Bishop's cap (mushroom)
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Bishop's cap ( Gyromitra infula ) |
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| ( Schaeff .: Fr. ) Quél. |
The bishop's miter ( Gyromitra infula ) is a fungal art from the family of Giftlorchelverwandten (Discinaceae). General characteristics are the lobed hat, often with upturned folds, and the late autumn appearance of the fruiting bodies .
features
Macroscopic features
The hat of the bishop's hat is 3 to 8 cm wide and up to 10 cm high. The lobed hat is often bent upwards with two to four lobes, the surface of the hat can be wavy, wrinkled, veined or pitted. The total height of the mushroom is up to 20, exceptionally 30 cm. The color of the outside of the hat carrying the fruit layer is flesh, cinnamon or chestnut brown. The inside of the hollow hat is whitish.
The cylindrical, straight or slightly curved stem can be 4 to 10 cm high and 1.5 to 3 cm thick. It is gray-white to flesh-colored and frosted to fine-felted on the surface. The stem is often wrinkled or pitted, especially towards the base. The hat flaps are fused to the stem at the edge. In young fruiting bodies, the stalk is filled with a pithy cell mass and later hollow inside.
The meat is waxy, fragile and has an inconspicuous to pleasant smell and taste.
Microscopic features
The fruit layer ( hymenium ) is on the surface of the hat. The spores are elliptical and measure 20–23 × 8.5–9.5 µm. They are hyaline and have a drop of oil at each end. Their surface is smooth. The asci are 200-350 µm long and 12-17 µm wide. There are eight spores in each. The paraphyses are club-shaped, often forked at the tip and have a diameter of 7 to 10 µm at the ends.
Species delimitation
The spring lobster, which fructifies in spring , does not have a lobed, lobed hat, but a brain-like twisted hat. The hat structure of the bishop's cap resembles some Helvella species; however, these are more gray in color and have furrowed stems. In 1966, Benedix described a “ burn site variant ” Gyromitra infula var. Gyrósa with a rather brain-like twisted hat shape, which deviates from the “normal shape ” of the bishop's hat. The multiform Lorchel ( Gyromitra ambígua ), which occurs in Northern Europe between the 57th and 70th parallel, has a rather purple-tinted hat and stem as well as longer and more spindle-shaped spores. It occurs under pine trees and is poisonous.
Ecology and phenology
The Bischofsmütze grows as a saprobiont in coniferous forests under spruce and pine trees , especially in montane layers above limestone and silicate rock. In wood storage areas, the fruit bodies appear between lying trunks, and they also occur on stumps and burns. The mostly individually growing fruit bodies are formed in autumn from September to November.
distribution
The mushroom species is widespread in Europe, Asia and North and South America. In the Alps it occurs relatively frequently, in low mountain ranges in Germany, in southern Poland and northern Europe only sparsely. It is absent in the north German lowlands and in Denmark.
meaning
The food value of the Bischofsmütze is controversial. According to Gerhardt, the mushroom is usually rated as edible. Kreisel describes it as very tasty. However, some authors report a gyromitrine content similar to that of the spring lobster, but in a significantly lower amount, or of symptoms of poisoning analogous to the gyromitrine syndrome . Laux does not regard the species as an edible mushroom because of its rarity .
proof
literature
- Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Mushrooms of Switzerland. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 1: Ascomycetes (Ascomycetes). Mykologia, Luzern 1981, ISBN 3-85604-010-2 .
- Ewald Gerhardt: BLV mushroom guide . 5th edition. BLV, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-8354-0644-5 , p. 628 .
- Edmund Michael , Bruno Hennig, Hanns Kreisel : Handbook for mushroom friends. Volume 1. The most important and common mushrooms with special reference to the toadstool . 4th edition. Fischer, Jena 1979, p. 368 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Author: Frank Moser . In nature lexicon. Retrieved June 9, 2013
- ↑ Kreisel 1979, p. 368
- ↑ Kreisel 1979, p. 368
- ↑ cf. Gerhardt 2010, p. 628
- ↑ Kreisel 1979, p. 368
- ↑ Pilzverein Augsburg Königsbrunn e. V. . Information about the spring Lorchel. Retrieved June 9, 2013
- ↑ Hans E. Laux: Kosmos mushroom guide for on the go. Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-440-124086 , p. 666
Web links
- Gyromitra infula. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved June 18, 2013 (Italian, Gute Fotos von der Bischofsmütze).
