Rib ferns

Rib ferns
	Western rib fern ( Blechnum occidentale )
Systematics
Department :	Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
	Ferns
Class :	True ferns (Polypodiopsida)
Order :	Spotted ferns (Polypodiales)
Family :	Rib fern family (Blechnaceae)
Genre :	Rib ferns
Scientific name
	Sheet number
	L.

The rib ferns ( Blechnum ) are a genus of plants in the family of the rib fern plants (Blechnaceae). The 200 or so species are predominantly pantropical , with the main area of distribution being in the southern hemisphere.

description

Illustration of Blechnum penna-marina (Syn .: Austroblechnum penna-marina )

Example of the two polymorphous of fronds Blechnum pacificum : The upper Wedel is infertile while the lower fertile is

Rib fern species grow as moderately large to large perennial herbaceous plants terrestrially or lithophytically , rarely epiphytically . They form an upright, ascending or creeping, rarely also climbing, thin to strong rhizome , which is densely covered with scales. The brown to dark brown or black scales on the rhizomes are usually entire and lanceolate.

At the ends of the rhizomes, the long-stemmed fronds are arranged in tufts and can be uniform or two-shaped ( dimorphism ). The strong frond stalks are scaled at the base, but no longer have scales above. The pinnate fronds contain pairs of leaflets and a single leaflet at the upper end of the frond axis. The leathery leaflets are usually linear and have whole or sawn edges. The leaflets at the base of the frond have receded and resemble leaf auricles . The leaflet at the tip of the frond resembles the other leaflets and has entire margins.

The linearly shaped sori cover the underside of the leaflets. The indusium has grown at the seam and points in the direction of the median nerve. The elliptical spores are usually smooth and have a perispora .

The basic chromosome number is x = 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36 and 37.

Systematics and distribution

Blechnum microphyllum

Blechnum orientale (Syn .: Blechnopsis orientalis )

Blechnum penna-marina (Syn .: Austroblechnum penna-marina )

Blechnum wattsii

The genus Blechnum was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , Volume 2, Page 1077. The type species is Blechnum occidentale L.

According to André Luís de Gasper et al. In 2016 the species-rich genus Blechnum s. l. to be better broken down into a number of smaller genera according to molecular investigations: Blechnum L. s. st. (with the type species Blechnum occidentale ), Struthiopteris Scop. (with the fern , Struthiopteris spicant and Struthiopteris Niponica ) Austroblechnum (with Austroblechnum Penna-marina ), Parablechnum (with Parablechnum chilense and Parablechnum cordatum ) Neoblechnum (with Neoblechnum brasiliense ) Oceaniopteris (with Oceaniopteris gibba and Oceaniopteris vittata ), Lomaria (with Lomaria nuda ), Lomariocycas (with Lomariocycas tabularis ), Cranfillia (with Cranfillia fluviatilis ) and Blechnopsis (with Blechnopsis orientalis ).

Synonyms for Blechnum L. s. l. are then only: Distaxia C.Presl , Lomaridium C.Presl , Lonchitis-aspera Hill ex Farw. , Mesothema C.Presl and Orthogramma C.Presl .

The natural distribution area of the rib fern species is predominantly in the pantropical regions of the world, with a distribution focus on the southern hemisphere. In the northern temperate latitudes - north to Scandinavia and Alaska - there are at most three species (not including naturalized and wild ones).

There are around 200 species of the still undivided genus Blechnum s. l. Here is a selection:

Blechnum appendiculatum Willd. : It iswidespreadfrom the southern US states of Texas and Florida , through Mexico to Panama and the island of Trinidad to Colombia , Ecuador , Bolivia , Venezuela , Paraguay , Brazil , Argentina and Peru .
Blechnum areolatum V. AODittrich & Salino : It was first described in 2012 from northern Brazil.
Blechnum australe L .: It occurs in southern Africa.
Blechnum lanceola Sw. : It occurs in Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, Suriname , Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay.
Blechnum longipilosum V. AODittrich & Salino : It was first described in 2012 from northern Brazil.
Blechnum microphyllum (Goldm.) CVMorton : It occurs in Argentina and Chile .
Blechnum moranianum A.Rojas : It was first described from Costa Rica in 2006.
Blechnum nigrum A.Rojas nom. illeg .: It was first described in 2006 from Costa Rica.
Blechnum obtusatum (Labill.) Mett. : She is endemic to New Caledonia .
Blechnum obtusum R.C. Moran & ARSm : It wasfirst describedfrom Venezuela in 2005.
Western rib fern ( Blechnum occidentale L. ): It is widespread from Mexico across Central America and on the Caribbean islands to South America.
Blechnum orientale L. (Syn .: Blechnopsis orientalis (L.) C. Presl ): It iswidespreadin China , Japan , tropical Asia, Australia and on islands in the Pacific.

Blechnum pacificum Lorence & ARSm. : It was first described in 2011 from the islands of the South Pacific.

Blechnum penna-marina (Poir.) Kuhn (Syn .: Austroblechnum penna-marina (Poir.) Gasper & VAODittrich ). It occurs in Australia, New Zealand, southern Brazil, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. This species isalso found in South Georgia . Three mountain peaks there were named Blechnum Peaks after her. With two subspecies:

Blechnum penna-marina subsp. alpinum (R.Br.) TCChambers & PAFarrant
Sea feather ( Blechnum penna-marina subsp. Penna-marina )

Blechnum × rodriguezii Aguiar, Quintanilla & Amigo (Syn .: Austroblechnum × rodriguezii (Aguiar, Quintanilla & Amigo) Gasper & VAODittrich ) = Blechnum corralense Espinosa × Blechnum mochaenum G.Kunkel : It occurs in Chile.

Blechnum serrulatum Richard : It occurs in Florida, in Central and South America.

Rib fern ( Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm. , Syn .: Struthiopteris spicant (L.) Weis )

Blechnum wattsii Tindale : It occurs in Australia.

Blechnum yungense Ramos Giacosa (Syn. Lomariocycas yungensis (Ramos Giacosa) Gasper & ARSm. ): It was first described in 2010 from Argentina and Bolivia.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wang Faguo, Fuwu Xing & Masahiro Kato: Pteridophytes . Sheet number. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Hong Deyuan (eds.): Flora of China . Blechnaceae. Volume 2. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis July 20, 2013, Blechnum , p. 411 (English, Blechnum - Online - this printed work is online with the same text).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Clifton E. Nauman: Blechnaceae . Sheet number . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Volume 2. Oxford University Press, New York a. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 , Blechnum (English, Blechnum - online - this work is online with the same text.).
↑ ^a ^b sheet metal number. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. www.botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora, accessed on August 25, 2015 (English).
↑ ^a ^b Blechnum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 25, 2015.
↑ André Luís de Gasper et al .: A classification for Blechnaceae (Polypodiales; Polypodiopsida); New genera, resurrected names and combinations. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 275, Issue 3, 2016, pp. 191-227.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Blechnum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
^ ^A ^b Vinícius Antonio de Oliveira Dittrich, Alexandre Salino, Thais Elias Almeida: Two New Species of the Fern Genus Blechnum with Partially Anastomosing Veins from Northern Brazil . In: Systematic Botany . tape 37 , no. 1 , 2012, ISSN 1548-2324 , p. 38-42 , doi : 10.1600 / 036364412X616602 .
^ ^A ^b Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2: Types and Varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
↑ ^a ^b Alexander Fco Rojas-Alvarado: Two new species of Blechnum (Blechnaceae) from the neotropics . In: Brittonia . tape 58 , no. 4 , 2006, ISSN 1938-436X , p. 388-394 , doi : 10.1663 / 0007-196X (2006) 58 [388: TNSOBB] 2.0.CO; 2 .
^ Robbin C. Moran, Alan R. Smith: Blechnum obtusum (Blechnaceae), a new species from western Venezuela . In: Brittonia . tape 57 , no. 3 , 2005, ISSN 1938-436X , p. 237-239 .
↑ David H. Lorence, Warren L. Wagner, Kenneth R. Wood, Alan R. Smith: New pteridophyte species and combinations from the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia . In: PhytoKeys . No. 4 , 2011, ISSN 1314-2003 , p. 5-51 , doi : 10.3897 / phytokeys.4.1602 .
↑ Sonia Aguiar, Luis G. Quintanilla, Javier Amigo: Blechnum × rodriguezii Hyb. Nov., a Deer Fern Hybrid from Southern Chile . In: American Fern Journal . tape 97 , no. 4 , 2007, ISSN 1938-422X , p. 225-229 .
↑ Juan Pablo Ramos Giacosa: Blechnum yungense (Pteridophyta, Blechnaceae), una Nueva Especie de Argentina y Bolivia . In: Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature . tape 20 , no. 1 , 2010, ISSN 1945-6174 , p. 68-72 .

Web links

Commons : Rib Ferns ( Blechnum ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Search for "Blechnum" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .

[FoC-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wang Faguo, Fuwu Xing & Masahiro Kato: Pteridophytes . Sheet number. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Hong Deyuan (eds.): Flora of China . Blechnaceae. Volume 2. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis July 20, 2013, Blechnum , p. 411 (English, Blechnum - Online - this printed work is online with the same text).

[FoNA-2] Clifton E. Nauman: Blechnaceae . Sheet number . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Volume 2. Oxford University Press, New York a. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 , Blechnum (English, Blechnum - online - this work is online with the same text.).

[FotHI-3] sheet metal number. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. www.botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora, accessed on August 25, 2015 (English).

[Tropicos-4] Blechnum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 25, 2015.

[Gasper2016-5] André Luís de Gasper et al .: A classification for Blechnaceae (Polypodiales; Polypodiopsida); New genera, resurrected names and combinations. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 275, Issue 3, 2016, pp. 191-227.

[GRIN-6] Blechnum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 8, 2019.

[Dittrich2012-7] A ^b Vinícius Antonio de Oliveira Dittrich, Alexandre Salino, Thais Elias Almeida: Two New Species of the Fern Genus Blechnum with Partially Anastomosing Veins from Northern Brazil . In: Systematic Botany . tape 37 , no. 1 , 2012, ISSN 1548-2324 , p. 38-42 , doi : 10.1600 / 036364412X616602 .

[Zander2008-8] A ^b Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2: Types and Varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .

[Rojas-Alvarado2006-9] Alexander Fco Rojas-Alvarado: Two new species of Blechnum (Blechnaceae) from the neotropics . In: Brittonia . tape 58 , no. 4 , 2006, ISSN 1938-436X , p. 388-394 , doi : 10.1663 / 0007-196X (2006) 58 [388: TNSOBB] 2.0.CO; 2 .

[Moran2005-10] Robbin C. Moran, Alan R. Smith: Blechnum obtusum (Blechnaceae), a new species from western Venezuela . In: Brittonia . tape 57 , no. 3 , 2005, ISSN 1938-436X , p. 237-239 .

[PK-11] David H. Lorence, Warren L. Wagner, Kenneth R. Wood, Alan R. Smith: New pteridophyte species and combinations from the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia . In: PhytoKeys . No. 4 , 2011, ISSN 1314-2003 , p. 5-51 , doi : 10.3897 / phytokeys.4.1602 .

[AFJ-12] Sonia Aguiar, Luis G. Quintanilla, Javier Amigo: Blechnum × rodriguezii Hyb. Nov., a Deer Fern Hybrid from Southern Chile . In: American Fern Journal . tape 97 , no. 4 , 2007, ISSN 1938-422X , p. 225-229 .

[Giacosa2010-13] Juan Pablo Ramos Giacosa: Blechnum yungense (Pteridophyta, Blechnaceae), una Nueva Especie de Argentina y Bolivia . In: Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature . tape 20 , no. 1 , 2010, ISSN 1945-6174 , p. 68-72 .