Bus transport in Madrid
| Empresa Municipal de Transportes de Madrid | |
|---|---|
|
|
| Basic information | |
| Company headquarters | Madrid , Spain |
| Web presence | EMT |
| owner | City of Madrid |
| Employee | 8,055 (2011) |
| Lines | |
| bus | 203 (2008) |
| number of vehicles | |
| Omnibuses | 1,907 (2012) |
| statistics | |
| Passengers | 404 million per year |
| Stops | 10.178 |
| Length of line network | |
| Bus routes | 3.562 km |
The bus service in Madrid is largely determined by the Empresa Municipal de Transportes de Madrid operated (Municipal Transport Company of Madrid), bearing the symbol EMT Madrid. The city's major local transport hubs are also served by buses from the surrounding regional bus companies. On the largest city bus network on the Iberian Peninsula with around 2000 EMT Madrid buses, there are only low-floor buses with access ramps for wheelchair users. The buses cover almost 1 million km annually and carry 425 million passengers. The entire line network has a length of approx. 3600 km with around 10,000 stops.
The name of the company Empresa Municipal de Transportes de Madrid , abbreviated to EMT Madrid , can be translated as Madrid City Transport Authority. Founded in 1947, the company is a public limited company, the capital of which is wholly owned by the City of Madrid.
history
- 1920–1933: The Sociedad Madrileña de Tranvías operates the tram network in the Spanish capital.
- 1924–1927: La Sociedad General de Autobuses operates the first bus routes in Madrid. The first attempts to set up a bus network go back to 1922, when the Sociedad General de Autobuses was founded, which then acquired 50 English-made buses. In 1927 the Sociedad ceased operations because the buses were not fully utilized due to the high tariffs. Nevertheless, there were already 63 radial lines in 1929. The bus network developed particularly in areas that had no rail connection and where there was strong demand.
- 1933–1947: An Empresa Mixta de Transportes Urbanos operates above-ground public transport in Madrid.
- March 21, 1947: The Empresa Mixta de Transportes is dissolved and a decree stipulates that the above-ground Madrid public transport should be operated by the city.
- November 12, 1947: The newly founded Empresa Municipal de Transportes , or EMT for short, starts operations.
- 1950: EMT puts the first trolleybus line into operation.
- 1955: For the first time, the EMT transports more than a million passengers within a calendar year.
- 1959: Line 27 (Plaza Castilla - Embajadores) is established. It later developed into the city's busiest line.
- 1963: The open tram cars are abolished.
- April 30, 1966: The trolleybuses are abolished.
- 1966: Articulated buses are used for the first time in Madrid .
- 1966: Bus lanes are set up for the first time .
- 1969: The EMT sets up bus routes to the university campus (Ciudad Universitaria) and to the Parque de Atracciones amusement park .
- 1970: The ring line (Línea Circular) of the EMT (Cuatro Caminos - Embajadores) is put into operation.
- June 1, 1972: The last trams in Madrid are shut down.
- 1973: There is a color change in the vehicles: red instead of blue.
- 1973: The first buses without ticket vendors or controllers are used.
- January 1974: The airport line 'Colón-Aeropuerto' is established.
- October 1974: Night bus routes are established. They are popularly referred to as 'búhos' (= eagle owls).
- 1975: The microbus lines are transferred to city management.
- 1976: The first express bus routes are created.
- 1979: The 'Bono bus' card, a 10-trip card, is introduced.
- 1980: The lines leading to the periphery of the city, which were previously operated by private concessionaires, are taken over by the EMT.
- 1983: Line 88 opens. It leads to Mercamadrid, one of the world's most important food wholesale markets in the southwest of the city.
- 1985: The city of Madrid and consequently the EMT join the newly founded Consorcio Regional de Transportes association .
- 1990: The microbus routes are abolished.
- 1994: The first natural gas buses are on the road on a trial basis.
- 1994: EMT uses low-floor buses for the first time .
- 1996: A Sistema de Ayuda a la Explotación (SAE) is set up. Computer-aided control of bus traffic using GPS
_anverso.png){kind=spacer}
- 1998: The new 10-card 'Metrobús' finally replaces the 'Bono-bus' card. This ticket is valid on the EMT buses and also on the metro.
- 2001: EMT participates in various projects on the subject of hydrogen propulsion.
_02.jpg)
- 2003: The new headquarters of EMT is completed in Calle Cerro de la Plata.
- 2003 Europe's first natural gas filling station goes into operation at the Fuencarral depot
- 2004: The EMT puts a driving simulator for driver training into operation.
- 2005: With the new SIM system ( Sistema de Información Móvil ), the waiting times for buses can be called up via SMS.
- 2006: The new bus depot (Centro de Operaciones) de Carabanchel is inaugurated.
- 2006: Another color change: vehicles in blue instead of red.
- 2007: Contactless tickets are now also available in Madrid. They are called BIT (Billete Inteligente de Transporte) ,
- 2008: EMT acquires 20 battery-powered minibuses for use in the narrow streets of the city center.
- 2009: First trial use of hybrid buses .
- 2010: Another large bus depot is opened: Centro de Operaciones de Sanchinarro .
- 2012: EMT is represented in the internet in the social networks .
staff
EMT Madrid has 8055 employees (as of 2015), 5760 have a bus driver license and almost 1000 people are responsible for the maintenance of the buses and other technical equipment.
Lines
EMT Madrid operates 203 bus routes, 170 of which are daily routes. There are also 26 night lines.
Daily lines
These lines have a line number in the range from 1 to 310, although of course not all numbers are assigned. The two ring lines do not fit into the numbering scheme: they have the designations C1 and C2.
Night lines
They have the numbers N1, N2 .... The starting point of almost all lines is the Plaza de Cibeles . Only two lines start at Plaza de Alonso Martínez . There used to be two night bus ring lines with the designations NC1 and NC2; they were only operated on weekends and on public holidays and were completely discontinued at the end of September 2013.
Between May 2006 and the end of September 2013, the so-called Metro Búho or Búho Metro lines existed . The buses ran on the nights from Friday to Saturday and from Saturday to Sunday as well as on the nights before public holidays. They ran on lines L1 to L11, which followed the metro lines . Each Búho metro line followed the metro line with the same number. The bus stops were at regular bus stops near the metro stations - not all stations were served. However, the metro lines that were newly opened after the introduction of these bus routes were no longer included in the bus routes. The buses ran from 12:45 a.m. to 5:45 a.m. every 15 to 20 minutes.
There are also other special lines that are only served at certain times and can be recognized by their names:
University lines
There are six lines to the various universities. They are only served on weekdays from Monday to Friday or until Saturday. There are no buses during the semester break. These lines are named A. E, F, G, H, U.
Servicio especial
The three lines have the numbers SE702, SE704 and SE799. Two of them go to two cemeteries outside the city.
Transports al Centro de Trabajo
The lines connect commercial areas with a high number of employees with one of the transfer hubs of Madrid's public transport network. These lines do not run in the rhythm of the regular lines, but are adapted to the working hours of the target areas. The first line of this type was established in 2007. The line number is preceded by a T (like Trabajo = work). In 2015 there were the following lines: T11, T23, T31, T32, T41, T61 and T62. The line T32 z. B. runs between the subway station Plaza de Legazpi and the Mercamadrid grocery store . Buses run here around the clock, with the exception of Saturday nights and the nights before public holidays.
Express bus Línea Exprés Aeropuerto
This express bus line has been in operation since November 2010. It is number 203 and connects Madrid-Barajas Airport with Atocha train station . The buses stop at the airport at terminals T1, T2 and T4. In Madrid, they stop on Calle O'Donnell and Plaza de Cibeles and end at the bus station at Atocha train station. The buses run daily: every 15 to 20 minutes during the day. Every 35 minutes at night. There will be no service at the Atocha stop between 11.30 p.m. and 6 a.m. During this time, the line ends at Plaza de Cibeles - there are connections to the night buses. Special tickets apply that are only available from the bus driver.
Vehicle fleet
Current vehicle stock (2015)
EMT Madrid has 1,907 buses (as of spring 2015) for traffic on its 203 lines. 1094 of these have diesel engines, all of which run on biodiesel B 20 (i.e. the proportion of biodiesel in the fuel is 20%). Around half of these buses meet the Euro emissions standard V or better and four buses are hybrid buses. The fleet also includes almost 800 natural gas buses, including 23 hybrid buses. 20 minibuses are operated electrically as battery buses .
1730 buses are solo buses with a length of 12 meters, there are also 85 articulated buses (18 meters in length), 30 midibuses (8 meters in length) with natural gas drive for some routes with lower passenger numbers. The 20 electric buses are minibuses 5.5 meters in length. They are used on two lines in the historic old town with its narrow streets.
EMT also had five ethanol buses in its fleet for a few years. These were shut down at the end of 2006 and orders for further buses were canceled, because in Spain ethanol is taxed even when used as an ethanol fuel like alcohol.
The EMT had the largest vehicle fleet in 2010 with almost 2100 buses. The Spanish financial crisis made it necessary to cut public spending, which was also noticeable in the EMT.
The future bus fleet should get by without diesel engines
Due to the positive results achieved with the use of natural gas buses up to 2010, it was decided not to purchase any more diesel vehicles in the future. The last diesel-powered buses are to be decommissioned around 2021, with more emphasis on natural gas vehicles. Between 1994 and 2012, the EMT succeeded in reducing emissions from diesel vehicles by 40%, and when switching to natural gas vehicles, the pollutant reduction was even more than 80%.
Improvements in diesel vehicles
Through various immediate measures, it was possible to achieve that the emission values of the diesel vehicles that initially remain in operation continue to decrease:
Bio-diesel
As a first step, since 2011, all diesel vehicles have been refueled with a mixture of diesel with 20% biodiesel added. This fuel is known as B20 in Spain. B20 is cheaper than conventional diesel fuel and causes lower pollutant emissions.
Exhaust gas cleaning with SCRT
SCRT exhaust gas cleaning systems from the German company HJS Technology were installed in 485 city buses between 2012 and 2014 as part of the Madrid Air Quality Plan 2011–2015. Approx. 20 vehicles can be retrofitted with the price of a new solo bus. The retrofitting reduces nitrogen oxide emissions in real operation by up to 90 percent.
Stop-start technology
Diesel buses are equipped with supercapacitors, an electric motor and a switch-off device for the diesel engine. At the push of a button, the diesel engine is switched off when approaching a bus stop, the braking energy is stored in the supercapacitors and is (at least partially) available again for the following approach. Fuel savings of around 8% are expected - after all, city buses stop at around fifty stops every hour.
DUAL-FUEL project
EMT is experimenting with a natural gas / diesel mixture in three vehicles, whereby the natural gas content can be varied in the range from 40% to 60%. The advantages are lower operating costs and lower emissions than pure diesel operation.
Natural gas buses
The first natural gas bus was used in Madrid as early as 1994 as part of a one-year test run funded by the EU as part of the THERMIE program . It was an ECOBUS.
| year | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural gas buses | 1 | 15th | 29 | 32 | 50 | ? | ? | 70 | 110 | 125 | 155 | 165 | 201 | 351 | 381 | 411 | 503 | 645 | ? | ? | 790 |
In 2014, the EMT owned 1907 buses, including 1090 diesel buses. The share of natural gas buses was 41.4%. The fuel consumption for 2014 is given as 32 million liters of diesel fuel and 22 million kg of natural gas.
In 2015, natural gas buses from the following manufacturers are driving for EMT: Bredamenarini , Castrosúa , IVECO , MAN, Mercedes-Benz and Tata Hispano .
23 vehicles are natural gas hybrid buses. Castrosúa buses have a battery with a capacity of 60 kWh; they are plug-in hybrids ; H. the battery can be charged externally. The batteries of the Tata Hispano buses only have a capacity of 7.5 kWh and cannot be recharged using an external charger.
Hybrid buses
Since 2012, 23 natural gas hybrid buses have been in use at EMZ. Tata Hispano , model Area , delivered 10 buses . The buses are 12 m long and can carry 85 people. They have an ion lithium battery with a storage capacity of 7.5 kWh and a Cummins motor .
13 buses come from Castrosúa , Tempus model. They are only 11.3 m long and are approved for 81 people. The vehicles have ZEBRA batteries with a storage capacity of 60 kWh, IVECO motors 100 kW and can run for up to 45 minutes in pure battery mode.
In addition, four Iveco CityClass diesel buses were converted into diesel-electric hybrid buses in 2012 .
In 2016, another 30 hybrid buses (some with natural gas, some with diesel fuel) with a total value of 16.650 million euros were ordered. There are 17 MAN Lion's City and 13 Iveco Urbanway buses.
Fuel cell vehicles
The first fuel cell bus was used in Madrid in 2003.
| year | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of buses | 1 | 4th | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
The early assignments were funded with the help of funds from the Eu programs CUTE and CITYCELL . In the CUTE program, Citaro buses from Daimler-Chrysler with a fuel cell with an output of 205 kW were used. CITYCELL used CityClass buses from Iveco with a 62 kW fuel cell. Between mid-2003 and mid-2007, three buses covered 200,000 km and carried 1 million passengers. However, the range of the buses was only 120 km.
Bioethanol
From 2008 to 2012 five bioethanol buses were in use.
Electric buses
Testing new models
EMT repeatedly tests both larger standard electric buses with a length of 12 m and minibuses.
- June 2012: EMT tested BYD's battery bus E-Bus K9 for a week .
- November 2014: EMT tested the Irizar i2e. The trips took place on two consecutive days on a test track in the Carabanchel depot. The results suggest that the bus would be eligible for around 80 to 90 of Madrid's bus routes. The bus was loaded with 1200 kg. The test track is 880 m long and has 4 stops where the bus stops and the doors open and close again. The 230 kW motor draws its energy from sodium-nickel batteries and supercapacitors.
- July 2015: In 2015, EMT tested the 12 m long Eurabus 2.0 from Euracom for a few days . The bus is powered by a 130 kW motor, which is powered by lithium iron phosphate batteries . With the built-in batteries, a range of up to 250 km was announced - in Madrid the bus only managed around 150 km.
- Beginning in February 2017, the EMT tested a battery bus from the Irizar company, a standard bus of 12 m length, the Irizar i2e, in regular service for 60 days. It is mainly used on line 39 between the Campamente and Ópera stops, but also on other routes. The bus is powered by an electric motor with an output of 230 kW. The energy is stored in sodium-nickel batteries, which give the bus a range of 200 to 250 km.
- April 2017: In search of a replacement for the Gulliver minibuses, EMT tested a vehicle called the Karsan Jest for two weeks . It is a minibus from the Turkish manufacturer Karsan with a range of 90 to 120 km. With a length of 5.8 m, the vehicle can transport 19 people. The electric motor has an output of 125 kW.
Minibuses in regular service
In 2008, 20 battery-powered minibuses were put into operation. These are minibuses, model Gulliver, made by Tecnobus Spa , which has its headquarters in Frosinone , Italy. The buses are only 5.2 m long and can carry 25 passengers. They are used in the narrow streets of Madrid's old town on the M1 (Sevilla - Glorieta des Embajadores) and M2 (Sevilla - Argüelles) lines. With Seville we mean the Madrid subway station Seville. It is located at the intersection of Calle Sevilla and Calle de Alcalá.
Inductive charging
For use on line 76, five 12 m hybrid solo buses, which are in use at EMT Madrid, have been converted into pure electric buses: The buses are charged at night via cables. When used on the route, the battery of each bus is recharged inductively, i.e. contactless, within a few minutes at the end stations.
On the approximately 7 km long route with 20 stops on the outward journey and 22 stops on the return journey, these five buses are sufficient to operate the line entirely with vehicles without internal combustion engines. The use of the electric buses began on January 22nd, 2018. Line 76 runs in the south of the city and ends in the 17th district of Villaverde.
12 m standard buses in use
Since February 8, 2018, a total of 15 battery-operated standard buses from the Spanish manufacturer Irizar have been in service on lines 1, 26 and 44 in Madrid. The buses are equipped with sodium-nickel chloride batteries with a charging capacity of 376 kWh and can gain around 35% of the energy consumption through recuperation during braking.
Further acquisition of electric buses
- In a first tender, 30 (standard) buses and 18 midibuses are to be ordered, which will be put into operation in the course of the 2017 and 2018 financial years. 30 more buses are to be added in 2019 and 2020. Together with 12 microbusses, which have been in use since 2008, this increases the bus fleet to 90 buses. In addition, a bus line is to be equipped in such a way that the batteries of the buses can be recharged there.
Depots
- Depot Fuencarral A in Calle Mauricio Legendre offers 63,000 m² of space for 420 buses.
- Depot La Elipa in the Avenida de les Tres Rosas has 40,000 sqm with spaces for 404 buses.
- Depot Entrevías m² in Avenida de Santa Catalina, it measures 52,000, there are 428 buses stationed.
- Carabanchel depot on Calle Ventura Díaz Bernardo, measuring 65,000 m²; 390 buses are assigned to it.
Integration of the surrounding lines
The end stations of the surrounding lines in Madrid have been grouped together in bus stations, which at the same time form transfer nodes to Madrid's inner-city transport networks. It is no coincidence that four of the bus stations with more than 1000 buses per day are also stations of the metro line 
, the ring line. One of these bus stations is near the Chamartín train station .
| Bus terminal | Number of buses / day | Buses / hour (rush hour) | Number of bus routes | Travelers / day (in thousands) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moncloa | 4400 | 240 | 46 | 112 |
| Plaza de Castilla | 2900 | 160 | 41 | 77 |
| Principe Pío | 2500 | 85 | 13 | 60 |
| Plaza Elíptica | 1900 | 80 | 13 | 55 |
| Aluche | 1700 | 85 | 16 | 45 |
| Avenida de America | 1500 | 95 | 14th | 49 |
The Aluche and Plaza de Castilla terminals are also terminals for inner-city bus transport.
The Avenica de América bus terminal went into operation in 2000. It is a multi-storey underground structure:
- Basement -1: long-distance buses, cash desks and shops.
- Basement -2: city buses (EMT) and regional buses.
- Basement -3: shops; Parking deck; Access to the metro lines.
Even lower the platforms are four metro lines .: 
, , 
, 
.
500–1000 buses arrive at 4 other bus terminals every day. Less than 500 buses arrive at 13 bus terminals. (Figures for 2008)
Web links
- Homepage of EMT Madrid (Spanish)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Main page of EMT Madrid (English) accessed on November 11, 2015
- ^ Page of the Friends of Transport in Madrid (Spanish) accessed on November 11, 2015
- ↑ EMT-Team ( Memento of the original from October 6th, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on November 11, 2015
- ↑ Flota y centros de operaciones. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on November 18, 2015 ; accessed on November 17, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ La EMT retira los autobuses de etanol porque Hacienda lo grava «como el whiskey». Retrieved November 17, 2015 .
- ↑ La EMT de Madrid abandona el Diesel y adopta el gas natural. January 11, 2011, accessed November 23, 2015 .
- ↑ Press release HJS. (No longer available online.) October 17, 2013, archived from the original on December 8, 2015 ; accessed on November 23, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Proyector de eficiencia energetica en EMT. June 20, 2012, Retrieved November 25, 2015 (Spanish).
- ↑ El gas natural en la flota de autobuses de la EMT de Madrid (PDF). September 16, 2015, accessed November 29, 2015 .
- ↑ movilidadelectrica.com of January 11, 2016 (Spanish); Retrieved September 19, 2016
- ↑ EMT comienza a probar el bus eléctrico BYD K9. June 13, 2012, accessed November 28, 2015 .
- ↑ La EMT de Madrid prueba el autobús eléctrico i2e de Irizar. (No longer available online.) November 7, 2014, archived from the original on December 8, 2015 ; accessed on November 29, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ La EMT pruebe el bus elcektrico Eurabus 2.0. (No longer available online.) July 14, 2015, archived from the original on December 8, 2015 ; accessed on November 28, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ [1] Press release from Irizar from February 13, 2017 (Spanish); accessed on April 16, 2017
- ↑ [2] movilidadelectrica.com of April 5, 2017: La EMT de Madrid pone a prueba un nuevo minibús eléctrico (Spanish), accessed on April 9, 2018
- ↑ [3] EMT press release of December 29, 2017 (Spanish), accessed on April 8, 2018
- ↑ [4] movilidadelectrica.com of February 8, 2018: 15 nuevos autobuses eléctricos circulan ya por Madrid (Spanish), accessed on April 19, 2018
- ↑ [5] revistaviajeros.com of February 13, 2017: EMT Madrid tendrá 90 autobuses totalmente eléctricos en 2020 (Spanish); Retrieved April 17, 2017
- ↑ EMT homepage: Fleet and hubs ( Memento of the original from November 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on November 11, 2015
- ↑ Madrid 2008-2009 a world reference (English) accessed on November 11, 2015
