Bulgarian Germans

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Bulgarian Germans ( Bulgarian немци nemtsi or германци germantsi ) are a linguistic minority in Bulgaria . Although their number was only 436 after the 2001 census, the settlement of Germans has a long and eventful history and consisted of several waves of settlement, the first of which was in the Middle Ages .

history

Early settlement

Saxon miners ( Bulgarian саси sasi ) then settled in the ore- rich regions of Southeast Europe. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Germans from the Harz and Westphalia also came and settled in the area of Tschiprowzi in what is now northwestern Bulgaria (then part of the Second Bulgarian Empire) to mine ore in the western Balkan mountains . There they received special rights from the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Schischman .

The miners brought the Roman Catholic faith to this part of the Balkans , but most of them left the country after the conquest by the Ottoman Empire . The remaining part was “Bulgarized” after marrying local women until the middle of the 15th century. References to assimilation can be found in the marriage registers of this time in which German names were provided with Slavic suffixes . In addition to the spread of Catholicism, the Saxons also influenced the vocabulary used in this area through the German language and also introduced a number of mining techniques and metalworking tools into Bulgaria.

Erzschürfende German miners left their mark in the between Bulgaria and the present-day Republic of Macedonia located osogovo - and belasica -Gebirgen, as well as in the area of Samokov in Rila -Gebirge, in different parts of the Rhodope Mountains and around Etropole . They too were assimilated, albeit without spreading Catholicism here. After their expulsion from Hungary (1376) and Bavaria (1470), German-speaking Ashkenazi settled in Bulgarian lands.

After the liberation of Bulgaria in 1878

Roman Catholic German Church in Bardarski Geran
Roman Catholic German Church in Gostilya
Evangelical Church in Voyvodovo

The four tsars Alexander I , Ferdinand I , Boris III who followed the liberation of Bulgaria in 1878 and the restoration of the monarchy in Bulgaria . and Simeon II were of German descent, the last three from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . German architects such as Friedrich Grünanger and Viktor Rumpelmayer developed extensive construction activity in Bulgaria.

Up until World War II , a few villages scattered across northern Bulgaria had a small but notable rural German population.

The first settlers of these groups were Banat Swabians from the Romanian Banat area around Timisoara . They spoke dialects that still testified to the original origin, for example Tyrolean , Alemannic , or Bavarian . On April 17, 1893, the first seven families moved down the Danube to the Bulgarian port city of Orjachowo . From there they moved on until they reached the village of Bardarski Geran in the Wraza Oblast on April 19, 1893 , which had been inhabited by Banat Bulgarians since 1887 .

In the years that followed, more and more German families arrived in the village until their number reached a high of 95 families. The Germans, who like the Banat Bulgarians were predominantly Catholic, initially celebrated their faith together in the Bulgarian Catholic Church. In 1894 a Polish clergyman with German language skills was called to the village, so that from this time on German masses could be held and songs could be sung in German.

After conflicts with the local Bulgarians, the German settlers in Bardarski Geran built their own Roman Catholic church in the neo-Gothic style in 1930 . As a result, German choirs were founded and a German school was established in 1932, which replaced the provisional German lessons . In 1935 the number of students peaked at 82, of which 50 were German and 32 were Bulgarian. In 1936 the number of German-born residents was 282.

Other settlers of German origin moved from the Banat to Gostilya in the Pleven and Voyvodovo Oblast in the Wraza Oblast, where they lived in the villages with Protestant Czechs and Slovaks as well as with Banat Bulgarians.

Another place populated by Germans was the village of Tsarev Brod, founded in 1899 in Shumen Oblast . At the beginning of the 20th century, around 70 Dobrudscha German , Bessarabian German and Banat Swabian families with various other ethnic groups lived here together and ran a private school in the town. In 1939 the majority of the village population was Catholic, the number of parish members was 420.

In southern Dobruja , which was part of Bulgaria before 1913 and since 1940, there was also a Dobruja German community called Ali Anife (Kalfa), which is now called Dobrevo and is located in Dobrich Oblast, since 1903 . The colonists came from Cherson and from the Crimean peninsula ( see also: Crimean Germans ) in today's Ukraine . The local church was consecrated on October 23, 1911. In 1939 the village had a total population of 285, 129 of whom were of German descent. The place was briefly called Germantsi in the 1940s , and 150 Catholic believers lived there in 1943.

Germans also settled as part of the so-called Levantines from the lower course of the Danube in the larger cities of Bulgaria, such as in Russe , Varna , Veliko Tarnowo , Swishtov and Vidin as part of the group of so-called Levantines from Western and Central Europe . In the 1860s and 1870s, at the time of the then Austrian Empire , their number in Russia was 200–300. The first Bulgarian census in 1883 showed 476 Germans there, making them the fifth largest ethnic group in the city.

A majority of the German population in Bulgaria was in the era of National Socialism with the initiative Home to the Reich in the former boundaries of the German Reich resettled. In 1943, 2,150 Bulgarian citizens of German origin were deported from the country, including 164 from Bardarski Geran and 33 from Gostilya.

In 2003, only a very small number of people of German ethnicity lived in rural Bulgaria, for example two older women among the 2,360 inhabitants of Bardarski Geran who were not deported because they were married to Bulgarians.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Етнически малцинствени общности ( Bulgarian ) Национален съвет за сътрудничество по етниническите ие вет. Archived from the original on March 22, 2013. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 20, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nccedi.government.bg
  2. a b kosmos.pass.as, Списание Космос, бр.7 от 1972г., Стр.40, (Bulgarian), accessed March 3, 2007
  3. Чипровското въстание 1688 г. Рударството в Чипровско и развитието на града ( Bulgarian ) Knigite.Abv.bg. Archived from the original on November 20, 2006. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 27, 2007. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / knigite.abv.bg
  4. Чипровци ( Bulgarian ) OMDA.bg. Archived from the original on February 22, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 20, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.omda.bg
  5. Боян Гюзелев: Албанци в Източните Балкани ( Bulgarian ). IMIR, София 2004, ISBN 954-8872-45-5 .
  6. За лексикалните особености на песните от сборника “Веда Словена” ( Bulgarian ) BulTreeBank. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 20, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bultreebank.org
  7. История на Самоков ( Bulgarian ) Zone Bulgaria. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
  8. Град Мадан ( Bulgarian ) Професионална гимназия Васил Димитров, град Мадан. Archived from the original on September 21, 2007. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 27, 2007. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pgmadan.hit.bg
  9. Върху стотици хиляди декари търсели руда из Пловдивско ( Bulgarian ) Марица Днес. June 28, 1999. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 27, 2007. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eunet.bg
  10. В Етрополе почитат Слънцето и зетьовете ( Bulgarian ) Standard News. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 27, 2007. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / standartnews.com
  11. ^ The Virtual Jewish History Tour: Bulgaria . Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
  12. a b Anna Slavtcheva-Raiber: History, development and language advertising activities of German schools in Bulgaria in the period 1900–1939 (PDF), University of Mannheim,. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / bibserv7.bib.uni-mannheim.de
  13. Благовест Нягулов: Банатските българи в България . In: Банатските българи ( Bulgarian ). Парадигма, София 1999, ISBN 954-9536-13-0 , pp. 91, 120–125.
  14. ^ Sorge, The former German colony ...
  15. a b c d Светлозар Елдъров: Католиците в България (1878-1989). Историческо изследване ( Bulgarian ). IMIR, София 2002.
  16. Petersen, Concise Dictionary ...
  17. ^ Karl Stumpp: From the original home and emigration of the Germans in Bessarabia . Kurier-Verlag, Stuttgart 1938, OCLC 20272199 .
  18. Глава III. 1. Никополската епархия - консолидация под външен натиск . In: Католиците между двете световни войни (1918–1944) ( Bulgarian ). IMIR,.
  19. Penka Angelova: The city of birth of Elias Canetti . In: Elias Canetti: The ear witness of the century . International Elias Canetti Society Rousse, 2006.
  20. Нягулов, p. 125.
  21. Louis Von Valentin: Bulgaria: The slightly different village. Swabian culture between the Danube and the Balkans . Preussische Allgemeine Zeitung / The Ostpreußenblatt. January 4, 2003. Retrieved March 20, 2010.