Anuvong

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Monument to the King in Vientiane
Monument ( chedi ) in Yasothon , Thailand, on the occasion of the victory in 1827

Anuvong (Anurutha, also Anu or Anou, full throne name Somdet Paramanadha Parama Bupati Somdet Brhat Pen Chao Singhadhamuraja, Somdet Brhat Parama Bupati Brhat Maha Kashatriya Khatiya Adipati Jayasethha Jatikasuriya Varman, Angga Penh Brhat Changhadana Kanuri Rajadana Visara Chandrapirum, Angga Penh Brhat Yulumanaya Rajadhan, Sri Lana, Sri Lana, Vishadhan Klao ; * 1767 in Vientiane ; † January 26, 1829 in Bangkok ) was King of the Lao Kingdom of Vientiane between 1805 and 1828 . He was the last king of Vientiane and his territory was occupied by the Siamese after Anuvong had unsuccessfully rebelled against Siamese rule in 1827 and tried to conquer the Isan .

Life

Anuvong was born in Vientiane in 1767, the year the Siamese capital Ayutthaya was completely destroyed by the Burmese; he was the fourth son of King Bunsan and was educated in the royal palace. In 1779, like many other members of the king's family, he came to Bangkok as a hostage and remained there until 1795. He served loyally in the Siamese army and distinguished himself in the battles against Ava . On February 2, 1795 appointed him to the Siamese King Rama I to Upayuvaraj ( "second king") from Vientiane.

When his older brother Inthavong died on February 7, 1805, Anuvong succeeded him in the line of succession. In 1813, Anuvong had a Buddhist council meet to revise and clear up the Tripitaka . In 1821, Anuvong's son Yo became ruler of the neighboring kingdom of Champasak . This was a concession from Siam to Anuvong, who had played an important role in suppressing the rebellious kha (indigenous Austro-Asian ethnic groups) in Champassak and Ubon Ratchathani .

Serious consequences were his misjudgment that the British victorious in Burma would now also take action against Bangkok. He invaded northeast Siam in February 1827, was repulsed and had to give up his capital. Via Mahaxay and Kung Kaeo he went to Vinh in Annam , where the Vietnamese gave him refuge. On August 1, 1828, he returned to Vientiane under the protection of Vietnamese troops, destroyed the Siamese garrison and tried to march to Bangkok. However, the Siamese army had recently received weapons from the United States that helped the armed forces defend themselves. Anuvong evacuated its capital, Vientiane, after its general Chao Raja Varman was defeated by the Siamese at Khorat on October 19 .

On December 19, Anuvong was captured near Mueang Phong, deposed and triumphantly transferred to Bangkok. There he was tortured in a number of ways : he was stolen from his eyesight with red-hot iron and put on public display in a cage. He received neither water nor bread. He died on January 26, 1829, along with his wife, Queen Kamphong, and their three sons. The missionary Jacob Tomlin presented an eyewitness account of that time. He writes:

“Went this morning to see the King of Laos and his family recently brought here as captured and chained and put on public display in an iron cage for the past fortnight! The news of their capture and eventual arrival brought great joy to many, and the Phraklang and other eminent persons have long been busy devising the best measures for the torture, and they [the prisoners, i. Ex.] To death.

We were disappointed not to see the king. ... Nine of his sons and grandsons were in the cage; Most of them are adults, but there were also two children who made a deep impression on us as to their pitiable condition. All had chains around their necks and legs. ...

Right next to it, the instruments of torture were displayed in a terrible way. A large iron kettle for heating oil to be poured on the king after being cut and maimed with knives! To the right of the cage there is a kind of gallows with a chain on the upper beam from which a large hook hangs. The king is supposed to be hung on a hook after the end of his torment. In front of the cage are a number of triangular hoists made up of three stakes that are joined at the top and anchored to the ground so that they have a stable base. A spear rises from the ground, about a foot or more long. The king's two wives, his sons, grandchildren, etc., fourteen in all, are fixed on them as on a chair. To the right of the cage are still a wooden mortar and a chisel with which the children are to be smashed. "

- Jacob Tomlin : Translated by Wikipedia

Anuvong is worshiped as an idol by Laotian nationalists today because he dared to revolt against the overpowering Siam (now Thailand). His story is stylized into heroism and is the subject of great emotions. He is revered as the father of the Lao nation. However, this is a misunderstanding of the political situation at the time, which did not yet allow the idea of ​​a "nation of Laos". The Vientiane Empire, like Luang Phrabang and before Champasak, was an area dependent on its more powerful neighbors. The revolt of Anuvong is thus a rebellion within the Southeast Asian mandala system , which was only to pass into nations much later.

progeny

Anuvong had numerous offspring, a total of 27 sons and 7 daughters.

  1. Lieutenant General Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Sudhisara Suriya ( Sonthesan Sua or Poh), * 1797, senior military and war minister of the Kingdom of Vientiane
  2. General Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Nagaya ( Ngaow ), * 1802, Commander in Chief of the Army of Vientiane 1827 to 1828
  3. Lieutenant General Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Yuva ( Yoh ), Maha Uparat (Viceroy) of Champasak
  4. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Deva (Teh), was exiled by the Siamese to Bangkok on October 23, 1828
  5. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Barna (Banh), who accompanied King Anuvong to Annam in 1827 , was exiled by the Siamese to Bangkok on October 23, 1828
  6. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Duang Chandra (Duang Chanh), was exiled by the Siamese to Bangkok on October 23, 1828
  7. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Kiminhiya ( Khi Menh ), Uparat (Viceroy) of Vientiane
  8. Major General Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Kamabinga (Kham Pheng)
  9. Major General Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Oanaya (Pane), died with his father on January 26, 1829 in Bangkok
  10. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Suvarna Chakra (Suvannachak)
  11. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Jayasara (Sayasane)
  12. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Suriya (Suea)
  13. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Maen, accompanied his father to Annam in October 1827, he was given refuge at the court of Huế since 1832
  14. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Jangaya (Chang), died with his father on January 26, 1829 in Bangkok
  15. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Ungagama (Ung Kham)
  16. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Khatiyara (Khattignah), accompanied his father to Annam from October 1827 to June 1828
  17. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Buddhasada (Phuthasath), accompanied his father to Annam from October 1827 to June 1828
  18. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Tissabunga (Disaphong)
  19. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Dhanandra (Theman), settled in Nakhon Phanom in 1841 , married the daughter of the governor of Nong Khai ; his daughter Kheo Kumarn married King Rama III around 1827 . from Siam, with whom she had a son
  20. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Hien Noi, accompanied his father to Annam between October 1827 and June 1828
  21. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Ong-La accompanied his father to Annam between October 1827 and June 1828
  22. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Phui, he received refuge at the court of Hue in 1832
  23. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Chang (other than the one mentioned above), he received refuge at the court of Hue in 1832
  24. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Khi, he received refuge at the court of Hue in 1832
  25. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Anura (Nu), accompanied his father to Annam between October 1817 and June 1828, where he was given refuge at the court of Hue in 1832
  26. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Thuan
  27. Prince ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya ) Tue
  28. Princess ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya Nang ) Nujini (Nu Chin)
  29. Princess ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya Nang ) Sri, married the third son of King Rama I of Siam, Chuya (1772–1817), in 1812 , and died in Bangkok
  30. Princess ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya Nang ) Chandrajumini (Chantarachome), married King Rama III around 1821 . from Siam
  31. Princess ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya Nang ) Gamavani (Kham Vanh), exiled from the Siamese to Bangkok on October 23, 1828
  32. Princess ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya Nang ) Jangami (Siang Kham)
  33. Princess ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya Nang ) Gamabangi (Kham Pheng), exiled from the Siamese to Bangkok on October 23, 1828
  34. Princess ( Sadet Chao Fa Jaya Nang ) Buyi (Nang Nu), accompanied her father to Annam between October 1817 and June 1828, exiled from the Siamese to Bangkok on October 23, 1828, married King Rama III on November 12, 1828 . in Bangkok

See also

literature

  • Grant Evans: A Short History of Laos: the land in between . Allen Unwin, Crows Nest (Australia) 2002. ISBN 1-86448-997-9 .
  • Jock O'Tailan: Footprint Laos . 2008, ISBN 1-906098-18-2 .
  • Oliver Tappe: History, nation building and legitimation politics in Laos. Studies on Laotian national historiography and iconography. Lit Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8258-1610-0 (also dissertation, University of Münster).

Web links

  • royalark.net Christopher Buyers website on the history of Laos; Retrieved May 10, 2010

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Evans: A Short History of Laos. 2002, p. 43
  2. ^ Volker Grabowsky : Lao and Khmer Perceptions of National Survival. The Legacy of the Early Nineteenth Century. In: Nationalism and Cultural Revival in Southeast Asia. Perspectives from the Center and the Region. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 1997, p. 148.
  3. ↑ O'Tailin: Footprint Laos. 2008, p. 272
  4. ^ Jacob Tomlin: Journal of a Nine Months' Residence in Siam . London 1831, p. 92 ff. Google Books archive.org
  5. ^ Evans: A Short History of Laos. 2002, p. 42.
  6. ^ Tappe: History, nation building and legitimation politics in Laos. 2008, pp. 88-89, 131-148.
personal data
SURNAME Anuvong
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Anu; Anou; Somdet Paramanadha Parama Bupati Somdet Brhat Pen Chao Singhadhamuraja; Somdet Brhat Parama Bupati Brhat Maha Kashatriya Khatiya Adipati Jayasethha Jatikasuriya Varman; Angga Penh Brhat Yulumanaya Maha Negara Chandrapuri Sri Sadhana Kanayudha Visudhirattana Rajadhanapuri Rama Lan Chang Krum Klao
BRIEF DESCRIPTION King of the Lao Kingdom of Vientiane
DATE OF BIRTH 1767
PLACE OF BIRTH Vientiane
DATE OF DEATH January 26, 1829
Place of death Bangkok