Bacillus toyonensis

Bacillus toyonensis
Systematics
Department :	Firmicutes
Class :	Bacilli
Order :	Bacillales
Family :	Bacillaceae
Genre :	Bacillus
Type :	Bacillus toyonensis
Scientific name
	Bacillus toyonensis
	Jiménez et al. 2014

Bacillus toyonensis (formerly Bacillus cereus var toyoi ) is a separate bacterial species within the Bacillus cereus group. The naturally occurring strain BCT-7112T was isolated in Japan in 1966 with the aim of finding probiotics for animal nutrition. It is part of the commercial supplement Toyocerin, which is used in pigs, chickens, calves, rabbit breeding and aquaculture. The European Food Safety Authority notes that B. toyonensis shows antibiotic resistance to chloramphenicol and tetracyclines and can spread them further. Furthermore, the genome contains nhe and hbl operons which code for enterotoxins which have a cytotoxic effect. However, this is less pronounced than other representatives of the B. cereus group. Despite efficiency increases in the mast, the approval in Europe was suspended.

general characteristics

The bacterium Bacillus toyonensis is gram-positive . It forms spores. Growth occurs both in the presence and in the complete absence of oxygen (O ₂ ), so it is facultatively anaerobic . Growth occurs at temperatures between 10 and 45 ° C, with the best growth occurring at 35 ° C. It tolerates salt values of 0 - 5% NaCl , best growth takes place in the complete absence of NaCl (0%). PH values of 5 - 9.5 are tolerated, optimal growth occurs at a pH value of 6.5. The oxidase test and the test for catalase are positive. No tryptophan is required for growth .

Taxonomic characteristics

The most important fatty acids isolated from Bacillus toyonensis are iso -C _{15: 0} , iso -C _{17: 0} and iso -C _{13: 0} . The cell wall peptidoglycan contains meso-diaminopimelic acid .

Systematics

The strain BCT-7112T was first isolated in Japan in 1966 and assigned to the species B. cereus. Further research indicated that some phenotypic features of BCT-7112T differ from B. cereus , so the strain was considered a variant and named B. cereus var. Toyoi . Over time, the strain has been subjected to numerous studies regarding its use in agriculture. As a result, it turned out that this strain cannot be assigned to the species B. cereus as a subspecies and is a separate species, which was then set up in 2013 by Guillermo Jiménez and colleagues and was given the name Bacillus toyonensis . The species name B. toyonensis refers to the company Toyo Jozo which introduced the strain BCT-7112T as probiotics. B. toyonensis belongs to the Bacillaceae family which in turn belongs to the Firmicutes division .

Individual evidence

↑ Taxonomy of the species Bacillus toyonensis Jiménez et al. 2014 . doi : 10.1601 / tx.24560 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Guillermo Jiménez, Mercedes Urdiain, Ana Cifuentes, Aránzazu López-López, Anicet R. Blanch, Javier Tamames, Peter Kämpfer, Anne-Brit Kolstø, Daniel Ramón, Juan F. Martínez, Francisco M. Codoñer, Ramon Rosselló -Móra: Description of Bacillus toyonensis sp. nov., a novel species of the Bacillus cereus group, and pairwise genome comparisons of the species of the group by means of ANI calculations . In: Systematic and Applied Microbiology . tape 36 , no. 6 , 2013, ISSN 0723-2020 , p. 383–391 , doi : 10.1016 / j.syapm.2013.04.008 ( academia.edu [PDF]).
↑ Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of Toyocerin® (Bacillus toyonensis) as a feed additive for chickens for fattening, weaned piglets, pigs for fattening, sows for reproduction, cattle for fattening and calves for rearing and for rabbits for fattening . In: EFSA Journal . tape 12 , no. 7 , 2014, ISSN 1831-4732 , p. 3766 , doi : 10.2903 / j.efsa.2014.3766 .
↑ Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1399 of the Commission of August 17, 2015 to refuse the approval of the preparation from Bacillus toyonensis (NCIMB 14858T) (formerly Bacillus cereus var.toyoi NCIMB 40112 / CNCM I-1012) as a feed additive for beef cattle, fattening rabbits, Broiler chickens, piglets (weaned), fattening pigs, breeding sows and rearing calves as well as to revoke the approval of the preparation from Bacillus cereus var.toyoi (NCIMB 40112 / CNCM I-1012) as a feed additive for broiler turkeys and female breeding rabbits, to change the regulations (EC) No. 256/2002, (EG) No. 1453/2004, (EG) No. 255/2005 and (EG) No. 1200/2005 as well as to repeal the regulations (EG) No. 166/2008, (EG) No. 378/2009 and Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 288/2013 (text with EEA relevance)

[1] Taxonomy of the species Bacillus toyonensis Jiménez et al. 2014 . doi : 10.1601 / tx.24560 .

[Jiménez-2] Guillermo Jiménez, Mercedes Urdiain, Ana Cifuentes, Aránzazu López-López, Anicet R. Blanch, Javier Tamames, Peter Kämpfer, Anne-Brit Kolstø, Daniel Ramón, Juan F. Martínez, Francisco M. Codoñer, Ramon Rosselló -Móra: Description of Bacillus toyonensis sp. nov., a novel species of the Bacillus cereus group, and pairwise genome comparisons of the species of the group by means of ANI calculations . In: Systematic and Applied Microbiology . tape 36 , no. 6 , 2013, ISSN 0723-2020 , p. 383–391 , doi : 10.1016 / j.syapm.2013.04.008 ( academia.edu [PDF]).

[3] Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of Toyocerin® (Bacillus toyonensis) as a feed additive for chickens for fattening, weaned piglets, pigs for fattening, sows for reproduction, cattle for fattening and calves for rearing and for rabbits for fattening . In: EFSA Journal . tape 12 , no. 7 , 2014, ISSN 1831-4732 , p. 3766 , doi : 10.2903 / j.efsa.2014.3766 .

[4] Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1399 of the Commission of August 17, 2015 to refuse the approval of the preparation from Bacillus toyonensis (NCIMB 14858T) (formerly Bacillus cereus var.toyoi NCIMB 40112 / CNCM I-1012) as a feed additive for beef cattle, fattening rabbits, Broiler chickens, piglets (weaned), fattening pigs, breeding sows and rearing calves as well as to revoke the approval of the preparation from Bacillus cereus var.toyoi (NCIMB 40112 / CNCM I-1012) as a feed additive for broiler turkeys and female breeding rabbits, to change the regulations (EC) No. 256/2002, (EG) No. 1453/2004, (EG) No. 255/2005 and (EG) No. 1200/2005 as well as to repeal the regulations (EG) No. 166/2008, (EG) No. 378/2009 and Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 288/2013 (text with EEA relevance)