Gum spindleweed

Gum spindleweed
	Gum spindleweed ( Carlina gummifera )
Systematics
Order :	Astern-like (Asterales)
Family :	Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily :	Carduoideae
Tribe :	Cynareae
Genre :	Eberwurzen ( Carlina )
Type :	Gum spindleweed
Scientific name
	Carlina gummifera
	( L. ) Less.

The gum spindle herb ( Carlina gummifera ), also called mastix thistle or glue thistle, is a species of the genus Eberwurzen ( Carlina ).

description

The gum spindle herb is a perennial rosette hemicryptophyte that reaches heights of growth of 5 to 20 centimeters. There is no stem , a large, thick root is formed. The leaves , arranged in a rosette, are elongated-lanceolate, pinnate and thorny. When they bloom they are dried up. The envelope of the flowers appearing individually is 30 to 70 millimeters in size and cobweb-like. The middle bracts have 3 protruding terminal spines, which are much longer than the side spines. There are only red-violet to purple-colored and hermaphrodite tubular flowers .

The flowering period extends from August to October. There are achenes with pappus formed.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20.

Taxonomy

The Basionym Atractylis gummifera L. , which is also often used in new publications , was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini separated the gum spindleweed in 1827 as Chamaeleon gummifer ( L. ) Cass. from Atractylis . Christian Friedrich Lessing put Chamaeleon as a subgenus to Carlina and named the gum spindle herb in Carlina gummifera ( L. ) Less. around. This systematic classification is supported by the results of molecular genetic studies.

Occurrence

The gum spindle herb occurs in the Mediterranean area. The distribution area extends over the countries Morocco, Algeria , Tunisia, Portugal , Spain, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia , Malta and Corsica , Greece, Crete , the Aegean and Turkey. This species grows on Crete in Phrygana and fallow land at altitudes from 0 to 1350 meters.

use

General structural formula of atractyloside (R = H)

The strong toxicity of the species, which was already known in ancient times, is due to the possession of atractyloside . Despite its toxicity, the rhizome is used as an incense in North Africa under the name "Addad".

A pseudo mastic comes from the roots and the fleshy flower bases , which are also used as an artichoke substitute.

literature

Ralf Jahn, Peter Schönfelder: Excursion flora for Crete . With contributions by Alfred Mayer and Martin Scheuerer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1995, ISBN 3-8001-3478-0 , p. 320 .
Astrid Süßmuth: Medicinal plants in the Mediterranean: Recognize and use. Freya Verlag, 2017, ISBN 3-99025-298-4 , p. 42.
Edmond Lefranc: Étude botanique, chimique et toxicologique sur l'Atractylis gummifera. Germer-Baillière, 1866, p. 70.
TG Tutin , VH Heywood , NA Burges and others: Flora Europaea. Vol. 4, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1976, 2006, ISBN 0-521-08717-1 (Reprint), p. 211.

Web links

Commons : as Chamaeleon gummifer - collection of images, videos and audio files

Carlina gummifera at Useful Temperate Plants.
Carlina gummifera on Mittelmeerflora.de.

Individual evidence

↑ Peter Schönfelder, Ingrid Schönfelder: The new cosmos of the Mediterranean flora. Over 1600 species and 1600 photos (= KosmosNaturführer ). Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-440-10742-3 , pp. 94 .
^ ^A ^b Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore): Carlina. In: Werner Greuter , Eckhard von Raab-Straube (eds.): Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006–2009.
↑ ^a ^b Karl Hiller, Matthias F. Melzig: Lexicon of medicinal plants and drugs. In two volumes. Spectrum, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-8274-0387-1 , Atractylis gummifera .
^ HW Heldt: The Inhibition of Adenine Nucleotide Translocation by Atractyloside. In: Th. Bücher, H. Sies (Ed.): Inhibitors Tools in Cell Research (= Colloquium of the Society for Biological Chemistry in Mosbach Baden. Volume 20). Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 1969, ISBN 3-540-04441-8 , pp. 301-317, doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-642-46158-3_25 .
↑ Atractylis gummifera at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 829, digitized .
^ Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini: Spadactis. In: Frédéric Georges Cuvier (ed.): Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles. Volume 50, 1827, p. 59, digitized .
^ Christian Friedrich Lessing: De Generibus Cynarocephalarum atque de Speciebus Generis Arctotidis. Trowitzsch, Berlin 1832, p. 12, preview in the Google book search.
↑ N. García Jacas, T. Garnatje, A. Susanna de la Serna, R. Vilatersana i Lluch: Tribal and Subtribal Delimitation and Phylogeny of the Cardueae (Asteraceae): A Combined Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Analysis. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 22, No. 2, 2002, pp. 51-64, doi: 10.1006 / mpev.2001.1038 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Astrid Süßmuth: Medicinal plants on the Mediterranean: Recognize and apply . Freya Verlag, 2017, ISBN 978-3-99025-298-7 , pp. 42 .
^ Philipp Lorenz Geiger : Handbook of Pharmacy. Second volume, second division, first half, 2nd edition, 1839, p. 818 f.

[Schönfelder-1] Peter Schönfelder, Ingrid Schönfelder: The new cosmos of the Mediterranean flora. Over 1600 species and 1600 photos (= KosmosNaturführer ). Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-440-10742-3 , pp. 94 .

[Euro+Med-2] A ^b Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore): Carlina. In: Werner Greuter , Eckhard von Raab-Straube (eds.): Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006–2009.

[Hiller-Melzig_1999-3] Karl Hiller, Matthias F. Melzig: Lexicon of medicinal plants and drugs. In two volumes. Spectrum, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-8274-0387-1 , Atractylis gummifera .

[Heldt_1969-4] HW Heldt: The Inhibition of Adenine Nucleotide Translocation by Atractyloside. In: Th. Bücher, H. Sies (Ed.): Inhibitors Tools in Cell Research (= Colloquium of the Society for Biological Chemistry in Mosbach Baden. Volume 20). Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 1969, ISBN 3-540-04441-8 , pp. 301-317, doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-642-46158-3_25 .

[IPCN-5] Atractylis gummifera at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[SpPl-6] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 829, digitized .

[Cassini-7] Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini: Spadactis. In: Frédéric Georges Cuvier (ed.): Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles. Volume 50, 1827, p. 59, digitized .

[Lessing-8] Christian Friedrich Lessing: De Generibus Cynarocephalarum atque de Speciebus Generis Arctotidis. Trowitzsch, Berlin 1832, p. 12, preview in the Google book search.

[GarciaJacas2002-9] N. García Jacas, T. Garnatje, A. Susanna de la Serna, R. Vilatersana i Lluch: Tribal and Subtribal Delimitation and Phylogeny of the Cardueae (Asteraceae): A Combined Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Analysis. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 22, No. 2, 2002, pp. 51-64, doi: 10.1006 / mpev.2001.1038 .

[:0-10] Astrid Süßmuth: Medicinal plants on the Mediterranean: Recognize and apply . Freya Verlag, 2017, ISBN 978-3-99025-298-7 , pp. 42 .

[11] Philipp Lorenz Geiger : Handbook of Pharmacy. Second volume, second division, first half, 2nd edition, 1839, p. 818 f.