Education system in Brazil
The education system in Brazil includes schools, vocational training institutions and universities or colleges .
The country's literacy rate was 92.6% in 2015.
schools
History of the school system
The Brazilian school system has long been in the hands of the clergy, especially the Jesuit order . The order maintained two different types of schools, one for the upper class and one for the indigenous population . With the expropriation and expulsion of the Jesuits in 1759, this system collapsed. Schools for the indigenous people disappeared while priests took over schools for the upper classes.
After independence in 1822, the planned establishment of general free primary schools did not materialize. Instead, the focus was on cadre schools . A multi-tier school system that is common today did not yet exist. It was not until the military regime in the 1970s that the idea of giving all social classes access to schools took hold. These efforts were not least driven by the desire to be able to exert a broader influence on education. A two-tier school system with an integrated comprehensive school and grammar schools was created.
school-system
In Brazil, school attendance is compulsory for children between seven and fourteen years of age, but this is not completely monitored. Since an educational reform in 1971 there has been no differentiation between different school types, but generally a nine-year elementary school and at least three-year secondary school . This can be completed in a general or vocational way.
Since the primary school cannot actually be attended by many poor people because there are not enough places available or it is too far away, from 14 years of age the primary and from 21 years the secondary level can be made up free of charge as part of adult education .
Accessibility and equipment of the schools
In sparsely populated regions, primary schools are often far apart, secondary schools only exist in the larger cities. School attendance often fails because of the poverty of many favela and rural residents, which makes it unaffordable to buy school uniforms , books and exercise books and the fare. Despite compulsory schooling, 90% of those working in agriculture attend school for less than four years; in the favelas of large cities only one in eight children goes to school. Regular teacher strikes in public schools to raise wages (often a few months a year) also make it more difficult to attend school. The Brazilian government finances its school system with approx. 3.4% of the gross domestic product, which however only roughly corresponds to that of the Netherlands . For a country with a population of 200 million, the financial resources made available are completely inadequate.
In addition to the public schools, there are numerous private schools , mostly Catholic schools . These schools are of a much higher standard than the public institutions, but they also charge very high school fees ; on average, depending on the region and quality, between 500.00 and 1500.00 R $. (120.00 - 375.00 euros, as of December 2015 ).
Vocational training
There is no structured in-company vocational training in Brazil as in the German "dual system". Instead, private Brazilian institutions of public interest take on this function: The Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial (short: SENAI, German "National Training Service for Industrial Education"), the SENAR ( Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Rural ), which is responsible for vocational training in the agricultural sector is, and the SENAC ( Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Comercial ), where commercial training takes place in service professions. SENAI was founded in 1942. The Getúlio Vargas government obliged Brazilian industrial companies by law to transfer one percent of the wages they paid to SENAI in order to finance its vocational training centers. The system still exists in this form today. The SENAI offers vocational training courses of an industrial nature. It is the only organization that offers nationwide courses that are most comparable to German commercial vocational training, but often much shorter. Both theory and practice usually take place in the vocational training centers, while in Germany there is a duality of practical training in the company and theoretical training in the vocational school (" dual system "). In addition, SENAI offers professional training and cooperates with universities in academic training in the industrial sector. SENAI, SENAR and SENAC are not allowed to make a profit. SENAI has 809 branches across Brazil. To date, more than 55 million training courses have been completed there. Currently, around 3,000 courses in 28 industrial occupational fields are attended by 2,500,000 students (as of 2012).
Universities
History of the higher education system
In colonial Brazil there had been few establishments of faculties under the control of the Portuguese University of Coimbra . With the expulsion of the Jesuits, who had also essentially supported these institutions, these approaches had been put to an end.
In the empire after 1822 universities were set up to train doctors , pharmacists , lawyers and engineers . However, these were pure teaching institutes without conducting their own research.
In 1837 the prestigious Colégio Pedro II was opened as a model school for all of Brazil. It was the highest school in the country and the only higher education institution in Brazil. At that time there were no universities in Brazil. The curriculum developed at the Colégio Pedro II was de facto the official curriculum for all schools that could issue diplomas. Only schools that followed this program were eligible to issue high school diplomas. These diplomas represented the highest level of education in the country. The first university in Brazil, the Universidade Federal do Paraná , was founded in December 1912.
It was not until 1912 that the first Brazilian university was founded with the Universidade do Paraná - very late in comparison with the rest of Latin America , where the Spanish had founded universities as early as the mid-16th century. Further universities were created through the merger of previously independent universities. Only at the University of São Paulo , founded in 1934, was a systematic research system institutionalized under European, especially French, influence. The University of São Paulo was initially the only university where you could do a doctorate on the European model .
Most federal universities were established in the 1930s and 1940s, with a second wave of founding in the 1960s. In the 1970s and 1980s, many new federal and state universities sprang up in the smaller states. Numerous private universities have also been admitted since the 1970s .
In 2011 the exchange program Ciência sem Fronteiras was launched, which (similar to the Erasmus + program of the EU ) aims to promote academic exchange with other countries. The program is mainly funded by the federal government.
University landscape
Almost 2.8 million students are taught in 150 universities. The University of São Paulo is still in the lead, followed by that of Rio de Janeiro. The federal universities generally enjoy a higher reputation than state universities. Compared to the universities in the affluent south and southeast (e.g. Porto Alegre , Florianópolis , Belo Horizonte , Vitória and Campinas ), those in the northern parts of the country clearly drop.
Despite the high tuition fees, the numerous private universities often do not have a great reputation, as they are mostly focused entirely on teaching, do no research and their professors often have relatively low academic qualifications. Most Brazilians also try to get to one of the free public universities to save on tuition fees. The number of applicants for the course usually far exceeds the number of available study places. Applicants therefore often use so-called cursinhos to prepare for the entrance examination ( vestibular ), which are offered by private educational institutions and are accordingly subject to a fee. Because of the great competition for a place at university, the entrance tests at the state universities are particularly difficult, so that the private universities have a reputation for accepting less talented but wealthy students. However, the Catholic Pontifícias Universidades Católicas (PUC), which can be found in almost every major city, enjoy a high reputation among private universities .
Study system
In 1968 a university framework law abolished the university system based on the European model in favor of the American one. So were Credits introduced professorships in the European sense there are not more.
The study system is divided into three levels: The first level of the study system is the Graduação , a four-year bachelor's degree program that leads to the academic degree of Bachelor. Engineering, psychology, law and veterinary medicine students obtain a diploma after five years of study. A medical degree takes a total of six years. In addition, there are usually two years of residency , during which the doctor specializes in a branch of medicine.
The second level, the pos graduação , leads to the academic degree Mestrado (Master of Science). For this, another lecture year must be completed and a thesis must be written, for which the students usually have up to two years.
After successfully completing the second level of study and an entrance examination, you can do your doctorate with the Doutorado .
See also
literature
- Gerhard Jacob: Universities, science and research in Brazil. In: Brazil today . Edited by Dietrich Briesemeister u. a. Vervuert Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1994. pp. 384-403.
- Dietmar K. Pfeiffer: The Brazilian education system. Developments and problems . Berlin (Wiss. Verl. Berlin) 2005. ISBN 3-86573-137-6
- Stephanie Rauer de Schapiro and Christina Wegener: Study Guide Latin America. Manuscript. Ed. V. DAAD. Bielefeld (Bertelsmann) 2004. ISBN 3-7639-0409-3
- Achim Schrader: Education . In: Brazil today . Edited by Dietrich Briesemeister u. a. Vervuert Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1994. pp. 404-420.
Web links
- Education in Brazil , web dossier compiled by "Education Worldwide", a portal of the German Education Server
- Educational research in Brazil , web dossier compiled by "Bildung Weltweit", a portal of the German education server
- Homepage of the SENAI. Retrieved December 31, 2014 (Portuguese).
Individual evidence
- ↑ https://knoema.de/atlas/Brasilien/topics/Bildung/Alphabetisierung/Alphabetisierungsrate-Erwachsene
- ↑ https://books.google.de/books?id=iAxEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95&dq=gilberto+freyre+schulen&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMxuyio8LfAhVrMOwKHUS0C6EQ6AEIKDAA%v=rebepage20q20=filgschulen
- ↑ Stefan Dornbach (2016) "Vocational Training in Brazil" ISBN 978-3-8391-1634-0
- ↑ SENAI in numbers (Portuguese)
- ↑ a b c João Pitombeira de Carvalho: A Turning Point in Secondary School Mathematics in Brazil: Euclides Roxo and the Mathematics Curricular Reforms of 1931 and 1942 ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.9 MB), in: The International Journal for the History of Mathematics Education, 2006, p. 70
