Burmannia
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The Burmannia are a genus of plants from the order of the yam-like roots (Dioscoreales) and with around 60 species the largest genus of the Burmanniaceae family . The genus is represented worldwide in the tropical zones of all continents, it has especially many representatives in Australasia.
More than half of all species are full parasites that no longer have chlorophyll and parasitize on fungi for their nutrient supply ( mykoheterotrophy ).
Description and ecology
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The kinds of the kind are annual or perennial herbaceous plants . They usually reach heights of between 5 and 30 centimeters, some Burmannia species only up to 2 centimeters, maximum values are 75 or even 100 centimeters ( Burmannia disticha ). Almost all species grow terrestrially ; few species are epiphytes ( Burmannia kalbreyeri , Burmannia longifolia ).
A little over half of all species in the genus are so-called mykoheterotrophic and chlorophyllless plants.
The alternate, sessile leaves are reduced to small scaly leaves in mycotrophic species; in leaf-green species they are up to 50 centimeters long, linear to lanceolate and form a rosette on the lower part of the stem axis .
The inflorescences of some Burmannia species are compact. The stalked flowers are threefold and of variable color, often from a blue to light blue base color, but also greenish, yellow, white or pink.
The capsule fruits open with several transverse slits and contain many tiny seeds, which in the leaf-green species are spread by wind ( boleochory ), in the mykoheterotrophic species by water ( hydrochory ).
distribution
The Burmannia species can be found worldwide in the tropical zones of all continents. The center of diversity is Australasia with 36 species (of which around 20 are mycotrophic), here the range extends from the Himalayan region (India, Nepal, southern China) and Japan ( Kyūshū ) in the north to Australia in the south. The distribution area of the 19 species of the New World (1 mycotroph) extends from the south of the USA to southeastern Brazil. The five African species occur from Senegal via Niger and Chad to Sudan in the north and extend south to South Africa and also reach Madagascar .
Leaf-green representatives of the genus are mostly found in grasslands , whereas mycotrophic species are found in lowland rainforests .
Systematics
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The genus, which was already known from Vorlinneisch, was validated by Carl von Linné in 1753 , the type species is Burmannia disticha . The generic name Burmannia honors the Dutch doctor and botanist Johannes Burman .
Linnaeus only knew two species of the genus (in addition to Burmannia disticha , the North American Burmannia biflora ). There are around sixty species in the genus Burmannia :
- Burmannia alba Mart. : It occurs from eastern Bolivia to Brazil and Paraguay.
- Burmannia aprica (Malme) Jonker : It occurs in southeastern Brazil.
- Burmannia australis Malme : It occurs in Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay.
- Burmannia bengkuluensis Tsukaya & Darnaedi : It occurs in Sumatra.
- Burmannia bicolor Mart. : It occurs in Cuba and in tropical South America.
- Burmannia bifaria J.J.Sm. : It occurs in western Java.
- Burmannia biflora L.
- Burmannia candelabrum Gagnep.
- Burmannia candida handle. ex Hook. f. : It occurs in Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar and Sumatra.
- Burmannia capitata (Walter ex JFGmel.) Mart. : It occurs in tropical and subtropical America.
- Burmannia championii Thwaites : It occurs from tropical Asia to Japan.
- Burmannia chinensis Gand. : It occurs in eastern India, southern China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and earlier also on the Nansei Islands.
- Burmannia cochinchinensis Gagnep.
- Burmannia coelestis D.Don
- Burmannia coerulea Aver. : The species first described in 2005 occurs in Vietnam.
- Burmannia compacta Maas & H.Maas : It occurs in the Venezuelan Amazon region.
- Burmannia connata Jonker
- Burmannia cryptopetala Makino
- Burmannia damazii Beauverd : It occurs in central and southeastern Brazil.
- Burmannia dasyantha Mart. : It occurs in southeastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela.
- Burmannia disticha L .: It occurs from tropical Asia to southern China and eastern Australia.
- Burmannia engganensis Jonker : It occurs on the island of Enggano near Sumatra.
- Burmannia filamentosa D.X.Zhang & RMKSaunders : It occurs in eastern Guangdong.
- Burmannia flava Mart. : It occurs in tropical and subtropical America.
- Burmannia foliosa Gleason : It occurs in southern Venezuela.
- Burmannia geelvinkiana Becc.
- Burmannia gracilis Ridl.
- Burmannia grandiflora Malme : It occurs from eastern Bolivia to Brazil and in Colombia.
- Burmannia hexaptera Schltr. : It occurs from Cameroon to Gabon.
- Burmannia indica Jonker : It occurs in southern India.
- Burmannia itoana Makino
- Burmannia jonkeri Benthem & Maas : It occurs in Brazil.
- Burmannia juncea Sol. ex R.Br.
- Burmannia kalbreyeri olive. : It occurs from Costa Rica to Peru and southern Venezuela.
- Burmannia larseniana D.X.Zhang & RMKSaunders : It occurs in Thailand.
- Burmannia latialata Pobég.
- Burmannia ledermannii Jonker
- Burmannia longifolia Becc.
- Burmannia luteoalba Gagnep.
- Burmannia lutescens Becc.
- Burmannia madagascariensis Baker
- Burmannia malasica Jonker
- Burmannia micropetala Ridl. : It occurs in New Guinea.
- Burmannia nepalensis (Miers) Hook. f.
- Burmannia oblonga Ridl.
- Burmannia polygaloides Schltr. : It occurs from southern Venezuela to western and central Brazil.
- Burmannia pusilla (Miers) Thwaites : It occurs in India, Assam, Sril Lanka, Cambodia and Vietnam.
- Burmannia sanariapoana Steyerm. : It occurs from southeastern Colombia to southern Venezuela.
- Burmannia sphagnoides Becc.
- Burmannia steenisii Jonker
- Burmannia stricta Jonker
- Burmannia stuebelii Hieron. & Schltr. : It occurs in northern Peru.
- Burmannia subcoelestis Gagnep.
- Burmannia tenella Benth. : It occurs in tropical South America.
- Burmannia tenera (Malme) Jonker : It occurs in Brazil.
- Burmannia tisserantii Schltr. : It occurs in the Central African Republic.
- Burmannia unguiculata Aver. : It occurs in Vietnam.
- Burmannia vaupesiana Benthem & Maas : It occurs in Colombia.
- Burmannia wallichii (Miers) Hook. f. : It occurs from India to eastern China and Malaysia.
Burmannia is no longer included:
- Burmannia congesta (CHWright) Jonker => Campylosiphon congestus (CHWright) Maas
proof
Footnotes directly after a statement confirm this individual statement, footnotes directly after a punctuation mark the entire preceding sentence. Footnotes after a space refer to the entire preceding text.
- ^ JH Kirkbride Jr., CR Gunn, MJ Dallwitz: Burmanniaceae . ( Memento from January 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) In: Family Guide for Fruits and Seeds , vers. 1.0, 2006, accessed August 12, 2007
- ↑ a b c Hiltje Maas-van de Kamer: Burmanniaceae. In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants , Volume 3, 1998 Berlin, ISBN 3-540-64060-6 .
- ↑ Dianxiang Zhang: Systematics of Burmannia L. (Burmanniaceae) in the Old World , p. 158, in: Hong Kong University Theses Online, Thesis (Ph.D.), University of Hong Kong, 1999, Online
- ↑ a b P. JM Maas, H. Maas-van de Kamer, J. van Bentham, HCM Snelders, T. Rübsamen: Burmanniaceae , Flora Neotropica, Monogr. 42: 1-189, 1986
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Burmannia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 23, 2018.
literature
- Fredrik Pieter Jonker: A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. In: Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht , Volume 51, 1938, pp. 1-279.
