Burkholderia pseudomallei

Burkholderia pseudomallei
	Burkholderia pseudomallei on an agar plate in a petri dish
Systematics
Department :	Proteobacteria
Class :	Betaproteobacteria
Order :	Burkholderiales
Family :	Burkholderiaceae
Genre :	Burkholderia
Type :	Burkholderia pseudomallei
Scientific name
	Burkholderia pseudomallei
	( Whitmore 1913) Yabuuchi et al. 1993

Burkholderia pseudomallei is a gram-negative , bipolar, aerobic , agile, rod-shaped bacterium . It's like Burkholderia mallei a pathogenic Burkholderia - type and causes melioidosis in humans. B. pseudomallei is like B. mallei on the list for potential bioweapons - agents .

Taxonomy

Since its discovery, the pathogen has been classified into numerous systematic groups: Bacillus , Corynebacterium , Mycobacterium , Peifferella , Loefflerella , Malleomyces , Actinobacillus , Pseudomonas . The bacterium has only been assigned to the genus Burkholderia since the early 1990s.

Mark

B. pseudomallei is 5 μm long and 0.4 to 0.8 μm in diameter and can move through flagella . The bacteria can grow in different culture media, but especially in those containing betaine and arginine . There are different serotypes of this bacterium , of which the clinically most important are Type I / ara + and Type II / ara- . They are differentiated in the laboratory by their ability to metabolize L- arabinose .

The bacterium is able to secrete various extracellular products : rhamnolipid , proteinases , lipases and several exopolysaccharides . It has a large genome of around 7.25 Mbp that is divided into two chromosomes (around 4 and around 3 Mbp).

In vitro , the optimum growth takes place at a temperature of 40 ° C with a neutral or slightly acidic pH value (pH = 6.8 - 7.0). Most strains are able to ferment sugars without gas formation (most importantly glucose and galactose , older cultures could also metabolize maltose and starch ). The bacteria produce both exotoxins and endotoxins . The role of toxins in the pathogenesis of melioidosis is not yet fully understood.

Occurrence

The B. pseudomallei bacterium is endemic to soil and water in both Southeast Asia and Northern Australia . The clinically most important serovars Type I / ara + and Type II / ara- each correspond to the above-mentioned geographical areas and hardly differ in their pathogenicity .

In the fall of 2014, the potentially deadly bacterium escaped from the US high-security laboratory Tulane National Primate Research Center in the state of Louisiana . According to media reports, four rhesus monkeys in cages outside and one scientist fell ill, although it cannot be ruled out that the scientist was infected elsewhere.

disinfection

B. pseudomallei is sensitive to many disinfectants, including benzalkonium chloride , iodide , lead chloride , potassium permanganate , 1% sodium hypochlorite , 70% ethanol , 2% glutaraldehyde, and less effective phenols . The microorganisms are also killed by temperatures above 74 ° C for 10 minutes or by UV radiation.

Medical importance

B. pseudomallei is transmitted through inhalation, ingestion or inoculation in wounds (as in the 2004 tsunami disaster ) and causes melioidosis in humans . There are different forms of this condition. A B. pseudomallei - sepsis has a mortality rate of 80% when it is left untreated. The determination of B. pseudomallei as a pathogen in the laboratory can be very difficult, especially in the Western Hemisphere where B. pseudomallei is very rare.

The relative ease of cultivation , together with the most significant symptoms of ( melioidosis ) infections, has aroused interest in B. pseudomallei and the closely related B. mallei as potential bioweapons agents.

Antibiotics such as meronem or ceftazidime, co-trimoxazole and, additionally or alternatively, doxycycline and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid are used to treat an infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei.

literature

Marianne Abele-Horn: Antimicrobial Therapy. Decision support for the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. With the collaboration of Werner Heinz, Hartwig Klinker, Johann Schurz and August Stich. 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Peter Wiehl, Marburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-927219-14-4 , p. 218 f.

Web links

Getting a Grip on the Great Mimicker: Secrets of a Stealth Organism from the Wellcome Trust.
Pathema- Burkholderia Resource

Individual evidence

↑ Burkholderia pseudomallei . (No longer available online.) In: VirginiaTech Pathogen Database. Archived from the original on September 1, 2006 ; Retrieved March 26, 2006 .

↑ ^a ^b Helmut Hahn: Medical microbiology and infectious diseases: with 157 tables . 6th, completely revised edition. Springer, Heidelberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-46359-7 .

↑ Sam J. Willcocks, Carmen C. Denman, Helen S. Atkins, Brendan W. Wren: Intracellular replication of the well-armed pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei . In: Current Opinion in Microbiology . tape February 29 , 2016, ISSN 1879-0364 , p. 94-103 , doi : 10.1016 / j.mib.2015.11.007 , PMID 26803404 .

↑ A. Haase, J. Janzen, S. Barrett, B. Currie: Toxin production by Burkholderia pseudomallei strains and correlation with severity of melioidosis . In: Journal of Medical Microbiology (J Med Microbiol) . tape 46 , no. 7 , 1997, pp. 557-563 , PMID 9236739 .

↑ Bioweapon bacterium escapes from laboratory. (rp-online.de , March 2, 2015, accessed March 2, 2015)

^ Marianne Abele-Horn: Antimicrobial Therapy. Decision support for the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. 2009, p. 218.

[1] Burkholderia pseudomallei . (No longer available online.) In: VirginiaTech Pathogen Database. Archived from the original on September 1, 2006 ; Retrieved March 26, 2006 .

[:0-2] Helmut Hahn: Medical microbiology and infectious diseases: with 157 tables . 6th, completely revised edition. Springer, Heidelberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-46359-7 .