Banana peel

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Two banana peels
Banana with partially removed peel

A banana peel is the outer coating of the fruit of bananas (genus Musa ). In a narrower sense, it is the shell of a dessert or cooking banana that is grown on a larger scale.

Banana peels are sometimes used as animal feed . They are also the subject of medical and technical research to determine other forms of use.

construction

Cross section through a dessert banana
Cross section of a wild banana with large seeds

Botanically, the banana fruit belongs to the berries . Its shell forms the outer layer and surrounds the pulp , which originally contained the seeds that are missing from today's dessert and cooking bananas as pulp ( Latin pulpa "meat"). The shell is created by the fusion of the flower cup (hypanthium) and the outer layer of the pericarp , the exocarp. The pulp, on the other hand, arises from the inner layer of the pericarp, the endocarp.

ingredients

Composition of the peel of dessert and plantain in different stages of ripeness
Dessert banana
unripe 		Dessert banana
ripe 		Plantain
unripe 		Plantain
ripe
Dry matter 13.1% 15.4% 16% 17.9%
Fiber content
(% of dry matter) 		15% 9.9% 7.4% 8.4%
Protein
(% of dry matter) 		6.7% 7.1% 8.3% 8.7%
Ether extract
(% of dry matter) 		6.0% 11.6% 5.4% 7.0%
Minerals
(% of dry matter) 		13.2% 12.0% 10.8% 12.0%

Maturation process

Pigmentation of the peel of an overripe banana (macro)

During the ripening process, the structure and composition of the fruit and the skin change. This can be seen from the outside mainly through the discoloration from the unripe (green) to the ripe fruit (yellow). During the further ripening process, brown spots form that can eventually take up the entire skin.

Come up

Banana peels are produced in large quantities as waste and by-products, especially in the banana growing regions and in the processing industry. These primarily include the tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, Africa and South America.

According to the FAO , banana peel and other residues (fruit that cannot be used, destroyed or rejected as non-exportable) make up around 30 to 40 percent of the total amount cultivated. They are primarily available as feed for farm animals.

For 1988 this volume - with a worldwide production of dessert and plantaines of around 65 million tons - was estimated at 20 to 24 million tons.

use

Animal feed

Banana peels are mainly used as additives and in the production of animal feed . In particular regionally, they are used by small farmers as an additive for feeding cattle , goats , pigs and poultry . They also end up in the feed for rabbits and in special feed for aquarium fish and snails.

The nutritional value of banana peels corresponds to that of other plant peels, such as citrus fruits or the peels of cassava . Green peels contain more usable energy than ripe yellow peels, but at the same time unripe peels and fruits contain a higher proportion of tannins .

According to studies on dairy cows, feeding up to 21 kilograms of ripe banana peel increased milk production . In the case of grass-fed zebus , 15 to 30 percent of the amount of feed could be replaced by banana peels, which led to a significant gain in weight without causing health problems. In goat feeding, dried plantain peel can completely replace the addition of corn kernels as a source of carbohydrates; in milk production, replacing corn leaves and napier grass with banana peel and legumes led to a reduction in the proportion of fat and milk protein in milk.

Because bananas are treated with pesticides , they may find their way into animal tissues via the banana peel. Of 28 banana pesticides examined, carbaryl , chlorothalonil , dicofol and prochloraz could be responsible for residues in meat and edible slaughterhouse waste.

Water purification

Various studies have shown that banana peels can be used to purify water that has been contaminated by the pesticides atrazine and ametryn . For the removal of heavy metals banana peels were experimented as a replacement of conventional Bioabsorber as thatch or the green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda used, in particular for the treatment of chromium- contaminated water (Cr (III) - and Cr (VI) compounds). Further investigations into the purification of industrial and polluted waters were carried out for the purification of cadmium , ammonium nitrogen and phenolic components from waste water from the olive industry , with banana peel improving the purification process in all cases.

biotechnology

Due to the comparatively high proportion of fermentable sugars, banana peels are in principle also suitable for the use of fermentation processes in industrial biotechnology . Banana peel has been identified as a good substrate in particular for the production of enzymes such as laccase or cellulases via solid fermentation .

For bioethanol production, fermentation processes were tested in which enzymes for the saccharification of cellulose ( cellulases ) and pectin ( pectinases ) were used at the same time as fermentation .

Medical research

Like many other herbal products, the banana peel contains a wide variety of ingredients that are being studied in medical research. In addition to dopamine , noradrenaline , serotonin and gallocatechin, fractions with antifungal and antibiotic activity were also found in banana peel.

The phenolic XJP-1 (7,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-isochroman-4-one) has an inhibitory effect on the attachment of monocytes to the endothelium in blood vessels and studies should show whether its use reduces the risk of atherosclerosis can be.

  • Dopamine

  • Norepinephrine

  • Serotonin

  • Gallocatechin

  • 7,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-isochroman-4-one

Composting

Similar to other plant residues, banana peels also rot under the influence of fungi and bacteria and can accordingly also be processed into compost . Investigations have shown that the composting of banana peel under aerobic conditions, i.e. in the presence of oxygen , is much faster than under anaerobic conditions. The compost is characterized by high proportions of potassium of more than 100 g / kg and nitrogen of more than two percent, which means that it has high potential as a fertilizer for these two substances in particular. When adding cow dung and poultry manure, there is also a high aggregation of minerals in the fertilizer.

Banana peel as a source of danger

In addition to its use, the banana peel is also repeatedly mentioned as a cause of accidents. Bananas are very sensitive to mechanical influences, bumps and bumps quickly lead to mashing. A carelessly discarded banana peel can become a slippery object that you can slip on. In connection with criticism of littering of traffic areas, this example is discussed again and again - on the one hand with an educational claim, on the other hand as slapstick.

Use in the media

The satirical magazine Puck , which appeared from 1871 to 1918, already addressed slipping on a banana peel, probably in 1892 in Puck's Banana Skin Manual , a sequence of cartoons depicting six different, stylish types of slipping - including the "dude kick" and the " Vanderbilt Slide ”- illustrated.

In films, slipping on banana peel has been a regularly recurring slapstick gag since the silent film era. Slipping on the banana peel is part of the so-called "pratfall" (ie the surprising landing on the buttocks of a person of respect), being doused with water, unwanted backwards pricking with a walking stick (variant: turning with a board on the shoulders) and throwing the cake in the face to the classic repertoire of the slapstick comedians. It can be found in cartoons and comedies, such as Harold Lloyd and Woody Allen's science fiction parody The Sleeper . The record for the number of people who slip on banana peels, which should Marx Brothers movie Horse Feathers (dt. Flowering nonsense ) hold from 1932 in which Harpo the football team of Huxley leads to victory by the whole enemy Eliminates Darwin's team by throwing banana peels behind them. One of Loriot's skits is all about a traveler trying to get rid of a half-eaten banana at the airport but unable to find a trash can.

In the popular video game series Mario Kart by the Japanese manufacturer Nintendo , banana peels can be used as weapons against the racing opponents: If a kart runs over a banana peel, it skids and falls back. This function was introduced with the first edition ( Super Mario Kart ) in 1992.

Cases of tort law and contracts with a protective effect in favor of third parties are also often introduced with people slipping on a banana peel that has been forgotten or intentionally thrown.

Bananadine

In 1967 the underground magazine Berkeley Barb published a hoax about alleged psychoactive substances ( bananadine ) in banana peel and how to obtain them. The writer William Powell believed in the effects and published the recipe in his book The Anarchist Cookbook in 1970 . The alleged mind-expanding effect of Musa sapientum or Bananadine is only a placebo effect.

Web links

Wiktionary: Banana peel  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
  • Banana peels . Portrait on feedipedia.org, a project by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO, accessed on June 1, 2013.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Australian Government, Department of Health and Aging, Office of Gene Technology Regulator: The Biology of Musa L. (banana). January 2008 ( full text ; PDF; 1.7 MB).
  2. ↑ a b c d e Banana peels . Portrait on feedipedia.org, a project by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO, accessed on June 1, 2013.
  3. ↑ a b G.M. Babatunde: Availability of banana and plantain products for animal feeding. In: D. Machin, S. Nyvold: Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in animal feeding. Proceedings of the FAO Expert Consultation held in CIAT, Cali, Colombia FAO Animal production and Health paper 95, FAO, Roma, 1992.
  4. ↑ Thomas Happi Emaga, Jérôme Bindelle, Richard Agneesens, André Buldgen, Bernard Wathelet, Michel Paquot: Ripening influences banana and plantain peels composition and energy content. Tropical Animal Health and Production 43, No. 1, 2011, pp. 171-177; doi: 10.1007 / s11250-010-9671-6 .
  5. ↑ J. Ly: Bananas and plantains for feeding pigs: some aspects of the chemical composition of the fruits and of its palatability. Revista Computadorizada de Producción Porcina 11 (3), 2004 ( full text ).
  6. ↑ EM Aregheore: A note on the nutritive value of dry ripe plantain peels as a replacement of maize for goats. Journal of Animal Feed Science 7, No. 1, 1998: pp. 55-62 ( abstract ).
  7. ^ CR Silva, TF Gomes, GC Andrade, SH Monteiro, AC Dias, EA Zagatto, VL Tornisielo: Banana Peel as an Adsorbent for Removing Atrazine and Ametryne from Waters. Journal of Agricultural and Food Industry 61, No. 10, 2013, pp. 2358-2363; doi: 10.1021 / jf304742h .
  8. ↑ A. Chaparadza, JM Hossenlopp: Adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics of atrazine removal using a banana peel based sorbent. Water Science Technology 65, No. 5, 2012, pp. 940-947, doi: 10.2166 / wst.2012.935 .
  9. ↑ K. Pakshirajan, AN Worku, MA Acheampong, HJ Lubberding, PN Lens: Cr (III) and Cr (VI) Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Cheaply Available Fruit Waste and Algal Biomass. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 170, No. 3, 2013, pp. 498-513; doi: 10.1007 / s12010-013-0202-6 .
  10. ↑ Y. Chen, L. Ding, J. Fan: Ammonia-nitrogen sorptional properties of banana peels. Water Environmental Research 83, No. 4, 2011, pp. 368-372; PMID 21553592 .
  11. ↑ M. Achak, A. Hafidi, N. Ouazzani, S. Sayadi, L. Mandi: Low cost biosorbent “banana peel” for the removal of phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials 166, No. 1, 2009, pp. 117-125, doi: 10.1016 / j.jhazmat.2008.11.036 .
  12. ^ V Vivekanand, P. Dwivedi, N. Pareek, RP Singh: Banana peel: a potential substrate for laccase production by Aspergillus fumigatus VkJ2.4.5 in solid-state fermentation. In: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 165, No. 1, 2011, pp. 204-20, doi: 10.1007 / s12010-011-9244-9 .
  13. ↑ Hai-Yan Sun, Juanhua Li, Pingjuan Zhao, Ming Peng: Banana peel: A novel substrate for cellulase production under solid-state fermentation. In: African Journal of Biotechnology. 10, No. 77, 2011, p. 1788, doi: 10.5897 / AJB10.1825 ( full text ; PDF; 81 kB).
  14. ↑ HS Oberoi, PV Vadlani, L. Saida, S. Bansal, JD Hughes: Ethanol production from banana peels using statistically optimized simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process. In: Waste Management. 31, No. 7, 2011, pp. 1576-1584, doi: 10.1016 / j.wasman.2011.02.007 .
  15. ^ Julia F. Morton Fruits of warm climates. 1987, ISBN 0-9610184-1-0 , pp. 29-46.
  16. ↑ Rong Fu, Tianhua Yan, Qiujuan Wang, Qinglong Guo, Hequan Yao, Xiaoming Wu, Yang Li: Suppression of endothelial cell adhesion by XJP-1, a new phenolic compound derived from banana peel. In: Vascular Pharmacology 57, No. 2-4, 2012, pp. 105-112; doi: 10.1016 / j.vph.2012.05.006 .
  17. ↑ Rong Fu, Qiujuan Wang, Qinglong Guo, Jinyi Xu, Xiaoming Wu: XJP-1 protects endothelial cells from oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis by inhibiting NADPH oxidase subunit expression and modulating the PI3K / Akt / eNOS pathway. In: Vascular Pharmacology 57, No. 1-2, 2013, pp. 78-86; doi: 10.1016 / j.vph.2012.08.004 .
  18. ↑ F. Kalemelawa, E. Nishihara, T. Endo, Z. Ahmad, R. Yeasmin, MM Tenywa, S. Yamamoto: An evaluation of aerobic and anaerobic composting of banana peels treated with different inoculums for soil nutrient replenishment. In: Bioresource Technology . 126, 2012, pp. 375-82, doi: 10.1016 / j.biortech.2012.04.030 .
  19. ^ The Banana Skin Manual . In: The Prairie Farmer . tape 64 , no. 41 . The Prairie Farmer Publishing Co., Chicago October 8, 1892, p. 656 ( idnc.library.illinois.edu [accessed on April 9, 2014] Reprint of two of the six drawings with indication of origin "The Queenslander". "The› Vanderbilt Slide ‹" as "The Tourist's Trip" and "The› Croton Slam ‹" as "The Backbone Buster").
  20. ↑ Puck's Banana Skin Manual ( Memento from April 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  21. ^ Anthony Balducci: The Funny Parts: A History of Film Comedy Routines and Gags . McFarland, 2011, p. 7 ff.
  22. ↑ Foster Hirsch: Love, Sex, Death, And The Meaning Of Life: The Films Of Woody Allen . Da Capo Press, 2001, p. 154.
  23. ↑ Horse Feathers: The football game between Huxley and Darwin
  24. ↑ Loriot: Banana Sketch ( excerpt ) from Loriot: Everything about flying
  25. ↑ Cecil Adams: Will smoking banana peels get you high? In: The Straight Dope. April 26, 2002 ( straightdope.com ).