Aproceros leucopoda

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Aproceros leucopoda
Aproceros leucopoda

Aproceros leucopoda

Systematics
Subordination : Plant wasps ("Symphyta")
Superfamily : Sawfly (Tenthredinoidea)
Family : Brush horn sawfly (Argidae)
Subfamily : Sterictiphorinae
Genre : Aproceros
Type : Aproceros leucopoda
Scientific name
Aproceros leucopoda
Takeuchi , 1939
Image 1: Larva of Aproceros leucopoda
Image 2: Aproceros leucopoda feeding traces on elm leaves
Image 3: Reticulated cocoon of the summer generation with a pupa on the underside of the leaf

Aproceros leucopoda is a plant wasp fromthe brush horn sawfly family (Argidae). It is originally native to East Asia and feeds on elm leaves as a larva. In 2003 it was first found in southern Poland and northern Hungary . By 2010 it had spread from eastern Ukraine to Italy and from Romania to Warsaw . Aproceros leucopoda was firstdetectedin Germany near Passau in 2011. In 2013 and 2014 it was found in Berlin , Brandenburg , Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt , Belgium and the Netherlands , and in 2015 in Bulgaria and Latvia. Aproceros leucopoda is considered by forest protectionexperts tobe an invasive species that harms European elm populations.

In 2013 and 2015, the Senckenberg German Entomological Institute called on citizens to report their findings or observations in press releases. It is sufficient to send a photo of the characteristic, zigzag-shaped feeding marks on elm leaves (Fig. 2). The data is collected and made available to the public. This form of Citizen Science helps the entomologists at the SDEI to gain a quick overview of the current distribution of A. leucopoda in Germany.

According to the feeding marks of its larva, A. leucopoda is colloquially referred to as the zigzag sawfly or zigzag elm sawfly (Fig. 2). The names Asian or Japanese elm sawfly, which are also used, are misleading, as other native and East Asian plant wasps also feed on elms, such as Cladius rufipes Serville , 1823 (formerly also called Priophorus or Trichiocampus rufipes or T. ulmi ; Tenthredinidae).

features

As with the other species of the Argidae , the antennae consists of two small basic links and a very long terminal link. The females are about 6 mm long, have a dark body, white legs and brownish translucent wings (see also figure in). The species shows a seasonal dimorphism : animals of the summer generations are brownish and have a shorter head than the black animals of the winter generation. Males are not known.

The up to 10 mm long larva is colored green (Fig. 1). The head capsule has dark stripes on the sides, there is a T-shaped blemish on the side of the 2nd and 3rd pair of legs, the middle segments of the abdomen have rounded attachments on the sides and the end of the abdomen has two dark, short extensions.

Larval forage plants

Aproceros leucopoda affects all native elm species: elm ( Ulmus glabra ), elm ( U. minor ) (including U. minor var. Suberosa , U. minor 'webbiana'), elm ( U. laevis ), hybrids such as U. minor x glabra and cultivars such as U. minor 'Sarniensis'. Ulmus laevis is rarely affected compared to U. glabra and U. minor . Other elm species were introduced to Europe as forest or ornamental trees and cultivated here, from which at least Siberian elm ( U. pumila and U. pumila var. Arborea ) is attacked. The Resista® hybrid elms ( Ulmus 'New Horizon', U. 'Rebona', U. 'Regal') are also attacked. These complex hybrids were bred as resistant varieties in order to counteract the so-called elm disease caused by fungi in Europe. For East Asia, U. davidiana and U. japonica were known as larval forage plants . The occurrence of A. leucopoda on U. laciniata is questionable.

distribution

Aproceros leucopoda in 1939 from the Japanese island of Hokkaido described and later on Honshu and in the central Chinese province of Gansu proven. Reports from Eastern Siberia are yet to be verified.

In Europe, the introduced species was first found in 2003 in Poland and Hungary near Slovakia . From Romania there are first reports from 2005 from Dulceşti and from 2006 from the Banat . The sawfly appeared for the first time in Luhansk Oblast in eastern Ukraine in 2006, and in Slovakia at the foot of Vihorlat in 2007 . Since 2009 there have also been reports from Austria where the species occurs in the Lobau nature reserve and in communities in Lower Austria along the Danube and the western railway line to Sankt Pölten . It was found in many places in north-eastern Italy from 2009-2010, and in 2011 also in Slovenia. The first German evidence (near Passau) comes from 2011, the first evidence from northeast Germany (Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt), Belgium and the Netherlands from 2013-2014, from Bulgaria and Latvia in 2015.

Aproceros leucopoda may have been introduced into Europe from East Asia with planting material that was contaminated with larvae or cocoons. In Europe no center or a specific direction can be determined from which A. leucopoda spreads. In relatively short time intervals it occurred selectively in widely separated areas in Europe. On the basis of the distribution known until mid-2014, an active propagation speed of 45–90 km / year was estimated. The 2013 evidence from Belgium and the Netherlands is believed to be based on passive dissemination.

Way of life

Aproceros leucopoda produces up to four generations per year. Adults appear in mid to late May, early July to mid July, early August, and early September. The summer generations have a very short life cycle. The cocoon in which the larvae pupate is attached directly to the leaves of the host plant. In contrast to the cocoons of the winter generation, it is much less densely woven (Fig. 3). The new generation of sawflys can hatch just 4–7 days after the cocoons have formed. The last generation of overwintering cocoons are tightly woven and overwinter on the ground or in the litter. Individual hibernating cocoons are laid as early as June, together with those of the summer generation.

The species reproduces exclusively parthenogenetically : males are absent and females develop again from the unfertilized eggs. The eggs are laid in the tips of the sawn edge of the leaf of elms. From there, the young larvae eat a zigzag-shaped feeding track in the direction of the leaf center rib. Older larvae eat the entire leaf except for the midrib so that Aproceros leucopoda can defoliate infested elms completely.

Taxonomy and systematics

The family of the brush horn sawfly comprises around 900 species, the genus Aproceros around 10 species, all of which are native to East Asia. The related genus Aprosthema is also native to Central Europe with numerous species.

The species name leucopoda means "white-legged" and indicates the conspicuously bright legs of the sawfly.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Blank, SM, Hara, H., Mikulás, J., Csóka, G., Ciornei, C., Constantineanu, R., Constantineanu, I., Roller, L., Altenhofer, E ., Huflejt, T. & Vétek, G. 2010: Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera: Argidae): An East Asian pest of elms ( Ulmus spp.) Invading Europe. European Journal of Entomology 107: 357-367 PDF
  2. ↑ a b Zandigiacomo, P., Cargnus, E. & Villani, A., 2011: First record of the invasive sawfly Aproceros leucopoda infesting elms in Italy. Bulletin of Insectology 64: 145-149 PDF
  3. ↑ a b c Kraus, M., Liston, AD & Taeger, A. 2012: The invasive zigzag elm leaf wasp Aproceros leucopoda Takeuchi, 1939 (Hym., Argidae) in Germany. DGaaE Nachrichten 25 [2011] (3): 117-119. PDF ( Memento of the original from June 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dgaae.de
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Blank, SM, Köhler, T., Pfannenstill, T., Neuenfeldt, N., Zimmer, B., Jansen, E., Taeger, A., Liston, AD 2014: Zig-zagging across Central Europe: recent range extension, dispersal speed and larval hosts of Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera, Argidae) in Germany. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 41: 57-74. [1]
  5. ↑ a b c Bartel, R. 2013: Introduced: Zigzag sawfly discovered near Berlin. Press release of the Senckenberg Society for Nature Research from May 31, 2013 [2]
  6. ↑ a b Boevé, J.-L. 2014: First record in Belgium of the invasive sawfly Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera: Argidae) and some related ecological data. Bulletin de la Société Royale Belge d'Entomologie 149 [2013]: 217-221.
  7. ↑ a b Mol, A. & Vonk, D. 2013: De iepenzigzagbladwesp: een nieuwe exoot in Nederland. natuurbericht.nl, http://www.natuurbericht.nl/?id=12191
  8. ↑ a b Doychev, D. 2015: First record of the invasive Elm sawfly Aproceros leucopoda Takeuchi (Hymenoptera: Argidae) in Bulgaria. Silva Balcanica 16 (1): 108-112.
  9. ↑ a b Mihailova, J. 2015: Aproceros leucopoda - jauns gobu kaitēklis Latvijā. Valsts augu aizsardzības dienests (VAAD) .
  10. ↑ European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO): zigzag elm sawfly EPPO website  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.eppo.org  
  11. ↑ Jördens, J. 2015: The very hungry caterpillar is spreading. Press release of the Senckenberg Society for Nature Research from August 26, 2015 [3]
  12. ^ Blank, SM: Research projects Hymenoptera. Invasive species. Website of the Senckenberg Society for Nature Research [4]
  13. ^ Zeitler, J. 2012: Asiatic elm sawfly detected for the first time in Bavaria. Are the imported sawfly caterpillars a threat to elm stocks? LWF current 88: 12-13.
  14. ↑ Schröder, T. 2013: The Japanese elm sawfly Aproceros leucopoda, a new pest on elms in Europe. Tree Care Yearbook [2013]: 294-301.
  15. ↑ a b de Groot, M., Hauptman, T. & Seljak, G. 2012: Prva najdba invazivne brestove grizlice, Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera: Argidae) v Sloveniji. [The First Record of the Invasive "Zigzag" Sawfly, Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera: Argidae) in Slovenia.] (In Slovenian, abstract in English). Gozdarski Vestnik 70: 3-7.
  16. ↑ a b c Wu, X. 2006: [Studies on the biology and control of Aproceros leucopoda .] (In Chinese) Zhiwu-baohu: shuangyuekan = Plant protection / Zhongguo Zhiwu Baohu Xuehui Zhiwu-baohu Bianji Weiyuanhui bianji, Beijing 32 (4th ): 98-100.
  17. ↑ a b Takeuchi, K. 1939: A systematic study on the suborder Symphyta (Hymenoptera) of the Japanese Empire (II). Tenthredo, Acta Entomologica 2 (4): 393-439.
  18. ↑ Zhelochovtsev, AN & Zinovjev, AG 1995: Spisok pilil'shhikov i rogohvostov (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) fauny Rossii i sopredel'nyh territorij. I. [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent territories. I.] (In Russian, abstract in English). Entomologicheskoe obozrenie 74: 395-415.

Web links

Commons : Aproceros leucopoda  - collection of images, videos and audio files