. 72 f .
  162. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 302 .
  163. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 304 .
  164. ^ Jorge, Fernando: Os 150 anos da nossa independendência . Mundo Musical, Rio de Janeiro 1972, p. 198 f .
  165. ↑ Costa, Sergio Corrêa da: As quatro coroas de D. Pedro I . [New ed.]. São Paulo, SP 1996, ISBN 85-219-0129-1 , pp. 312 .
  166. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 305 .
  167. ↑ Barman, Roderick J., 1937-: Citizen emperor: Pedro II and the making of Brazil, 1825-91 . Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 1999, ISBN 0-8047-3510-7 , pp. 433 .
  168. ^ Macaulay, Neill .: Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834 . Duke University Press, Durham [NC] 1986, ISBN 0-8223-0681-6 , pp. 299 .
predecessor Office successor
Johann VI. Emperor of Brazil
1822–1831 		Peter II
Johann VI. King of Portugal
1826 		Mary II
personal data
SURNAME Peter I.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Peter IV (as King of Portugal)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Emperor of Brazil, King of Portugal
DATE OF BIRTH October 12, 1798
PLACE OF BIRTH Queluz
DATE OF DEATH September 24, 1834
Place of death Queluz