Carl Adolf Passow

Carl Adolf Passow

Carl Adolf Passow , also Karl Adolf Passow (born August 12, 1859 in Magdeburg , † January 7, 1926 in Utrecht ) was a German physician, otologist ( ear, nose and throat doctor ), head of the ear clinic at the Charité and university professor.

Youth and the Pépinière in Berlin

Passow was born the son of Arnold Thomas Gottfried Passow (1829-1870) and Thibeta Athene Ulrichs (1839-1913), a daughter of Heinrich Ulrichs . His father was initially a grammar school teacher and was transferred to the pedagogy department in Magdeburg in 1858 . Carl-Adolf was born there, his two siblings, Gertrud Christine “Irene” (1863–1941) (who married Rudolf Eucken ) and Heinrich “Hermann”, however, in Halberstadt .

He attended grammar school in Bremen and also graduated from high school in the Hanseatic city in 1879. He then joined the Medicinisch-Surgical Friedrich Wilhelm Institute , also called Pépinière , in Berlin and studied from October 22, 1879 to September 30, 1883. He was founded in 1883 with the following topic: About the quantitative behavior of solitary Follicle and Peyer's Cluster of the Small Intestine . During his active service received a four-year command to the III. Medical clinic and the laryngological and ear clinic of the Charité from 1892 to 1896. In 1887 Passow had worked as an assistant doctor in the insane, sanatorium and nursing home Friedrichsberg in Hamburg-Friedrichsberg. From 1892 to 1894, in addition to his work as a medical officer, he was also a medical adviser to the Reich Commissioner for Health Care in the Rhine region and retired from active service as a medical officer in May 1896. Passow finished his medical training in 1885 with the state examination .

Thereafter, Passow married on Monday, September 20, 1886 in Meiningen Freiin Maria von Roepert (* October 3, 1862-27 November 1930), a daughter of Georg Freiherr von Roepert (* 1806). The couple had a son, Ernst Arnold Passow (1888–1966). He was a professor and ophthalmologist at the University of Würzburg .

The usual career of a military doctor followed . In 1892 he was assigned to the Charité . There he had the opportunity to train and habilitate at the Clinic for Larynx Diseases under Bernhard Fränkel and at the Ear Clinic under Moritz Ferdinand Trautmann . In 1895 he submitted his habilitation thesis on a new transplantation method for radical surgery for chronic suppuration of the middle ear (1895).

His son Kurt Adolf Ulrich Passow was born on April 16, 1896 in Berlin-Charlottenburg.

The Heidelberg time

In 1896 Passow received a call to the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg for the specialty for ear medicine. The Ear Clinic in Heidelberg had fourteen beds. The construction of a new ear clinic and asylum for the deaf and dumb was planned under Passow. Although the new building began in Passow's time, it was not completed until 1902. With the new construction of the clinic, however, he was able to gain experience and prove his organizational talent for the first time. In 1902 he initiated courses for the deaf and dumb at Plöck 61 . His colleague Julius Hegener (1870–1953) completed his habilitation in Heidelberg in 1901, then worked for Werner Kümmel (1866–1930) until 1911 and later in 1919 became professor and chief physician of the ENT department at St. Georg Hospital in Hamburg. One of his important students was Wilhelm Lange . He also moved to Berlin in 1902 to work under Passow at the Ear Clinic at the Charité.

In 1902 Passow followed a call to the Charité in Berlin and at the same time recognized his achievements as a secret medical councilor . His successor in Heidelberg was the otologist Werner Kümmel from the Ear Clinic in Breslau.

Working in Berlin

In November 1902, Karl Adolf Passow was appointed to succeed Moritz Ferdinand Trautmann as a full professor at the Kaiser Wilhelm Academy and so he returned to the Charité. In 1906 he was appointed as the successor to August Lucae at the University Ear Clinic on Ziegelstrasse . This personal union offered the opportunity to merge the University Ear Clinic and the Ear Clinic in the Charité. The Lucaesche University Ear Clinic in Ziegelstraße was considered more elegant among patients than the Ear Clinic at the Charité, which opened in 1901 and which had emerged from the former poor hospital. In 1907 he also became director of the University Ear Clinic and was the first professor for otology in the German Reich .

review

At the end of the 19th century , there were initially three clinics that were important for ear, nose and throat medicine at Berlin University for the then separate subjects of otology on the one hand and rhino-laryngology on the other: Established on the initiative of Rudolf Virchow In the north of Berlin ( Wedding district ) a fourth municipal hospital was established between 1898 and 1906. In 1907 Arthur Hartmann took over the newly founded ENT department of the Rudolf Virchow Hospital as the doctor in charge .

After its founding in 1809, the medical faculty of the Humboldt University in Berlin largely merged with the Charité . The local proximity in the urban area of ​​Berlin between the medical faculty of the Humboldt University in the Ziegelstrasse and that of the Charité in the Luisenstrasse favored this development.

The specialist clinic for otology, founded in 1871, was the oldest of its kind in the urban area of ​​Berlin. This ear clinic was founded and directed by August Lucae. In 1874, this originally private clinic became the University Ear Clinic. In 1881 it moved to Ziegelstrasse 5-9 , now known as the "Klinikum Ziegelstrasse". Because of the limited space, the University Polyclinic and the Ear Polyclinic were relocated to a new building for the University Clinic at Ziegelstrasse 5-9 in 1881 . The ear polyclinic and the clinic found their place on the ground floor of the western side wing. This newly created inpatient ear department was the first of its kind in Germany and had 20 beds. In 1876 another private ear clinic was founded, which was headed by Moritz Ferdinand Trautmann. From 1893 it was part of the “Charité Clinic”.

In November 1902, Passow was to succeed Moritz Ferdinand Trautmann as a full professor at the Kaiser Wilhelm Academy, and in 1906 he also succeeded August Lucae at the University Ear Clinic at Ziegelstrasse 5-9 . This personal union, created in 1906 and united in Passow, offered the opportunity to merge the University Ear Clinic and the Ear Clinic in the Charité.

In 1893, the medical officer Bernhard Fränkel and the general doctor a. D. Moritz Ferdinand Trautmann from , teaching and medicine Alan occasions Prussian Ministry of the spiritual to Julius Robert bosses appointed by decree to directing unpaid doctors. They were thus also given permission to use the departments for theoretical and practical courses and to hold clinical lessons for future doctors. In January 1894, both professors were given the teaching assignment .

In 1897, under the Ministerial Director Friedrich Althoff in the Prussian Ministry of Spiritual, Educational and Medical Matters, a conversion or expansion of the Charité for 11 clinics with a total of 1247 beds was approved.

After the first buildings were completed in 1901, these included an administration building and a chapel as well as the building at Luisenstraße 13 a . Here the future sinuses clinic should (also Fraenkel throat clinic ) and Ear Infirmary (also Trautmannsche Ohrenklinik ) be accommodated.

This new building was opened on Saturday, May 4th, 1901. The clinic was one of the most modern medical and structural aspects of the facility at the time. For example, the patient rooms were on the south side and the operating theaters , for lighting reasons, on the west side of the building. A polyclinic shared by the ear, nose and throat clinic was housed on the ground floor . Both disciplines use separate entrances. The polyclinic could be reached from Luisenstraße, but the clinics could be entered from the Charité premises. There was also a small lecture hall . The University Policlinic for Neck and Nose Patients, which was previously located in Luisenstr. 59 was now closed.

The Fränkelsche Neck Clinic had a total of nineteen beds and was located on the first floor at Luisenstrasse 13a, making it the very first neck clinic in the German Reich.

The Trautmannsche Ohrenklinik with seventeen instead of thirty-two beds in the old Charité building, Schumannstrasse 20/21 , was housed on the second floor of Luisenstrasse 13a. The number of employees at both clinics was twelve.

Due to the increasing number of patients, capacity problems soon arose and after a few interim solutions, an expansion of the University Ear Clinic was sought, but an expansion in Ziegelstrasse 5–9 was not possible. Thanks to his connections in the Prussian administration and also because of his ability to assert himself against the Prussian Ministry of Finance, Passow, who was also the ear doctor in charge of the German Emperor Wilhelm II , was able to expand the existing building in Luisenstrasse with a spacious new building for the ear clinic should not be completed until 1912. Various buildings at Luisenstrasse 12/13 were demolished for this purpose.

With the extension building completed in August 1912, the number of beds in the ear clinic increased to fifty beds. The new building consisted of a basement , a ground floor and two floors as well as a converted attic. Care was taken to ensure that there were no major architectural differences between the old building and the extension, and the old building was connected to the extension of the ear clinic by a narrow corridor that was jokingly referred to as the " Eustachian tube " by the staff .

There was considerable rivalry between the two clinic directors, the medical advisor Bernhard Fränkel and the secret medical advisor Carl Adolf Passow. Even when Gustav Killian took over the chair from Bernhard Fränkel in 1911 , there was no further rapprochement between the clinics and their directors. Numerous anecdotes prove the disagreements at that time. In 1906 he was appointed Lucae's successor at the University Ear Clinic in Ziegelstrasse. This ultimately led to the fact that in 1912 Passow wrote to the Royal Charité Directorate complaining about the incomplete separation of the clinics and, on the other hand, forbade business visits by employees of the ear and nose clinic to the premises of the ear clinic. Nevertheless, Passow was always a proponent of a professional combination of both disciplines, so he said in 1908 in a lecture he gave "Otology and Laryngology - Union or Separation":

“In Breslau, Erlangen, Kiel, Marburg, Leipzig and Rostock there have been otolaryngological institutes for years, the heads of which are academic teachers for laryngology and otology. Both subjects came into their own. [...] But otology and laryngology always belong together. Just as the condition of the auditory organ is influenced by the condition of the upper airways, so is speech dependent on hearing. The ear gets sick when the upper airways are sick. Language fails when hearing fails. That is a different interaction than that between eye and ear. (Passow, 1909) "

During and after the First World War

On June 20, 1916, Jacques Joseph took over a department for facial plastic surgery at the Charité Ear and Nose Clinic, which was headed by Passow. The aim was to care for the large numbers of war casualties with mostly devastating facial injuries caused by the First World War .

The collaboration with the physiologist Karl Ludolf Schaefer

Karl Ludolf Schaefer (1866–1931) moved his center of life to Berlin in 1898 and worked at the Physiological Institute in Berlin, where he qualified as a professor in 1900 in the field of physiology. From 1901 he was titular professor. In 1905 he came into contact with Carl Adolf Passow. In 1907 Schaefer became head of the acoustic-physiological laboratory at the ear clinic. In addition to the university, Schaefer also gave lectures for teachers of the deaf and dumb, at the seminar for curative education and at the music college. His decades of tireless activity were devoted to the study of physiological-acoustic and psychophysiological problems. His modification of the Struycken monochord and the Galton pipe became known . The German Society of Ear, Nose and Throat Doctors emerged in 1921 from the Association of German Laryngologists and the German Otological Society . In the Society of ENT Doctors, founded in 1921, Passow took over the chairmanship together with the physiologist Karl-Ludolf Schaefer. Both had founded the "Contributions to anatomy, physiology, pathology and therapy of the ear, nose and throat" in 1908, and since 1926 also referred to as "Passow-Schaefer Contributions".

The last few years

Passow died on a trip to Doorn to see Wilhelm II , who lived there in the Doorn house. When the abdicated Kaiser Wilhelm II went into exile in the Netherlands in 1918 after the loss of the First World War, an existing or alleged ear disease was intended to prevent the threatened extradition of Wilhelm II to the Entente powers . The former German emperor was supposed to be brought to a Dutch sanatorium because of the "ear disease" in order to be able to evade any possible access. Wilhelm wore a head bandage for a long time and was in bed. He was certified as having a "serious ear disease". Passow himself visited Wilhelm II regularly even after 1918, which aroused disapproval in the Weimar Republic . He died in 1926 while on a consultation trip to Holland of complications from an ileus .

Works (selection)

• On the quantitative behavior of the solitary follicles and Peyer's heaps of the small intestine. 1883.
• A new transplant method for radical surgery in chronic suppuration of the middle ear. 1895.
• Injuries of the auditory organ. 1905.
• Tympanic membrane pictures: an atlas for practical use. 1912.
• with Hans Claus : Instructions for operations on the auditory organ, tonsils and nose. 1920.
• Solved and unsolved tasks in ear medicine: Ceremonial address given on the foundation day of the Kaiser Wilhelms Academy for Military Medical Education, December 2, 1911. Hirschwald 1912.

literature

• Peter Voswinckel:  Passow, Carl Adolf. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 20, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-428-00201-6 , p. 92 f. ( Digitized version ).
• Miriam Charbel Issa: Karl Adolf Passow (1859-1926) and the Berlin ear, nose and throat medicine. Dissertation. Humboldt University, Berlin 2000.

Web links

• History of the Charité and ear, nose and throat medicine in Berlin
• Ursula Jakobi: Patient access to the Charité at the beginning of the 20th century Regulations and problems of hospital admission under the aspect of cost-bearing. Dissertation. Medical Faculty Charité - University Medicine Berlin, November 30, 2012.
• H. Behrbohm, W. Briedigkeit, J. Flemming, D. Jaeger, M. Künze: The collection of the original instruments of Jacques Joseph. In: ENT news. 14, 2006, pp. 193-197.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Peter Voswinckel:  Passow, Carl Adolf. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 20, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-428-00201-6 , p. 92 f. ( Digitized version ).
2. ↑ Ortsfamilienbuch Bremen and Vegesack, online ( Memento of the original from May 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
3. ↑ Genealogy of the family ( Memento of the original from May 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
4. ↑ Kai Sammet: Habitus, capital and leeway: Looking for a senior physician for the lunatic asylum Hamburg-Friedrichsberg in 1897. ( Memento of the original from April 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked . Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Gesnerus. 62 (2005) 50–76, p. 68. (PDF; 155 kB) 
5. ↑ Alma Kreuter: German-speaking neurologists and psychiatrists: a biographical-bibliographical lexicon from the forerunners to the middle of the 20th century. Volume 3: Paetz - Zwinger. De Gruyter Saur, 1996, ISBN 3-11-195972-4 .
6. ^ Frank-Peter Kirsch: Berlin military doctors in the laboratory from 1870–1895. Dissertation. Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin June 22, 2009.
7. ↑ Ortsfamilienbuch Bremen and Vegesack, online ( Memento of the original from May 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
8. ↑ His descendants also worked as ENT doctors. Press release Straubinger Tagblatt / Landshuter Zeitung ( memento of the original from March 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
9. ↑ Data about the son ( Memento of the original from May 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
10. ↑ Heidelberger Geschichtsverein eV (HGV). Timeline of Heidelberg history from 1900, online
11. ^ Tilman Brusis: History of the German ear, nose and throat clinics in the 20th century. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York, ISBN 3-540-41704-4 , p. 188.
12. ^ Biographical data from the time in Berlin
13. ↑ Sonia Tomaszewski: The development of medical technology as reflected in the Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift (1870 to 1899). Dissertation. BRuh University of Bochum, 2009, p. 181. (PDF; 16.4 MB)
14. ↑ History of the Charité and ear, nose and throat medicine in Berlin ( Memento of the original from July 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
15. ^ Historical buildings of the Humboldt University. Humboldt University of Berlin, online
16. ^ Karl Max Einhäupl; Detlev Ganten; Jakob Hein: 300 years of Charité: as reflected in its institutes. Walter de Gruyter, 2010, ISBN 978-3-11-020256-4 , p. 121.
17. ↑ Passow 1909 quoted from Antje Grüschow: Otto Körner's importance as a doctor, university professor and researcher, first German professor for ear and larynx diseases and builder of the first north German clinic in Rostock. Dissertation. Medical Faculty of the University of Rostock. April 19, 2007, p. 17. (PDF; 25.7 MB)
18. ^ Karl L. Schaefer: About an expansion of the applicability of the Struycken monochord. 1911.
19. ^ German Society for Ear, Nose and Throat Medicine, Head and Neck Surgery, eV, Bonn., Online
20. ^ John CG Röhl: Young Wilhelm: The Kaiser's Early Life, 1859-1888. Cambridge University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-521-49752-3 , p. 321.